Parish Church of Saint James the Elder (Tiffen)
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The Catholic Parish Saint James, The Elder in Tiffen ( Carinthia ) is well visible on the so-called Jakob rocks, a spur of Gerlitzenzuges above the map. The church, which is essentially Romanesque , was redesigned in the Gothic and Baroque style and expanded into a fortified church in the 15th century . Today it is the center of the Tiffner Church conservation area .
history
The church was first mentioned in a document between 1060 and 1076 as the Eppenstein church . Along with Grafendorf bei Friesach, it is the oldest Jakobus church in Carinthia. In 1076 it came under the influence of the Archbishop of Salzburg. Archbishop Gebhard's tithe contract with Count Marquard from Eppenstein speaks of the third of the church, the only case in Salzburg's Carinthia in which a separate church is divided. Tiffen was already a parish before 1206. In the 14th century the parish came under the influence of the Habsburgs , the new sovereigns. In 1500 there was a brotherhood at the church. In the 15th century it was expanded into a fortified church in view of the Turkish invasions and the Hungarian War . From 1540 to 1555, at the time of Abbot Andreas Hasenperger, the church belonged to the Ossiach monastery . The church, which is essentially Romanesque, was redesigned in the Gothic and Baroque styles. 1782 belonged to the parish Tiffen, the vicariates St. Margaret in Reichenau and Pernegg, and the branches St. Margarethä in Tiffen, Werschling, St. Nicolai in Powirtschach, Pichlern, St. Jacobi et Leonhardifahrt in Pfaffendorf, St. Ruperti in Feldkirchen, Steindorf , St. Ruperti in Adriach. Restorations took place in 1994 (tower facades) and 1996 (renewal of the stone slab roof on the choir and sacristy).
Weir system
The church stands in a larger fortification. On the cone southwest of the church there is still a partly demolished round tower with notches . Walls run from the tower to the north and east. Only the northern part of the churchyard wall has been preserved. In the past, here in the north of the church was the entrance to the church like the old rectory. The churchyard wall and the old parsonage formed a kennel that could be closed by gates on both sides. The arch of the east gate has been preserved. The west gate was built as a gate tower. From here a covered staircase led to the churchyard, which was closed off by a flat arched door.
In the north of the churchyard there is a rockfall crowned by a wall and secured with a three-quarter round tower with loopholes. To the west of this is a round tower that was part of a gate system with a bailey.
Like many fortified churches, the Tiffner church is covered with slate stone, once a protection against the arrows of the Turks.
Church building
The church is a former Romanesque choir tower church . The nave walls date from the last third of the 11th century, the tower from the middle of the 12th century. The building was redesigned in the Gothic and Baroque styles. The east tower has a square base and is three storeys high. It has round-arched sound openings and a pyramid roof helmet. The painted cast stones were added in 1994 when the restoration restored the polychrome architecture from 1787.
The present choir was built in 1758. To the north of the choir is the sacristy , to the south a quarter-round stair tower, which is located in the corner between the tower and the nave. 1994 was on the east wall of the sacristy Christopher - fresco uncovered in which a boy his fütternder Pelikan is shown. There are three walled-in Romanesque windows on the north side of the nave and two on the south side. On the west facade there is a Gothic profiled arched portal, which is protected by a wooden canopy. Here there is an octagonal stone holy water font and a Romanesque capital, which is also used as a holy water font.
Octagonal stone holy water font
Romanesque capital as a holy water font
The north portal is keel-arched and can be reached via a brick staircase. It also has a wooden canopy. The door is equipped with Gothic band fittings and a key catch. A similar entrance leads into the sacristy . On the outer wall of the choir there is a warrior memorial picture by Switbert Lobisser , who was born in Tiffen.
Numerous Roman stones are walled in on the outside wall of the church.
Interior and establishment
The church was rebuilt in the second half of the 15th century into a two-aisled late Gothic hall church. The nave has 3½ yokes . The church interior is divided into two naves of equal size by the three pillars. This design, known since the High Gothic, is extremely rare in Carinthia, another example is the church of St. Gandolf , which probably comes from the same building school as Tiffen. The net star vault rises in a fan shape from octagonal pillars and has a profiled rib structure. In the vault there is a keystone with the year 1508, but this does not refer to the building history. In the west yoke is the wooden organ loft from the end of the 19th century. The triumphal arch is rounded and low. The choir square is cross-vaulted, in the north a door leads into the sacristy. The end of the choir is arched ridge.
- Mural
Inside the church there are wall paintings of Thomas von Villach , which were created around 1470–80. Saints Barbara and Helena are depicted on the triumphal arch. Most of the train of the three holy kings is no longer preserved. Veronica's handkerchief is depicted over the sacristy door . On the south wall of the nave is a picture of George from the first quarter of the 15th century, which was destroyed by the late Gothic pillars in the left half. On the north wall is the remainder of a crucifixion scene, the middle part of which was destroyed by a broken window. An inscription under the picture is labeled 1519 and shows the coat of arms of Leonhardt Meichsner. A three-figure crucifixion is depicted in the vaulted fields of the nave vault. In the 26 tripasses there are busts of church fathers and saints from the first quarter of the 16th century.
- Facility
The high altar dates from the time after 1758, the year the choir was expanded. It was set in 1764 and 1771, respectively. The altarpiece shows St. James, the carved figures on the side depict St. Christopher and Sebastian. in the essay there is the Holy Trinity.
The side altars are decorated with abundant acanthus. The one on the left, dated around 1720, shows a carved crucifix over the damned souls in purgatory , with Mary and John on the side. The right side altar dates from around 1710 and bears figures of the Madonna between Saints Joachim and Zacharias.
The pulpit dates from around 1770, the frame is by Peter Kröll in 1771. It is made of marbled wood, ornaments and the garb of the figures are gilded. The basket and sound cover are semicircular, access is on the left via a staircase with a parapet. The basket is divided by two pilasters. Christ stands in front of the left, while Peter kneels with raised arms in front of the right. A church is shown in a cartouche between them. A putto with a crucifix sits on the right rear of the bulge. The bulge, spout and the staircase parapet are decorated with rocailles. The back wall bears a cartouche with the symbols of the three virtues . On the sound cover, volutes bear Moses with the tablets of the law, behind a halo.
There are console figures in the church: Saints James and Rochus from the 17th century, and Mary and the Man of Sorrows from the 18th century. A lecture cross with skulls dates from the 18th century. A votive panel on the north wall of the ship with the resurrection of Christ is marked with 1530, another votive image with Savior and James with 1758.
The bell was made in 1495.
- Late Gothic carved altar
The former main altar of the church is now in the Carinthia State Museum in Klagenfurt. It is a late Gothic winged altar from around 1510. The person who ordered the altar, Blasius Lazarin, who took the landscape in the Karst and Istria and ordered the altar in 1507, is documented. There are three carved figures in the shrine: Saint James the Elder , patron saint of pilgrims, with hat, bag and scallop shell . At his side are the two saints Christophorus and Florian. Christophorus was venerated very strongly in the 15th century and St. Florian is one of the most intensely venerated saints in Carinthia. The insides of the wings show four carved scenes from the legend of Jacob. The outer sides of the wings, which are visible when the altar is closed, show six scenes from the life of Christ.
Landscape protection area
The church forms the center of the 14 hectare landscape protection area Tiffner Church, which was established in 1970 (LGBl. No. 24/1970). It covers the whole limestone stock. In the north and west there are beech and spruce forests and meadows. At the southern slope there are remains of a hop beech-manna ash mixed forest with hop beech , manna ash , summer linden and grape oak . In the herb layer there are warmth-loving plants such as mountain hairline , eyelash pearl grass , sedum plant, wormwood and swallowwort . The rather rare Nordic striped fern grows on shady overhangs . As for animals, the wall lizard , green lizard and sand viper should be mentioned, which are also heat-loving.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b Ernst Kleber: On the history of the parishes and churches of Carinthia. Part II . Carinthia I, 116th year 1926, pp. 1–63.
- ↑ a b c d Ilse Spielvogel-Bodo: The Ossiacher See between yesterday and today. History, art, regional studies . 2nd edition, Kärntner Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Klagenfurt 1998, ISBN 3-85391-149-8 , pp. 130-137.
- ^ Ernst Kleber: On the history of the parishes and churches of Carinthia. I. part . Carinthia I, 115th year 1925, pp. 1-47.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Dehio-Handbuch Kärnten . 3rd edition, Anton Schroll, Vienna 2001. ISBN 3-7031-0712-X , pp. 952–955.
- ↑ CSIR II, 5, 567.
- ↑ a b Gottfried Biedermann, Karin Leitner: Gothic in Carinthia . (Carinthian Art History) Verlag Carinthia, Klagenfurt 2001, ISBN 3-85378-521-2 , p. 62.
- ^ Barbara Kienzl : The baroque pulpits in Carinthia . Verlag des Kärntner Landesarchivs, Klagenfurt 1986, ISBN 3-900531-16-1 , p. 395.
- ^ Gottfried Biedermann, Karin Leitner: Gothic in Carinthia . (Carinthian Art History) Verlag Carinthia, Klagenfurt 2001, ISBN 3-85378-521-2 , p. 126.
- ^ Helmut Hartl, Hans Sampl, Ralf Unkart: Treasures of Carinthia. National parks, nature reserves, landscape reserves, natural monuments . Kärntner Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Klagenfurt 1993, ISBN 3-85391-092-0 , p. 74.
Web links
Coordinates: 46 ° 42 ′ 25 " N , 14 ° 3 ′ 23.3" E