Warbler-like

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Warbler-like
Wood warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix)

Wood warbler ( Phylloscopus sibilatrix )

Systematics
Subclass : New-jawed birds (Neognathae)
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
without rank: Passerida
Superfamily : Sylvioidea
Family : Warbler-like
Scientific name
Phylloscopidae
Jerdon , 1863

The Laubsänger-like (Phylloscopidae) are a family of small, slim songbirds and include on the current classification as the only genus that Laubsänger ( phylloscopus ).

The number of genera in this family is currently controversial. The International Ornithological Congress , the Handbook of the Birds of the World, and the HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist , which serves as the template for the IUCN classification, list the family as monogeneric . For other authors, the number of genera varies between two and nine.

For a long time the warbler-like were considered a representative of the warbler-like (Sylviidae). The Phylloscopidae family was established in 2006 as part of a reorganization of the warblers family, as this had proven to be polyphyletic in its old composition . Since some authors divide the family into several genera, the family is still called "warbler-like" to distinguish it from the genus of the warbler .

description

Gold Glasses Laubsänger ( phylloscopus burkii ): an Asian Laubsänger type of the former genus Seicercus

Warbler type are slender, small to medium-sized birds of the " warbler" type with body sizes in the range of 9 to 14 cm .; compared to warblers ( Sylvia ) they are proportionally slightly shorter-tailed and long-legged. The beak is narrow. The plumage of many species, especially the genus Phylloscopus in the narrower sense, is inconspicuous gray-brown to greenish; many species are very similar. The plumage is predominantly yellow, green or brown, the underside is usually clearly lightened. Some Asiatic species show light-colored wing bands, white outer feathers of the tail as well as a light over-eye stripe and a light rump . The species that used to be part of the Seicercus genus are a little more colorful, with often green wings and yellow bellies. A common feature of all species is also a lack of sexual dimorphism in terms of coloration, and the youth clothes do not differ from the adult clothes. The tail has 12 control feathers and is usually straight at the end. The singing of many species is noticeable and is often the easiest to identify.

distribution and habitat

The family is common in Europe, Asia and Africa; only one species, the wandering warbler ( Phylloscopus borealis ) reaches America with Alaska . Most of the species live in East Asia. Almost all species inhabit deciduous and coniferous forests, in Asia some species also colonize bushes above the tree line. Some species also live in park-like landscapes or bushes during the breeding season. They stay in trees mainly in the crown area, where they move quickly around or can be observed during short, targeted hunting flights.

As insectivores, many species are pronounced migratory birds with winter quarters in Africa or South and Southeast Asia. However, some species only migrate from higher elevations to lower elevations during the breeding season, others are partial migrants or even resident birds.

In the German-speaking countries, the Chiffchaff and Fitis family are widespread and common. The wood warbler lives as a bird of the closed beech, oak and mixed forests rather inconspicuous, is less frequent, but still widespread with decreasing numbers. The Mountain Warbler is in Central Europe a typical bird of the coniferous and oak forests of the Alps and adjacent highlands. The green warbler has expanded its breeding area further west from Russia in the last decades, so that there are always isolated breeding records in Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Helgoland, Harz). Other types of Asian breeding grounds regularly reach as vagrants during the migration period the German-speaking world, the Yellow-browed Warbler quite frequently and occasionally Firecrest-warbler , Dusky Warbler , Bart warbler and Tien Shan warbler . The taiga bilpzalp , which also breeds in the European part of Russia, and the Iberian bilpzalp were both previously considered to be subspecies of the chiffchaff and are regularly or increasingly often identified. The wandering warbler, which also breeds in Fennoscandinavia , and the Balkan warbler , which is closely related to the mountain warbler and spreads north to Croatia , have so far only very rarely been detected as errant visitors, despite the proximity of parts of their breeding areas to the German-speaking area.

Reproduction

The nest is made on the ground, just above the ground or at medium height on trees. The nests are closed and have a side entrance. The eggs are pure white or pale brown or reddish mottled on a white background.

Systematics

The by Per Alström et al. Molecular genetic investigations carried out from 2005 onwards led to a complete reorganization of birds of the "twangler" type, many of which were previously classified in the very extensive family (around 440 species) of twig-singers ( Sylviidae in the sense of the time). The investigations have shown that this group is not a monophyletic taxon, but only a collection of externally similar species. The old family was therefore divided into numerous new families, including u. a. the warbler-like ( Sylviidae in today's sense) and the warbler-like . When placed in a larger context, most of the species of the old family of warblers - especially the warbler-like ones - can now be found in the superfamily of the Sylvioidea , which, however, includes other families that were not included in the old family of twig singers (including larks , swallows and Bülbüls ). The aim of the reorganization was that both the superfamily and the families contained therein form monophyletic taxa. The internal systematics of the superfamily can be seen as not yet fully explored; Changes are to be expected, especially within the individual families.

As things stand today (2018), the warbler family contains only one genus ( Phylloscopus ) and around 77 or 78 species . A previous division into two types:

  • Warbler ( Phylloscopus ) ( type genus , a total of 66 species)
  • Seicercus (11 species)

is no longer supported, as the division of the family into these genera is apparently paraphyletic. Therefore, in recent publications, the family is either divided into four to nine genera or viewed as monogeneric.

species

Berg Laubsänger ( Phylloscopus Bonelli )
Tienschan warbler ( Phylloscopus humei )
Golden-winged warbler ( Phylloscopus proregulus )
Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus collybita )
Extremely colorful: the Himalayan warbler ( Phylloscopus affinis )
Green warbler ( Phylloscopus trochiloides )
Gray-headed warbler ( Phylloscopus xanthoschistos )

An extensive molecular genetic study of the warbler family by Alström et al. from 2018 has elucidated the phylogenetic structure of the family down to the species level. The groups of the family, described by some authors as genera, are actually found as clades . The authors are currently against a division of the family into several genera, a proposal that is currently (2018) also followed by the IOC and the HBW (and therefore this article) and the current Clements Checklist . The following list of species of the family is to the relationships to structure within the family, after Dickinson and Christides in Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World , and Winkler, Lovette and Billerman in Bird Families of the World splitting made in divided into four genres (referred to as "H&M genus " and marked with the corresponding clade according to Alström). In this sense, the old genus Seicercus has grown to 50 species (“ sensu lato ”) and is basically a sister group in the family as opposed to all other species . In this sense, the genus Phylloscopus is reduced to 15 species (“sensu stricto”) and is a sister group of the genus Abrornis, which comprises ten species . Both together form the sister group of the genus Rhadina , which comprises only three species .

Cladogram :

 Phylloscopidae  
   β  
  Alström clade X 

H&M- Rhadina



  Alström clade Y 
  Alström-Klade W 

H&M failure


  Alström-Klade U 

H&M Phylloscopus "sensu stricto"




 α 

  Alström-Klade AO 

H & M- Seicerus  "sensu lato" 





Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

H & M- Rhadina (Alström-Klade X)

H&M Abrornis (Alström-Klade W)

H&M Phylloscopus "sensu stricto" (Alström clade U)

H & M- Seicercus "sensu lato" (Alström clades AO)

literature

  • Bruce M. Beehler , Thane K. Pratt : Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-16424-3 .
  • Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel , Wolfgang Fiedler (eds.): The compendium of birds in Central Europe: Everything about biology, endangerment and protection. Volume 2: Passeriformes - passerine birds. Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
  • Franz Bairlein : Sylviidae (Old World Warblers). In: Josep del Hoyo et al: Handbook of the Birds of the World . Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. 2006, revision June 2013, p. 479f.
  • Family Sylviidae - warblers (warblers and relatives). In: Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim , KM Bauer: Handbook of the birds of Central Europe . Volume 12 / I: Passeriformes (3rd part): Sylviidae. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1993/2001, ISBN 3-923527-00-4 , p. 11f. (First edition 1991)
  • Ulf S. Johansson, Jon Fjeldså , Rauri CK Bowie: Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48, 2008, pp. 858-876. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.05.029
  • L. Svensson , PJ Grant, K. Mullarney, D. Zetterström: The new cosmos bird guide - All species of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07720-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Frank Gill, David Donsker (Eds.): IOC World Bird List , Version 8.2 (2018), accessed August 30, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b Leaf-warblers (Phylloscopidae). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, DA Christie, E. de Juana (Eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (Retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/1343542 on August 30, 2018).
  3. ↑ Josep del Hoyo, Nigel Collar, David A. Christie, Andrew Elliott, Lincoln DC Fishpool, Guy M. Kirwan, Peter Boesman: HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2016, ISBN 978-84-96553-98-9 .
  4. ^ A b Per Alström, Per GP Ericson, Urban Olsson, Per GP Sundberg: Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 38 , no. 2 . CSIRO Publishing, 2006, p. 381-397 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.05.015 ( sciencedirect.com ).
  5. ↑ Silke Fregin, Martin Haase, Urban Olsson, Per Alström: New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers . In: BMC Evolutionary Biology . tape 12 , no. 157 , 2012, p. 1-12 ( biomedcentral.com ).
  6. ^ BM Beehler, TK Pratt: Birds of New Guinea. 2016, p. 479.
  7. ↑ Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers in the IOC World Bird List v 8.2 worldbirdnames.org
  8. ↑ a b Per Alström, FE Rheindt, R. Zhang, M. Zhao, J. Wang, X. Zhu, CY Gwee, Y. Hao, J. Ohlson, C. Jia, DM Prawiradilaga, PGP Ericson, F. Lei, U. Olsson: Complete species-level phylogeny of the leaf warbler (Aves: Phylloscopidae) radiation . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 126 , 2018, p. 141–152 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.03.031 .
  9. ↑ JF Clements, TS Schulenberg, MJ Iliff, D. Roberson, TA Fredericks, BL Sullivan, CL Wood: The eBird / Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. 2018 ( cornell.edu ).
  10. ^ E. Dickinson, L. Christides: The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World . Passerines. tape 4 , 2014.
  11. ↑ David W. Winkler, Shawn M. Billerman, Irby J. Lovette: Bird Families of the World . The CornellLab of Ornithology & Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2015, ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3 , pp. 532-535 .

Web links

Commons : Tree Warbler ( Phylloscopus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Laubsänger  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations