Shield ferns

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Shield ferns
Awn shield fern (Polystichum setiferum)

Awn shield fern ( Polystichum setiferum )

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family : Fern family (Dryopteridaceae)
Genre : Shield ferns
Scientific name
Polystichum
Roth

The polystichum ( Polystichum ) are a cosmopolitan fern - genus , which includes about 200 to 300 species. They get their name from the shield-shaped Indusia .

description

Lobed shield fern ( Polystichum aculeatum ). The shield-shaped Indusia are easy to see.

They are all earth-dwelling ferns whose main shoots grow upright to ascending. All species are evergreen.

The fertile and sterile fern fronds are designed in the same way (exception: Polystichum acrostichoides ). They are linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate in shape, and one to three-pinnate. In many species the leaf blade is a bit thick to thick leathery. In the many species, the uppermost feather sections have an asymmetrical base with a tooth pointing forward. The main axis of the fronds is often covered with chaff scales.

The Sori lie on each pinnate section in a row between the two leaf margins and the central rib. They are round and are covered by a round, shield-shaped indusium , which falls off very early in some species, but can remain long in others.

Systematics

The genus was originally used as a "collective genus", into which many species with uncertain status or unclear relationships were incorporated. It is to be expected that many species will eventually move into other existing or new genera.

The fact that the species of the genus often form hybrids and the great morphological similarity, especially of the multi-pinnate species, also make species delimitation difficult. Since a revision of the genus has not yet been carried out, some of the existing species names are probably synonyms, others will probably end up as subspecies of a single species.

Distribution and location requirements

The genus is distributed worldwide from the polar regions to the tropics.

Most species grow on forest floor, or on soil in crevices or on rocky slopes.

Dagger fern ( Polystichum acrostichoides )
Lobed shield fern ( Polystichum aculeatum )
Lance shield fern ( Polystichum lonchitis )
Western sword fern ( Polystichum munitum )
Japanese shield fern ( Polystichum polyblepharum )

Types (selection)

Of the 180 to 300 species, the following occur in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East:

  • Lobed shield fern , gloss shield fern or thorny shield fern ( Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth ), a typical type of humid hillside forest
  • Tender shield fern or Braun's shield fern ( Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée ), character type of lime-poor canyon forests (Fraxino-Aceretum pseudoplatani)
  • Polystichum drepanum (Sw.) C. Presl , only occurs in Madeira .
  • Polystichum falcinellum (Sw.) C. Presl , also only on Madeira.
  • Lance-shield fern ( Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth ), a species of the high mountain rubble dumps, and the only European one with simple pinnate leaves.
  • Awn shield fern or bristle shield fern ( Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woynar ), a type of humid mixed beech forests that is more common in the south and is also found in a few growing locations in Germany. He likes to be planted in gardens.
  • Polystichum webbianum (A.Br.) C.Chr. : It occurs in Madeira . Some authors put it as Arachniodes webbiana (A. Braun) Schelpe in the genus Arachniodes .
  • Polystichum woronowii Fomin : It occurs in Turkey, the Caucasus region, Georgia and Azerbaijan.

You can also find the hybrid from time to time

Outside Europe, the following species occur (selection):

In addition to the aforementioned thorny shield fern, the following species also play a role as ornamental plants:

The species Polystichum fuentesii Espinosa from Easter Island is only known from a collection from 1911 and is considered extinct.

natural reserve

In Germany , all shield fern species are under nature protection .

Sources and further information

literature

  • Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (original edition: Random House Australia 2003).
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Werner Rothmaler (greeter), Rudolf Schubert, Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel : Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG. Volume 2: Vascular Plants. 14th, revised edition. People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Helmut Gams (greeter), Wolfgang Frey , Jan-Peter Frahm , Eberhard Fischer, Wolfram Lobin: Small cryptogam flora. Volume 4: The moss and fern plants of Europe. 6th, completely revised edition. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / Jena / New York 1995, ISBN 3-437-30756-8 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  • David H. Wagner: Polystichum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 , pp. 290–299 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). on-line.
  • Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g M. Christenhusz & E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Polypodiopsida. Datasheet Polystichum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  2. ^ Alfred Hansen, Per Sunding: Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants . In: Sommerfeltia . 4th, revised edition. tape 17 . Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo 1993, ISBN 82-7420-019-5 , p. 14-16 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Polystichum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  4. ^ Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants. The Plant Names Database: Polystichum richardii. , accessed February 24, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Shield Ferns  - Collection of images, videos and audio files