Prevost croissant

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Prevost croissant
Callosciurus prevosti.jpg

Prevost squirrel ( Callosciurus prevostii )

Systematics
Order : Rodents (Rodentia)
Subordination : Squirrel relatives (Sciuromorpha)
Family : Squirrel (Sciuridae)
Subfamily : Squirrel (Callosciurinae)
Genre : Real beautiful squirrels ( Callosciurus )
Type : Prevost croissant
Scientific name
Callosciurus prevostii
( Desmarest , 1822)

The Prevost squirrel ( Callosciurus prevostii ) is a species of squirrel from the genus of the real beautiful squirrel ( Callosciurus ). It occurs in Southeast Asia in southern Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula as well as on Java , Sumatra and numerous surrounding islands.

features

The Prevost croissant reaches a head-torso length of around 24 centimeters and a weight of around 350 to 400 grams. The tail also reaches a length of about 24 centimeters and is therefore just as long as the rest of the body. The coloring of the animals is very variable and varies both within and between the subspecies. It can be a solid black, but for most shapes it is bicolored or tri-colored red, white and black. The belly is often red and the back dark in color, with a white stripe between the belly and back.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Prevost croissant (brown) according to IUCN.

The Prevost croissant is found in southern Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula as well as on Java , Sumatra and numerous surrounding islands. The species was introduced on Sulawesi .

On Borneo the species occurs up to an altitude of 1200 meters.

Way of life

The Prevost Croissant, like all other species of the genus primarily arboreal ( arboricol ), but also goes in search of food on the floor. It occurs in various forest habitats, especially high secondary forests and rainforests. It can also be found in gardens and plantations where it feeds on fruits. Investigations in the Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang , Malaysia found population densities of 38 individuals per hectare . In the area of ​​the Weng River on the Malay Peninsula, the species was the second most common species caught by traps and had an average density of 3.3 animals per square kilometer, in Danum Valley, Sabah, an average of 7.3 individuals per square kilometer were caught.

The main activity time of the diurnal squirrels is early morning and late afternoon. In the Krau Wildlife Reserve, the animals spend most of their time in middle and upper tree regions at heights between 6 and almost 40 meters. They feed primarily on plants, especially seeds (up to 60%) and fruits (around 20%, of which around 10% figs ) as well as bark and tree resin (around 10%), leaves and buds (around 5%) and flowers . In addition, there are insects, such as termites and beetle larvae, which they extract from dead wood . Among the fruits, they favor sweet and oily, fleshy fruits. Occasionally the animals transport fruit and seeds from one tree to another, often more protected area and eat them there, or use them to feed young animals. In some plantations, especially in palm oil and coconut plantations , the animals are considered pests.

Systematics

Prevost squirrels in the zoo
Prevost squirrels at Frankfurt Zoo

The Prevost squirrel is classified as an independent species within the genus of the real beautiful squirrel ( Callosciurus ), which consists of 15 species. The first scientific description comes from Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest from 1822, who described the species on the basis of individuals from the city of Malacca , Malaysia. Due to the variety of colors and occurrence on several islands, there are many more descriptions of the species that are now considered synonyms . The Kinabalu squirrel ( Callosciurus baluensis ) was temporarily regarded as a subspecies of the Prevost squirrel, but is currently accepted as a separate species.

Within the species, depending on the source , a distinction is made between 8 and 47 named subspecies with the nominate form . The following illustration follows Thorington et al. 2012:

Mainland forms

In the south of Thailand and on the Malay Peninsula, three subspecies are distinguished.

  • Callosciurus prevostii prevostii ( Desmarest , 1822): nominate form; Occurrence in southern Malaysia from southern Pahang and Negeri Sembilan to the south. The shape has a black back and beneath it a wide creamy white band that runs from the face to the hips. There is a thin black line on the middle of the stomach.
  • Callosciurus prevostii humei ( Bonhote , 1901): Occurrence in west-central Malaysia in the south of Perak and Selangor . The shape has a black back and cheeks and a red belly, the color is red-orange over the front legs and shoulders. A creamy white band runs from the shoulder to the hips.
  • Callosciurus prevostii wrayi ( Kloss , 1910): Occurrence from southern Thailand to the north of Pahang and Perak. The color corresponds to C. p. humei with a less intense shoulder color.

Forms in Sumatra

Prevost squirrel of the subspecies Callosciurus prevostii rafflesii

Two or three subspecies are distinguished on Sumatra:

  • Callosciurus prevostii melanops ( Miller , 1902): Occurrence in eastern Sumatra. The color of the shape largely corresponds to C. p. humei , the ventral side is rather red-brown.
  • Callosciurus prevostii piceus ( Peters , 1866): Occurrence in northern Sumatra. The shape has a black back and a red-brown belly with no light stripes.
  • Callosciurus prevostii rafflesii ( Vigors and Horsfield , 1828): Occurrence in southern Sumatra. The shape has a black back and a maroon belly, front legs and shoulders. A light-colored band runs from the shoulder to the hips, which widens towards the back. The cheeks are gray with a white patch on the side of the nose.

Forms on Borneo and surrounding islands

Eight subspecies are distinguished on Borneo, plus three more on smaller islands off the coast of Borneo:

  • Callosciurus prevostii atricapillus ( Schlegel , 1863): Occurrence in the east of West Kalimantan south of the Rajang as well as in the northern Central Kalimantan , Indonesia. The shape has an olive-sand-brown back color with a black body and head.
  • Callosciurus prevostii atrox ( Miller , 1913): Occurrence in West Kalimantan. The shape has an olive brown back color with a black tail.
  • Callosciurus prevostii borneoensis ( Müller and Schlegel , 1842): Occurrence in south-western Sarawak , Malaysia, and in the adjacent western Kalimantan. The shape has a black back color with reddish shoulders. The hips and tail are mottled gray, there is a creamy white stripe on the sides.
  • Callosciurus prevostii caedis ( Chasen and Kloss , 1932): Occurrence on the islands of Banggi and Balambangan north of Borneo. The shape has a completely black back and corresponds to C. p. pluto and C. p. rufoniga .
  • Callosciurus prevostii coomansi Sody , 1949: Occurrence on an island in the Kapuas Delta in West Kalimantan . The shape has a black back color with reddish brown shoulders. The hips and tail are mottled gray, there is a creamy white stripe on the sides.
  • Callosciurus prevostii palustris ( Lyon , 1907): North of the Kapuas in West Kalimantan. The shape corresponds to Callosciurus prevostii borneoensis , but without reddish shoulder color.
  • Callosciurus prevostii pluto ( Gray , 1867): Found in Sabah, Malaysia. The shape has a completely black back and corresponds to C. p. caedis and C. p. rufoniga .
  • Callosciurus prevostii rufoniga ( Gray , 1842): Occurrence on the island of Labuan , Malaysia. The shape has a completely black back and corresponds to C. p. caedis and C. p. pluto .
  • Callosciurus prevostii sanggaus ( Lyon , 1907): Occurrence in West Kalimantan south of the Kapuas. The shape corresponds to Callosciurus prevostii borneoensis , but with a lighter shoulder color.
  • Callosciurus prevostii sarawakensis ( Gray , 1867): Found in Sarawak, Malaysia. The shape has a completely mottled gray back, often with a reddish tinge in the front area.
  • Callosciurus prevostii waringensis Sody , 1949 Occurrence in Central Kalimantan . The shape corresponds to C. p. sanggaus , but with lighter hips and less reddish shoulders.

In addition to these subspecies, there are other populations on around 15 other islands, some of which are named and can also represent subspecies.

Status, threat and protection

The Prevost croissant is classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) due to its large distribution area and its frequent occurrence . The species is also adaptable to changes in its habitat, and a decline in populations has not been observed. Logging and the conversion of forest areas into plantations are considered to be potential threats to the population, especially in the lowland areas. In some parts of its range, especially in Sarawak, it is heavily hunted for the pet trade.

etymology

The name of the Prevost croissant was dedicated to the French geologist Louis Constant Prévost (1787–1856).

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; Pp. 148-150, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Callosciurus prevostii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014.2. Listed by: JW Duckworth, S. Hedges, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d Callosciurus prevostii In: Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Ed.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
  4. ↑ a b Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, p. 335
  5. ^ John James Lewis Bonhote, p. 170.
  6. ↑ Cecil Boden Kloss, p. 148.
  7. ↑ Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. (1902), p. 151.
  8. ^ Wilhelm Peters, p. 429.
  9. ↑ Thomas Walker Horsfield, p. 248.
  10. ↑ Hermann Schlegel, p. 27.
  11. ↑ Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. (1913), p. 23.
  12. ↑ Salomon Müller u. a., p. 86.
  13. ↑ Frederick Nutter Chasen et al. a., p. 25.
  14. ^ A b Henri Jacob Victor Sody, p. 103.
  15. ^ Marcus Ward Lyon Jr., p. 553.
  16. ^ A b John Edward Gray (1867), p. 283.
  17. ↑ Marcus Ward Lyon Jr., p. 554.
  18. ^ John Edward Gray (1842), p. 263.

literature

  • Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; Pp. 148-150, ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1 .
  • Peter WW Lurz, Isabella Fielding, Virginia Hayssen: Callosciurus prevostii (Rodentia: Sciuridae). Mammalian Species 49 (945), Jun 16, 2017; Pp. 40-50. doi : 10.1093 / mspecies / sex004
  • Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest: Mammalogie ou Description des espèces de mammifères. Contenat les ordre de Rongeurs, des Edentés, Pachydermes, des Ruminans et de Cétacés . tape 2 . Veuve Agasse, Paris 1822 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 5, 2014]).
  • Hermann Schlegel: Notice sur les écureuils à ventre rouge et à flancs rayés de l'Archipel India . In: Nederlandsch tijdschrift voor de dierkunde uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Zoologischer Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra, in Amsterdam . tape 1 , 1863, p. 24–30 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Gerrit Smith Miller Jr .: Fifty-one new Malayan Mammals . In: Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . tape 61 , no. 21 , 1913, pp. 1-30 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Salomon Müller, Hermann Schlegel in Coenraad Jacob Temminck: Negotiations over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de Leden der Naturkundige commissie in Indie en other schrijvers . Volume: Zoology. 1839-1844. JG la Lau for S. and J. Luchtmans and CC van der Hoek, Leiden 1844 ( acehbooks.org [PDF] long loading time).
  • Frederick Nutter Chasen, Cecil Boden Kloss: On a collection of mammals from the lowlands and islands of North Borneo . In: The Bulletin of the Raffles Museum . tape 6 , 1931, pp. 1–82 ( lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg [PDF; accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Henri Jacob Victor Sody: On a collection of Sciuridae from the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Australian regions . In: Treubia. Recueil de Travaux Zoologiques, Hydrobiologiques et Océanographiques . tape 20 , 1949, pp. 57-120 .
  • John James Lewis Bonhote: On the squirrels of the sciurus Prevostii group . In: Annals And Magazine of Natural History . Series 7, volume 7 , no. 20 , 1901, pp. 167-177 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Gerrit Smith Miller Jr .: Mammals collected by Dr. WL Abbott in the region of the Indragiri River, Sumatra . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 52 , 1902, pp. 143–159 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr .: Mammals collected in western Borneo by Dr. WL Abbott . In: Proceedings of The United States National Museum . tape 33 , no. 1577 , 1907, pp. 547-571 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Wilhelm Peters: On some Mammalia collected by Capt. AC Beavan, CMZS, at Moulmein, Burmah . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1866 . 1866, p. 426-429 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • John Edward Gray: Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia . In: The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History . tape 10 , no. 37 , 1842, pp. 255-267 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • John Edward Gray: Synopsis of the Asiatic Squirrels (Sciuridæ) in the collection of the British Museum, describing one new genus and some new species . In: The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History . Series 3, volume 20 , no. 118 , 1867, pp. 270–286 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Thomas Walker Horsfield, Nicholas Aylward Vigors: Notice of a new genus of Mammalia, found in Sumatra by Sir T. Stamford Raffels . In: The Zoological journal . tape 3 , 1828, p. 246–249 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).
  • Cecil Boden Kloss: On mammals and birds from lowland of Pahang . In: Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums . tape 4 , 1828, pp. 143–166 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed November 13, 2014]).

Web links

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