Pushkin (Tynyanow)

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Yuri Tynyanov

Pushkin ( Russian Пушкин ) is a historical novel by the Soviet writer Yuri Tynyanow . This biography in prose, written 1934–1943, remained unfinished. Her first part Childhood was published in 1935.

Emergence

Before Tynyanov wrote the novel in the 1930s, he was able to work ten years earlier as a literary scholar - here as a Pushkin researcher

come up with new results. These were discussed controversially in the professional world. Nonetheless - Boris Eichenbaum remarks about the work Die Archaisten und Pushkin , “that the effect was enormous. Nothing remained of the old conceptions, the whole literary epoch gained a new content, a new look, a new meaning ... Russian literary studies must recognize this work as a milestone. With her a new period began… ”. Of course, Tynyanov continued to work in literary studies while the novel was being written. Among other things, he made a discovery that he published in the article A nameless love in 1939 . It's about Tynyanov's last literary discovery - Pushkin's love for Ekaterina Karamsina (1780–1851), an inclination that Pushkin had hidden from the world for his entire life. Tynyanov incorporated the fact into the third and last part of his novel fragment.

Lewin points out the difficult creative conditions towards the end of the author's life while working on the novel. The seriously ill Tynyanov had been evacuated from Leningrad and was writing outside without his archive.

Ilja Ehrenburg regrets the early death of the author and notes in the unfinished text the victory of "Spirit, Genius and Harmony over drill and ignorance".

overview

The action in the fragment runs from July 1799 - Alexander Pushkin is a good month old - until the early summer of 1820: the Tsar banishes the young poet from Saint Petersburg to the area around Yekaterinoslav because of a cheeky epigram .

Alexander Pushkin got his first name from great-grandfather Alexander Petrovich Pushkin. Alexander Pushkin's father Sergei Pushkin , the scion of a six hundred year old noble family, had to quit his service as major for financial reasons. As a provisions office commissioner, that is a seventh grade civil servant , he no longer wears the major's uniform, but receives higher salaries. The father and his brother Vasily Lwowitsch Pushkin are both considered poets. Konstantin Batjuschkow had made friends with Alexander Pushkin's uncle Vasily in Moscow and when the first-class literary was mentioned, "it meant ...: Karamzin , Dmitrijew , Batjuschkow and Pushkin." Of course, the latter meant the uncle, because the father was as Poets lost in namelessness.

Dmitriev and especially the historian Karamzin play not insignificant roles in Alexander Pushkin's youth. Uncle Wassili places nephew Alexander in the Lyceum Tsarskoje Selo : First, the uncle and the boy visit the Minister of Justice, Dmitriev. When that doesn't work, he lets other relationships play out. And years later, during an audience with the Tsar, which mainly concerned the printing of his multi-volume work History of the Russian State , Karamsin succeeded in ensuring that Alexander was not exiled to Spain, but only to southern Russia.

action

1. Childhood

Alexander Pushkin's mother, Nadezhda Pushkina, and his father, Sergei Pushkin, are addicted to pleasure. In addition, both of them forget their own children as soon as Karamsin comes to visit. The now six-year-old Alexander already realizes that the visitor Karamsin is more important than his father.

When Alexander was seven years old, his grandfather Ossip Hannibal died . The father accepts the condolences like congratulations, because the Mikhailovskoye estate is inherited from the mother. In the library of the estate near Opotschka , the French-speaking, reading and thinking Alexander finds something among others at Gresset . In the winter of 1807, Alexander - matching the French books in the library - received Count Montfort, a French, as an educator. At the age of ten, the boy reads forbidden French poetry. The priest complains to the father. The defiant, unruly, erratic and taciturn Alexander was not well versed in the doctrine of God . The count is replaced by the strict tutor Rousseleau, a French writer and poet. The French corrects Alexander's beginner poems - a mixture of his own and foreign, peppered with spelling errors. The father gives the ten year old and his two year older sister Olga to a dance school. The girl laughs at her brother's insolence.

The estate has to be auctioned, but comes back into the hands of the family. The father wants to send the twelve-year-old Alexander to the Jesuit school in Petersburg , writes to Dmitriev, but receives no answer. The father secretly sends an application for admission for the squire Alexander Pushkin to the Lyceum Tsarskoje Selo, which is currently being established - the future educational institution for grand princes and talented noble young men.

2. Lyceum

The 14-year-old Grand Duke Nikolaus bites his tutor Adelung . This is one of the reasons why the Emperor wishes the Lyceum to open soon in an interview with Speranski - albeit with a novelty: the educators have to do without the corporal punishment. The teaching staff should include the Russians Malinovsky and Kunitsyn. The emperor also instructs Razumovsky to propose the curriculum. Rasumovsky switched on de Maistre . The clever French thinks mathematics is inappropriate. This aroused the anger of the commander-in-chief of the artillery Araktschejew .

The two grand dukes - Nicholas and the unbridled and hasty Constantine - are allowed to stay with their mother . The lyceum is due to open in early 1811. Kunitsyn, coming from Göttingen , is appointed.

Dmitrijew, a proven patron of the Pushkin family, to whom Uncle Vasili and Alexander advance, is good at such an elite school, which teaches in Russian, but avoids any acceptance. The uncle turns to Alexander Turgenev . The latter obtained Alexander Pushkin's candidacy for the Imperial Lyceum through Prince Golitsyn. The candidate passes the entrance exam. The Lyceum opened on October 19, 1811. Teaching begins. Professor Kunitsyn said of his listener Alexander Pushkin, who never asked questions or wrote poetry in class, in January 1812: "Pushkin chewed on his pen and scribbled drawings on paper" "and writes incessantly". “He's smart but shy; he is defiant, too hasty, irascible to the point of frenzy and always in the mood to laugh. "" He is beyond measure shy of people, but by no means malicious. The educators count him among the ruffians, and he really is one. Apparently he is taking credit for this reputation. ”The boy asked him to speak about avarice . The madrigals by Voltaire and writings by Piron were found near Pushkin . Kunitsyn also notes on Alexander Turgenev's visit to the Lyceum: "Since he knows Pushkin's parents as extremely superficial people, he asked me not to leave him to his own devices." Kunitsyn also mentions the disempowerment of Speranski in his notes.

The literature teacher Koschansky wants to direct Alexander Pushkin. That is not easy.

The staff carousel does not come to rest in the Lyceum. In the case of the Inspector Martin Pilezki, a Jesuit, it is students who drive the monk into voluntary resignation. The inspector had unsuccessfully asked the Lyceum director Malinovsky to be relegated to the inferior subject Dansas , the unreasonable Broglio and the immoral, rebellious, vicious, unbelieving Pushkin. Delwig , a member of a student delegation, had put pressure on the director. Pilezki had bundled all his possessions - a few books - and left.

On the night of June 23, 1812 , Napoleon crossed the Memel near Kaunas . When the Corsican is soon in front of Smolensk , Malinowski wants to be replaced by Kunitsyn. On August 17th, Smolensk burns, followed by Vyazma . Amazingly, Pushkin suddenly behaved in an exemplary manner in the Lyceum.

The Baltic German Barclay is replaced by Kutuzov when the usurper moves against Moscow. Director Malinowski falls out of favor for hosting a theater evening on August 30th. When Moscow burns, Pushkin's parents flee to Nizhny Novgorod with their children Olga and Lev . The father's precious library falls in flames. In mid-October Malinowski wants to evacuate the pupils entrusted to him to the University of Turku . But when the French retreated on October 19, the students stayed in the Lyceum.

At the end of March 1814, the Russians occupied Paris . Koschanski reads the army report in the lyceum. Lessons continue. Professor Koschanski, who would like to become director, envy the rascal Pushkin the production of weightless, unbound, lively poetry in a dandy spelling.

Malinowski dies. Koschanski, in delirium tremens , is replaced by Galitsch .

Alexander Pushkin's family goes from Nizhny Novgorod to Warsaw and stops by in Tsarskoye Selo. Later, the parents settled in Saint Petersburg on the Fontanka . Olga has become a beauty.

At the beginning of 1815, Pushkin reads his patriotic poem Memories in Tsarskoye Selo . The old Dershawin present is enthusiastic.

3. Youth

Uncle Vasily introduces Vyazemsky to the nephew . The acquaintance turns into friendship.

Batyushkow visits Pushkin in the Lyceum. Karamsin comes by in 1816; wants to ask the tsar for money for the publication of his eight-volume history of the Russian state .

Pushkin is accepted into the Arzamas . Also in 1816, Jegor Antonowitsch Engelhardt became director of the lyceum. He shows Korsakow, Lomonossow and Gorchakov the way into the diplomatic service. As a poet, the new director recognizes three characters - the, in his opinion, arrogant, heartless Pushkin, the cold mocking Delwig and the good-hearted but foolish Küchelbecker . Engelhardt cannot accept Pushkin's mockery of everything ecclesiastical.

On May 24, 1816, the 50-year-old historian Karamsin and his 36-year-old wife Yekaterina moved to Tsarskoye Selo forever.

Pushkin falls in love with the widow Maria Smith, née Charon-Lerosa. The young woman visits Director Engelhardt, her distant relative. Pushkin sins with the Smith. The sinner wants to forget the widow because he wants to turn to Jekaterina, who, considering her age, could soon be the mother of the 17-year-old. Karamsin reads Pushkin's epigrams. The historian cannot fail to see that Pushkin makes his wife Ekaterina look pretty.

Engelhardt catches his relatives Maria and Pushkin sinning in their own apartment. The widow has to leave immediately.

Prince Golitsyn reads a diatribe from Pushkin, formulated in the language of the liberal mob. Three advisors suggested four punishments for the poet to the Tsar: deportation to Spain, ten years at the Solowki Monastery , imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress or with the soldiers for life. The emperor follows Karamsin's advice. Pushkin gets away with being transferred to southern Russia. It's not a banishment at all, muses the tsar. Because after Pushkin had graduated from the Lyceum, the author of the terrible epigrams is subordinate to the College of Foreign Affairs and travels with Rajewski to the neighborhood of the warring Turks.

Enemy and friend

The mocker Alexander Pushkin has more friends than enemies at the Lyceum. The latter also include Korff , Lomonossow, Korsakow and Judin - all Pilezki's informers.

To Pushkin's friends include other Pushchin , the memory artists Gorchakov, nerd Kuchelbecker, the slacker Delwig, the silly Mjassojedow, the bad students Broglio and Dansa and the burly director son Ivan Malinowski.

literature

  • Yuri Tynyanov: Pushkin. Historical novel. From the Russian by Traute and Günther Stein . Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin 1980. 672 pages (edition used)
  • Yuri Tynyanov: Pushkin. Historical novel. From the Russian by Traute and Günther Stein. Re-poems by Wilhelm Tkaczyk . Diogenes, Zurich 1987, ISBN 978-3-257-21535-9

Secondary literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wladimir Lewin in the afterword of the edition used, p. 660, 13. Zvu
  2. ^ Eichenbaum, quoted by Wladimir Lewin in the afterword of the edition used, p. 658, 15. Zvo
  3. ↑ Russian ru: Карамзина, Екатерина Андреевна
  4. ↑ Wladimir Lewin in the afterword of the edition used, p. 661, 1. Zvu
  5. ↑ Wladimir Lewin in the afterword of the edition used, p. 662, 16. Zvu
  6. ^ Ehrenburg, quoted in Wladimir Lewin in the afterword of the edition used, p. 663
  7. ↑ Russian ru: Пушкин, Василий Львович (1766–1830)
  8. ↑ Edition used, p. 133, 12. Zvo
  9. ↑ Russian История государства Российского, published in 1818
  10. ↑ Russian ru: Михайловское (усадьба Пушкиных)
  11. ↑ Russian ru: Малиновский, Василий Фёдорович
  12. ↑ Russian ru: Куницын, Александр Петрович
  13. ↑ Edition used, p. 248, 1. Zvo
  14. ↑ Russian ru: Голицын, Александр Николаевич
  15. ↑ Edition used, p. 308, 10th Zvu
  16. ↑ Edition used, p. 312, 16. Zvu
  17. ↑ Edition used, p. 315, 13. Zvu
  18. ↑ Edition used, p. 317, 10th Zvu
  19. ↑ Edition used, p. 315, 17. Zvo
  20. ↑ Russian ru: Кошанский, Николай Фёдорович
  21. ↑ Russian Брольо (Sylveri Franzewitsch Broglio (* 1799), fallen in Greece in the 1820s (edition used, p. 666, 2nd entry))
  22. ↑ Edition used, p. 447
  23. ↑ Russian ru: Энгельгардт, Егор Антонович
  24. ↑ Russian ru: Корсаков, Николай Александрович
  25. ↑ Russian ru: Ломоносов, Сергей Григорьевич
  26. ↑ Edition used, p. 635
  27. ↑ Edition used, p. 352, 6. Zvo
  28. ↑ Russian Павел Михайлович Юдин (1798-1852)
  29. ↑ Edition used, p. 343.
  30. ↑ Russian Мясоедов, Павел Николаевич (1799–1868), army officer
  31. ↑ Russian Малиновский, Иван Васильевич (1796–1873)