RTL (France)
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| Radio transmitter ( private law ) | |
| reception | analog terrestrial , cable & satellite |
| Reception area | France , Luxembourg |
| Start of transmission | March 15, 1933 |
| owner | RTL Group |
| executive Director | Christopher Baldelli |
| Program director | Jacques Expert |
| List of radio stations | |
RTL is a French private radio broadcaster that is wholly owned by the RTL Group . The station was founded in 1933 as Radio Luxembourg and renamed RTL in 1966 . The program was produced partly in Paris and partly in Luxembourg until 1981 . The Luxembourg site was necessary for legal reasons, as to the introduction of private radio stations only public broadcaster from France for France were allowed to send. The situation changed with the abolition of the state telecommunications monopoly in 1981, and all broadcasts have since come from the studios on Rue Bayard in Paris; RTL is now operating a new broadcasting facility on the outskirts of Paris. The program is a full program with a high proportion of words and therefore cannot be compared with the music-oriented, editorial-poor program of RTL Radio , the successor to the German Radio Luxemburg.
RTL is the oldest private broadcaster in Europe that is still active today. From 1933 to 1992 there was also an English-language evening program, which had been broadcast on a medium-wave frequency since the 1950s together with the Luxembourgish-speaking, the Dutch-speaking and (since 1957) the German-language programs; the Dutch-language program was gradually abandoned in favor of the expansion of the German program since the 1950s, while the Luxembourg program was shifted to VHF. The broadcast of the French program is analogue terrestrial in France and Luxembourg (long wave and VHF). Since the 1970s, RTL has been the most listened to or second most listened channel in France, with fluctuations; In 2012, around 12.3% of French radio listeners tuned in to RTL every day. In 2019, the public broadcaster France Inter was in the list of listeners for the first time in thirty years, just ahead of RTL.
In 1991, a Belgian French-language program, Bel RTL , was set up, which can be received there via VHF and which in terms of content follows an approach similar to RTL France ( radio généraliste ), but is tailored to a Belgian audience and works with local journalists and presenters.
history
Radio Luxembourg
The history of broadcasting in Luxembourg began in 1924 when the brothers François and Marcel Anen set up a transmitter in the attic of their house on rue Beaumont. From April 1924 they broadcast a regular music program from records. In 1925 they founded the Association Radio Luxembourg . Most of the spoken word was in Luxembourgish, but also in German, French and English.
In the late 1920s, groups of investors from France, Great Britain and Germany were interested in programs from Luxembourg. The Compagnie Nationale de Radiodiffusion Luxembourgeoise (CNRL) of Jacques Trémoulet (Radio Toulouse) began in 1929 with the construction of a transmitter in Cessange (Kohlenberg) to continue the Anen transmitter. However, the Luxembourg state created a license requirement for broadcasting by law, banned the continued operation of the existing transmitter on the basis of this law in January 1930 and contractually granted a license in September 1930 to the Société Luxembourgeoise d'Études Radiophonique (SLER), led by the French Compagnie des Compteurs for 25 years on the condition that 30 percent of the profits generated by the station are paid as a fee to the Luxembourg government. The members of the SLER then founded the Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Radiodiffusion (CLR) on May 30, 1931 , which was led by François Anen, the French publisher Henry Etienne and the French engineer Jean le Duc. There was also a secret agreement with the CSF group, the majority owner of Radio Paris at the time. Radio-Paris wanted to set up a high-performance peripheral radio station in Luxembourg beyond the restrictive regulations of France, which only allowed public radio stations. Anen became technical director at the CLR. In the same year, a long-wave transmitter, which was strong for the time, was built in Junglinster, consisting of two 40-meter-high towers that were 90 meters apart.
The station was originally supposed to start operating in the summer of 1932, but the first trial broadcasts did not actually begin until the end of 1932. However, since no suitable transmission frequency was assigned, the CLR, with the support of the Luxembourg authorities, tried to obtain a frequency from the World Broadcasting Association (UIR). A wavelength was chosen that, in combination with the transmission power, should achieve the greatest possible range. Since some member states of the UIR opposed the allocation of frequencies to Luxembourg, the latter officially declared that the small size of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg did not justify the use of the chosen wavelength. This was justified by the fact that other states could be disturbed by it. Britain even feared that the domestic monopoly of British broadcasts could be opposed by Radio Luxembourg.
On January 14, 1933, the trial broadcast of Radio Luxembourg began on the self-selected wavelength 1191 m = 252 kHz (200 kW) from the long-wave transmitter in Junglinster (later 232 kHz).
Despite further efforts, the station was not assigned an official transmission frequency and started on March 15, 1933 at 7 p.m. on the non-officially assigned, self-selected frequency with recorded light music. The program was moderated in German, French and Luxembourgish. The broadcast time was now from 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. every day. At that time the station was called "Radio Luxembourg Expérimental". There was still hope for an official transmission frequency and it was finally assigned in 1948 in the Copenhagen Wave Plan .
In September 1939, broadcasting was stopped during the Second World War and started again in November 1945. However, during the German occupation of Luxembourg , the Berlin Reichsrundfunk GmbH used the 200 kW long wave transmitter from Radio Luxembourg on 232 kHz for propaganda purposes and referred to it as the broadcasting station in Luxembourg .
The station has been easy to receive in France since 1946. Radio Luxembourg quickly found a large audience in France with its entertainment program. In 1972, long wave broadcasting, now 234 kHz, was relocated to the Beidweiler transmitter .
After the powerful long-wave transmitter went into operation in 1932, the Luxembourg effect was described for the first time .
In 1955, the competing channel Europe 1 started , which also broadcast from abroad (via the long-wave transmitter in Überherrn in the Saarlouis district in Saarland ) and was aimed primarily at a young audience. With the turn of the year 2019/20 its broadcast on the long wave ended. However, operations will continue via domestic VHF transmitters and other distribution channels; the listener numbers of Europe 1, which once surpassed RTL in the listener favor in France, have plummeted.
English language program
Programs in English were available from December 3, 1933 under the direction of Stephen Williams, which were produced in studios on Avenue Monterey and the Villa Louvigny. This show was moderated by Willams himself, Léon Moulin, Eva Siewert and Evelyn Wybrands. This show eventually established itself all over the world. This program was financed by advertising, which was heavily criticized by the press.
Radio Luxembourg's English-language program was also resumed after the end of the war and broadcast from 7:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. on the medium wave frequency of 208 m / 1440 kHz. It was one of the most popular radio programs in Great Britain , where it was mainly responsible for the distribution of pop music in the 50s and 60s, as the BBC initially paid little attention to this type of music. The first top 20 music charts started as early as 1948, initially not based on record sales, but on the sale of sheet music. It was only with the advent of pirate and sea broadcasts in the mid-1960s that Radio Luxembourg became less popular in Great Britain.
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With the end of the sea transmitter, the popularity of the English program of "2-0-8" (pronounced as transmitter identification "Two O Eight", the wavelength 208 m corresponds to 1439 or later 1440 kHz) rose again in Great Britain and gained cult status, also in Scandinavia. The most famous DJs were Benny Brown , Bob Stewart , Tommy Vance , Tony Prince , Mike Hollis , Stuart Henry , Olli Henry and Paul Burnett .
Since the British government did not allow Happy Radio Luxembourg - as the English language service of Radio Luxembourg was called - to broadcast the English language program from London , the English language service produced its programs in the studios of the Villa Louvigny in Luxembourg, where the At the same time the German, Luxembourg and individual French programs emerged. The English language program consisted of entertainment and popular music.
By participating in the Irish broadcaster Atlantic 252 , the owner gradually lost interest in "2-0-8". After more than 59 years, the English-language Radio Luxembourg program ceased on December 30, 1992. Listening habits had changed since the peak of popularity of Radio Lixyemburg's English program, and listening to the radio in the evenings is now rather marginal. From September 12, 2005, Radio Luxembourg again broadcast an English-language program on DRM and as a live stream , but after a short test phase operations were discontinued. A similar English-language program was broadcast in the evening on the Luxembourg RTL Radio Lëtzebuerg from 2005 to 2015 .
Dutch or Flemish program
Radio Luxembourg also had a program in Dutch , later called the "Flemish program". It started in 1933 and ran from morning to 2 p.m. until the early 1960s, before the German-language programs that began their service in 1957. Most of the programs were produced in Hilversum, the main radio station in the Netherlands. Later, the Dutch-language program was reduced to five, then three hours (from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m.) and moved to the early evening at the end of the 1960s and shortened again (6 p.m. to 7.30 p.m., on Sundays only until 7 p.m.). From 1975 onwards it ran for half an hour every day and an hour on Sundays between the German program on the ( medium wave frequency 208 m / 1439 kHz and later 1440 kHz) and the English program, on Sundays with the Benelux hit parade , on the other days with an international one Pen pal exchange; both were moderated by Mike Verdrengh , who also worked for the Belgian state broadcaster BRT. Dutch-speaking DJs in earlier years were also Peter Koelewijn , Frans van der Drift , Jackie Dewaele (called Zaki), Felix Meurders and Peter van Dam , who, in addition to broadcasts on Radio Luxemburg, also worked for BRT or Dutch radio (Radio Hilversum) were. Radio Luxembourg's so-called Flemish program was pre-produced on tape in Brussels and broadcast from Luxembourg. In the end, it fell victim to CLT's commercial considerations; Leaving the medium wave to the German program during the day meant opening up a larger advertising market.
German language program
On July 15, 1957, Radio Luxembourg started its German-language program, which is now known as RTL Radio .
RTL
Radio Luxembourg changed its name to RTL on October 11, 1966 as part of a major program reform in which a completely new team was put together. The abbreviation should sound more concise and modern and make it forget the connection with the old program that ran under the name Radio Luxembourg. The German and English programs kept the original name.
In May 1968 (Paris May) the French public radio broadcasters went on strike and the television stations were not independent from the government to reliably cover the event. Only the broadcasters RTL and Europe 1 provided the French population independently and reliably with information about this strike. They were therefore called "barricades radio" (radio barricades).
Until the 1980s, only French public service broadcasters were allowed to broadcast from France. At the time, this was not permitted for private broadcasters; France was surrounded by "postes périphériques", which broadcast programs financed by advertising for the French public. In addition to Radio Luxembourg and Europe 1, the Radio Andorre , Radio des Vallées (also from Andorra, later name: Sud Radio ), Radio Monte-Carlo . Radio Luxembourg is one of the first private broadcasters to enter the French advertising market from abroad. The French state had an early influence on the programs and obtained the right to appoint the editor-in-chief. Political reliability was the prerequisite for the programs to be produced live in Paris in part, later all day, so that they could have their finger on the pulse of the target group, the French audience.
In 1981 the then French President François Mitterrand decided that private radio stations could also broadcast in France. RTL now broadcast on the FM frequency 104.3 MHz and was the most popular radio station in France from 1981 to 2002 .
The Belgian offshoot Bel RTL , which also broadcasts in French , was launched in 1991 . The program is aimed at the French-speaking part of Belgium and broadcasts from Brussels. The program is licensed by the Belgian authorities and broadcasts on several FM frequencies in Brussels and Wallonia . The program has no programmatic connection to the French RTL.
Since 2000 there has been a crisis at RTL. In order to prevent the RTL listeners from getting older on average, there were program changes that many listeners did not like. From 2000 to 2002 RTL therefore lost a third of its listener and came in second behind NRJ . From November 2006 to July 2012 it was again the leader in the French radio market, but was gradually ousted by NRJ again . In November 2012, however, RTL returned to first place. Around 12.3% of all radio listeners in France over the age of 13 tune in every day, for comparison: NRJ comes to 11.6%, France Inter to 10.6%, Europe 1 to 8.9%, France Info to 8.8% , RMC to 7.5% and France Bleu to 7.3%.
reception
RTL broadcasts its program today via VHF in France, via cable, via satellite, via the Internet and via the long-wave frequency 234 kHz via the Beidweiler station .
program
RTL's French-language program is a mixed program and in France is counted among the radios généralistes , which offer a wide range of programs in order to reach a large audience. The proportion of words with a focus on news and current affairs is 50%. RTL's main competitors since the 1950s have been Europe 1 and the state radio station France Inter . Like RTL, these stations operate strong long-wave transmitters that cover a large part of the country (especially north of the Massif Central , which both topographically and broadcast-wise isolates the Mediterranean from the northern parts of the country). Since the liberalization of the broadcasting market in the 1980s, RTL has also operated FM stations across France.
Since the late 1960s, RTL's programming has been heavily geared towards its famous moderators ( animators ); many programs did not have a title of their own, but the name of the animator was sufficient, it stood for the program that he presented.
Longstanding RTL presenters:
- Maurice Favières
- Anne-Marie Peysson
- Patrick Sabatier
- Fabrice
- Michel Drucker
- Stéphane Bern
- Menie Grégoire
- Philippe Bouvard
- Laurent Ruquier
- Marc-Olivier Fogiel
- Jean-Bernard Hébey
- le President Rosko
- Bernard Schu
- Georges Lang
- André Torrent
- Sam Bernett
- Max Meynier
- Evelyne Pagès
- Jean-Pierre Imbach
- Lionel Richebourg
- Jean-François Johann
- René Guitton
- Chris Baldo
- Sophie Garel
- Virginie
- Chantal
- Nicole
The RTL program consists of the following programs:
- RTL Matin , morning news
- Ca peut vous arriver
- La Tête dans les étoiles , game with a celebrity
- RTL Soir , evening news
- Les Nocturnes , night program
- Stop ou Encore , music broadcast
- Le Journal Inattendu , news program
- Le Grand Jury , political program
- Les Grosses Têtes , talk show
- Malice , cultural game
- Hit parade , music broadcast
- La Valise RTL , game
RTL advertising slogans
- 1977–1990: "RTL, c'est vous"
- 1990–1991: "Les infos, c'est comme le café, c'est bon quand c'est chaud et quand c'est fort"
- 1991–1996: "RTL, L'information en capitales"
- 1996-2001: "RTL, Essentiel"
- 2001–2006: “RTL, Vivre ensemble”; "RTL, Vivrensemble"
- 2006–2007: "RTL, c'est vous"
- 2007-2008: "Le plus RTL"
- 2008–2009: “100% RTL”; "RTL, c'est vous"
- 2009–2011: "RTL, première radio de France"
- 2011–2012: “Qui vous connait mieux que RTL? »
- since 2012: "RTL, toujours avec vous"
Managing Directors and Program Directors
List of managing directors:
- 1933–1953: Jacques Lacour-Gayet
- 1953-1975: Jean Prouvost
- 1975-1979: Christian Chavanon
- 1979-2000: Jacques Rigaud
- 2000-2005: Rémy Sautter
- 2005-2009: Axel Duroux
- since 2009: Christopher Baldelli
List of program directors:
- 1933-1934: Jehan Martin
- 1934–1966: René-Louis Peulvey
- 1966–1978: Jean Farran
- 1978–1985: Raymond Castans
- 1985-2000: Philippe Labro
- 2000-2001: Stéphane Duhamel
- 2001-2005: Robin Leproux
- 2005-2006: Axel Duroux
- 2006–2010: Frédéric Jouve
- 2007–2008: Deputy Managing Director: Jean-Marc Dorangeon
- 2010–2012: Yves Bigot
- since 2013: Jacques Expert
List of directeurs de l'antenne :
- 2005–2006: Jean-François Latour
- since 2006: Jean-Yves Hautemulle
Web links
literature
- Anna Jehle, wave of consumer society. Radio Luxembourg in France 1945–1975 , Göttingen 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b lexpress.fr: RTL repasse devant NRJ, Europe 1 devance France Info
- ↑ http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/audiences-france-inter-devient-premiere-radio-de-france-devant-rtl-20190417
- ^ RTL Group - the history
- ↑ Law of December 19, 1929, concerning the broadcasting stations existing or to be set up in the Grand Duchy
- ↑ a b 100ansderadio.free.fr: Radio Luxembourg
- ↑ radio-journal.de: RTL Radio Luxemburg Chronicle
- ↑ a b rtlgroup.com: 80 years ago on long wave for the first time: Radio Luxembourg
- ↑ a b radio-journal.de: The History of: Radio Luxembourg
- ^ Kai Ludwig: Long wave transmitter Felsberg switched off. January 1, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Benny Brown doesn't give up