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Bassia prostrata , stem and leaves |
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| Alles. |
The Radmelden ( Bassia ), sometimes also called Dornmelden , are a genus of plants from the subfamily Camphorosmoideae within the family of the foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae). The 20 or so species are native to the western Mediterranean region to East Asia .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Radmelden grow as annual herbaceous plants or perennial subshrubs with ascending or upright stems. Often the parts of the plant are hairy, more rarely bare. The alternate leaves are more or less sedentary. The simple leaf blades can have a flat or semi-petiolate cross-section and they are very variable in shape and have entire margins.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers sit in spike-like inflorescences individually or in groups in the axilla of the bracts . Bracteoles are missing. The inconspicuous, often almost spherical flowers are mostly hermaphrodite, occasionally purely female flowers are also found. The perianth consists of five (rarely four) membranous, often hairy tepals , which are connected in the lower half and whose upper tips incline together. There are five (rarely four) stamens with elongated anthers protruding from the flower. The egg-shaped ovary carries above a very short pen with two thread-like papillary scars.
Fruits and seeds
At the time of fruiting, the bracts develop mostly wing-like or horn-shaped to thorn-shaped appendages on the back. The German generic name Radmelden (or Dornmelden) refers to the shape of these appendages. Few species do not form appendages. The fruit is flat, spherical with a membranous pericarp. It contains a horizontal (occasionally also vertical) seed with a membranous, bare seed coat. The ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped embryo surrounds the nutrient tissue.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
physiology
Photosynthetic pathway
The Radmelden are C 4 plants with different "Kochioiden" types of leaf anatomy .
Occurrence and evolution
The natural distribution area of the genus Radmelden ( Bassia ) extends from the western Mediterranean area to East Asia . Some annual species have also been introduced to other continents, such as northern Europe, North America and southern India. There are two types in Germany, the Besen-Radmelde and the Sand-Radmelde . In Austria, in addition to the two species mentioned for Germany, the semi-shrub Radmelde occurs.
The Radmelden species colonize dry steppes and semi-deserts , some species grow on ruderal areas or on salty soils . They thrive from the lowlands to subalpine altitudes .
According to phylogenetic studies by Kadereit & Freitag (2011), the genus Bassia arose in the Miocene .
use
Several Radmelden species are valuable forage crops with a high protein content. In Asia, the broom-wheel ( Bassia scoparia ) is also used for human nutrition. It can also be used for the phytoremediation of overgrazed or polluted soils .
Some annual Bassia species have in places become " weeds " in agriculture.
Systematics
The genus Bassia was first published in 1766 by Carlo Allioni under the name Bassia aegyptiaca in Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathématique de la Société Royale de Turin , 3, p. 177, plate 4. Type species is Bassia muricata L. The genus name Bassia honors the Italian Botanist Ferdinando Bassi (1710–1774). In his honor a second genus was named in 1771, Bassia K.D.König ex L. (published in Carl von Linné: Mantissa Plantarum , 2, 1771, 555, 563) from the family of the Sapotaceae ; so that this genus name did not exist twice, the later described Sapotaceae genus was renamed Illipe J. Koenig ex Gras .
Synonyms of Bassia All. are Kochia Roth , Willemetia Maerklin , Echinopsilon (Moq.) Hook. f. , Chenoleioides (Ulbr.) Botsch. , Kirilowia Bunge , Londesia Fish. & CAMey. as well as panderia fish. & CAMey.
The genus Bassia belongs to the Bassia / Camphorosma clade in the tribe Camphorosmeae within the subfamily Camphorosmoideae of the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). It used to belong to the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), these are now included in the foxtail family.
The genus Bassia includes around 20 species:
- Bassia aegyptiaca Turki. et al. (nom. illeg.): The identity of this semi-shrubby species from northern Egypt is unclear.
- Bassia angustifolia (Turcz.) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kochia angustifolia (Turcz.) Peschkova ): It is an annual plant and occurs in the salt marshes of Central Asia from southern Siberia to eastern Mongolia .
- Bassia arabica (Boiss.) Maire & Weiller (Syn .: Chenoleoides arabica (Boiss.) Botsch. ): It is a low subshrub thatoccursfrom Morocco to Iraq .
- Bassia dinteri (Botsch.) AJScott (Syn .: Chenoleoides dinteri (Botsch.) Botsch. ): It is a subshrub from southern Africa and grows in the Namib foggy desert.
- Bassia eriophora (Schrad.) Asch. (Syn .: Londesia eriantha Fisch. & CAMey. ): It is an annual plant and grows in extremely dry semi-deserts from Egypt to South Pakistan.
- Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze : It is an annual plant and occurs from Europe to West China.
- Bassia indica (Wight) AJScott (Syn .: Kochia indica Wight ): It is an annual plant and occurs from Libya to India.
- Sand-Radmelde ( Bassia laniflora (SGGmel.) AJScott , Syn .: Kochia laniflora (SG Gmel.) Borb. ): It is an annual plant and spreads from Central Europe to Eastern Siberia .
- Bassia lasiantha Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kirilowia eriantha Bunge ): It is an annual plant and grows in the steppes of Central Asia from western Kazakhstan to western China.
- Bassia littorea (Makino) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kochia littorea (Makino) Makino ): It is an annual plant and occurs in salt marshes in Korea and Japan .
- Bassia muricata (L.) Ash. : It is an annual plant of the sandy deserts from Morocco to southern Iran.
- Bassia odontoptera (Schrenk) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kochia odontoptera Schrenk , Kochia iranica Bornm. ): It is an annual plant and occurs from southern Iran to western China.
- Bassia pilosa (Fisch. & CAMey.) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Panderia pilosa Fisch. & CAMey. ): It is an annual plant and grows in disturbed places from Turkey to western China.
- Subshrub Radmelde ( Bassia prostrata (L.) AJScott , Syn .: Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. ): It is a subshrub and occurs from Europe to China.
- Bassia salsoloides (Fenzl) AJScott (Syn .: Kochia salsoloides Fenzl ): It grows as a subshrub in the Nama-Karoo of southern Africa.
- Besen-Radmelde ( Bassia scoparia (L.) AJScott , Syn .: Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. ): It is an annual plant. It is native from Western Europe to East Asia , but it is also found in other continents when introduced.
- Bassia stellaris (Moq.) Bornm. (Syn .: Kochia stellaris Moq. ): It is an annual plant and occurs from Iran to western China.
- Bassia tianschanica (Pavlov) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kochia tianschanica Pavl. ): It is a subshrub and spread from southwestern Kazakhstan to western China.
- Bassia tomentosa (Lowe) Maire & Weiller (Syn .: Chenoleoides tomentosa (Lowe) Botsch. ): It is a low subshrub that occurs on the Canary Islands and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco.
- Bassia villosissima (Bong. & CAMey.) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Kochia villosissima (Bong.) Serg. ): It is a subshrub and spread from southwestern Kazakhstan to western China.
Several species that used to belong to Bassia or Kochia are now regarded as separate genera, see the main article Camphorosmeae .
literature
- IC Hedge: Panderia, Kirilowia, Bassia, Kochia . In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica , Volume 172 - Chenopodiaceae . Graz, Akad. Druck, 1997, pp. 96-110. (Sections description, systematics)
- Gudrun Kadereit & Helmut Freitag: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy , In: Taxon , Volume 60 (1), 2011, pp. 51-78. (Sections chromosome number, photosynthetic pathway, occurrence, systematics)
Web links
Wikispecies: Bassia - Species Directory