Camphorosmeae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Camphorosmeae
Camphorosma monspeliaca, illustration

Camphorosma monspeliaca , illustration

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Camphorosmoideae
Tribe : Camphorosmeae
Scientific name of the  subfamily
Camphorosmoideae
Luerss.
Scientific name of the  tribe
Camphorosmeae
Moq.

Camphorosmeae is the only tribe of the subfamily Camphorosmoideae within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). They used to be part of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

The types of Camphorosmoideae are mostly dwarf shrubs or annual herbaceous plants (rarely perennial herbaceous plants) with protruding or ascending branches. The plants are usually more or less densely covered with close-fitting or protruding hair. The alternate leaves are often fleshy ( succulent ), thin, flat leaves are only found in some annual species.

Generative characteristics

The inconspicuous flowers sit individually or in twos or threes in the axils of the bracts . Characteristic for this subfamily is the absence of bracteoles .

The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic. The inflorescence consists of (three to) five membranous or dry-skinned tepals , the lower part of which is often connected to one fifth to four fifths of its length. The four to five stamens are united at the base in a disc. The anthers have no appendages, they mostly protrude from the flower. The pollen grains differ from the otherwise similar Salsoloideae in that they are larger in diameter and have more numerous, smaller pores with fewer thorns. The horizontal (vertical rare) ovary contains only an ovule , a significant pen and two thread-like scar which over the entire surface with papillae are covered.

The fruit is often enclosed by the perennial flower cover. Often the cladding sheets undergo various changes during the fruiting season: they can enlarge, develop appendages in the form of wings, thorns or knots, or they can become fleshy or woody. The seed with a thin seed coat includes an annular or folded embryo , of the rudimentary surrounds central endosperm (Perisperm).

physiology

Photosynthetic pathway

The species of the Chenolea group and the large Sclerolaena group are C 3 plants , while the species of the Bassia / Camphorosma group are C 4 plants , with the exception of a C 3 / C 4 intermediate species.

Spread and evolution

The main distribution area of ​​the Camphorosmoideae includes Australia (with about 147 species) as well as the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere . There are around 27 species in Eurasia and North Africa , three in South Africa and two in North America . Few species are found worldwide.

The species colonize different habitats, from coasts, salt marshes and semi-deserts in the Mediterranean climate to steppes and semi-deserts in climates with summer rains, from the Sahara to the high mountains of Central Asia. They often grow in dry, salty or disturbed ( ruderal ) areas

The Camphorosmeae evolved since the early Miocene, presumably from halophytic plants that grew on coasts in warm and temperate climates. The species of the Chenolea clade are seen as a remnant of an early line of development. The Camphorosmeae spread from Eurasia to Australia, North America and at least twice to South Africa. While the Australian lines fanned out into many species, the other lines remained species-poor.

Illustration of the Sand-Radmelde ( Bassia laniflora ).
Eokochia saxicola
Maireana sedifolia
Threlkeldia diffusa

Systematics

The taxon Camphorosmeae was set up in 1837 by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher , as a sub-tribus within the Chenopodieae. Alfred Moquin-Tandon regarded the clan as a tribe in 1840. Christian Luerssen raised them to the rank of subfamily in 1880 (as "Camphorosmeae"), the correct spelling Camphorosmoidae was used in 1978 by Andrew John Scott .

Phylogenetic studies of the Camphorosmeae by Kadereit & Freitag 2011 showed that the previous classification of the clan did not correspond to the family relationships. In particular the genera Kochia and Bassia were found to be strongly polyphyletic . Some former Kochia or Bassia species are therefore now considered as separate genera Eokochia , Spirobassia , Grubovia and Sedobassia .

The Australian species of Camphorosmeae form a relatively young group that is still in the process of speciation . The classification is made even more difficult because several species form hybrids with one another . In phylogenetic studies by Cabrera et al. In 2009 the previous genera did not show any clear delimitation. Neobassia , Threlkeldia and Osteocarpum do not deserve the rank of their own genus and should be grouped to Sclerolaena . Likewise, Enchylaena should be placed at Maireana . The species-rich genera Sclerolaena and Maireana are polyphyletic ; further studies are required here.

The subfamily Camphorosmoideae contains only the tribe Camphorosmeae with about 20 genera and about 179 species:

  • Tribe camphorosmoideae ( syn. Maireaneae AJScott , Sclerolaeneae AJScott ):
    • Bassia / Camphorosma clade: It is widespread in Eurasia and southern Africa :
      • Radmelden ( Bassia All. , Syn .: Kochia Roth , Londesia Fisch. & CA Mey. , Panderia Fisch. & CA Mey. , Kirilowia Bunge , Chenoleioides (Ulbr.) Botsch. ): With about 20 annual and semi-shrubby species, from the western Indigenous to the Mediterranean region to East Asia, as an introduced species also distributed in America and Northern Europe. There are two types in Germany:
      • Camphorosma L .: With four species from the western Mediterranean area to Central Asia.
      • Sedobassia Freitag & G.Kadereit : With the only kind:
        • Sedobassia sedoides ( Pall. ) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn .: Bassia sedoides ( Pall. ) Asch. ): It is annual and occurs from Hungary to Siberia.
    • Chenolea clade: With a disjoint distribution area with four genera and about five species:
      • Chenolea Thunb. : With the only kind:
      • Eokochia Freitag & G.Kadereit : With the only kind:
      • Neokochia ( Ulbr. ) GLChu & SCSand. : With two types in North America:
        • Neokochia americana ( S.Watson ) GLChu & SCSand. (Syn .: Kochia americana S.Watson ): It grows as a subshrub in southwestern North America
        • Neokochia californica ( S.Watson ) GL Chu & SC Sand. : It grows as a subshrub in southwestern North America
      • Spirobassia Freitag & G.Kadereit : With the only kind:
        • Wire-haired Dornmelde ( Spirobassia hirsuta ( L. ) Freitag & G.Kadereit , Syn .: Bassia hirsuta ( L. ) Asch. ): It is an annual plant and occurs from the northern Mediterranean area to southern Siberia, also in Germany.
    • Sclerolaena clade:
      • Grubovia subclade: With three species in Central Asia:
        • Grubovia Friday & G.Kadereit :
          • Grubovia dasyphylla ( Fish. & CAMey. ) Freitag & G. Kadereit (Syn. Bassia dasyphylla ( Fish. & CAMey. ) Kuntze ): It is an annual plant and occurs from Eastern Kazakhstan to Mongolia.
          • Grubovia krylovii ( Litv. ) Freitag & G. Kadereit (Syn. Kochia krylovii Litv. ): It is an annual plant and occurs in the Altai Mountains and Mongolia.
          • Grubovia melanoptera ( Bunge ) Freitag & G.Kadereit (Syn. Kochia melanoptera Bunge ): It is an annual plant and occurs from the Tienschan Mountains to Mongolia.
      • Sclerolaena subclade: With about 147 species in Australia:
        • Didymanthus Endl. : With the only kind:
        • Dissocarpus F. Muell. : With about four species in Australia.
        • Enchylaena R.Br. : With about two species in Australia. According to phylogenetic studies by Cabrera in 2009, this genus should be assigned to Maireana . This belongs here:
        • Eremophea Paul G.Wilson : With about two kinds in Australia.
        • Eriochiton ( RHAnderson ) AJScott : With the only kind:
        • Maireana Moq. : With about 57 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic .
        • Malacocera R.H.Anderson : With about four in Australia.
        • Neobassia A.J.Scott : With two kinds in Australia. According to phylogenetic studies by Cabrera in 2009, this genus should be assigned to Sclerolaena .
        • Osteocarpum F. Muell. : With about five species in Australia. According to phylogenetic studies by Cabrera in 2009, this genus should be assigned to Sclerolaena .
        • Roycea C.A.Gardner : With about three species in Australia.
        • Sclerolaena R.Br. (including Sclerochlamys F.Muell. , Stelligera A.J.Scott ): With about 64 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic .
        • Threlkeldia R.Br. : With about two species in Australia. According to phylogenetic studies by Cabrera in 2009, this genus should be assigned to Sclerolaena .

Economical meaning

Some species are of limited economic importance. Bassia scoparia var. Trichophylla is cultivated as an ornamental plant (" summer cypress "). Bassia prostrata is increasingly used to improve pasture land and phytoremediation . Bassia indica and Bassia scoparia are used as fodder crops . Camphorosma monspeliaca is a traditional medicinal plant .

swell

  • Gudrun Kadereit & Helmut Freitag: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy , In: Taxon , Volume 60 (1), 2011, pp. 51-78. (Sections characteristics, photosynthetic pathway, distribution, systematics, economic importance)
  • Jonathan Cabrera, Surrey WL Jacobs & Gudrun Kadereit: Phylogeny of the Australian Camphorosmeae (Chenopodiaceae) and the taxonomic significance of the fruiting perianth , In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170 (4), 2009, pp. 505-521. (Section description, systematics)


Web links

Commons : Camphorosmoideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Camphorosmeae  - Species Directory