Xerox
| Xerox Corporation
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|---|---|
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| legal form | Corporation |
| ISIN | US98421M1062 |
| founding | April 18, 1906 |
| Seat | Norwalk , Connecticut , USA |
| management | John Visentin (CEO) Keith Cozza (Chairman) |
| Number of employees | 35,300 (2017) |
| sales | US $ 10.265 billion (2017) |
| Branch | Information technology |
| Website | xerox.com |
The Xerox Corporation (foundation Name Halide Corporation ) is a 1906 based technology and service provider in the document management range. The company's current name is derived from xerography , the printing technology invented by physicist and patent attorney Chester F. Carlson in the 1930s . The word xerography comes from the Greek words ξηρός (xerós) - dry and γραφή (graphḗ) - writing (in combinations: -γραφία (graphia)) - to write.
In 2011, the group was number 121 on the Fortune Global 500 list , one of the world's most successful companies. In 2010, Xerox had sales of $ 22 billion (Xerox and ACS) and in 2011 employed approximately 136,000 people (Xerox and ACS) worldwide. The company's stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) since 1961 .
At the end of January 2018, it was announced that the Japanese company Fujifilm would take over Xerox and integrate it into the joint venture Fuji Xerox . At the end of April 2018, two major Xerox shareholders obtained an injunction suspending the sale pending a court decision.
history
On April 18, 1906, what would later become the Xerox Corporation was founded as the "Haloid Company" by Stephan Kubny-Miller to manufacture and sell photo paper . In 1938, Chester Carlson succeeded in making the first copy of a script using xerography (also known as electrophotography); In 1942 he received a patent for this invention that revolutionized the world of image display. He sold the license for the xerographic process to Haloid in 1947. In 1949 the world's first photocopier - Model A - was introduced.
In Europe , Rank Xerox Ltd. was founded in 1956 as a joint venture between the Haloid Company and the Rank Organization of British film producer J. Arthur Rank . Two years later, the Haloid Company became Haloid Xerox Inc. Xerox has also been represented in Germany since 1959, and Rank Xerox GmbH was founded. That same year, the first automatic copier, the Xerox 914 , went into mass production.
In 1965, Rank Xerox opened a production facility in Venray (Netherlands); four years earlier, on April 18, Haloid Company Inc. became the Xerox Corporation.
1970 was the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in California opened the world's first in three years later minicomputer with WYSIWYG - text editor , mouse and graphical user interface ( GUI ), the Xerox Alto was developed. The functional scope corresponded in its essential concept to that of a PC , whereby the device became a model for later developments. That same year, the world's first color printer , the Xerox 6500 , was introduced. As early as 1977, Xerox showed the world's first laser printer , with 120 pages per minute the fastest printer to date: the Xerox 9700 .
Xerox developed the Ethernet in 1979 , the first fast local area network (LAN). In 1983 the first large format color printer was launched. In 1990 the first 135 pages per minute digital publishing system , DocuTech 135 , was released. Print on demand was born.
In 1993, Xerox entered into a partnership with Microsoft with the aim of connecting PCs and document processing devices. Two years later, in 1995, the Document Center System 20/35 was introduced, the first multifunctional device with print / copy / scan / fax . In 1996 the fastest color printer with 40 pages per minute in full color, the DocuColor 40 , was launched. 1997 Rank Xerox Ltd. in Europe from Xerox Corp. acquired and was henceforth called Xerox Ltd.
In 1999, Xerox stock lost two-thirds of its value within a few months. In the same year, 9,000 jobs were cut worldwide as part of restructuring measures, which was equivalent to a reduction of around 10% of the workforce. In 2000, Xerox's stock market price plummeted 90% in just one year. Drastic action has been taken - spending cut by $ 1.2 billion and stocks worth $ 2.4 billion sold. Of over 93,000 employees in 1999, only 61,100 remained in 2003. Germany also decided on a social plan in 2001/02, on the basis of which around 500 employees lost their jobs in the following three years.
Anne M. Mulcahy was named CEO in 2001 and Chairman a year later . Xerox's financial situation stabilized and a profit was made again. However, this positive news was overshadowed by a financial scandal: In April 2002, the US Securities and Exchange Commission launched an investigation into Xerox, which revealed that between 1997 and 1999, balance sheets were significantly falsified, and nearly 1 in those three years $ 6 billion in profit had been overstated. As a result, Xerox and the auditor KPMG agreed with the supervisory authority to pay a fine in the tens of millions. The balance sheets of the past few years had to be revised considerably.
Within just one year, 17 new products were introduced, including the iGen3 , a high-performance printer with a speed of 110 color pages per minute. Just one year after launch, Xerox celebrated the sale of the hundredth iGen3 .
Two pioneering systems were introduced in 2004: the Nuvera 100/120 , a black and white digital production system with offset-like print quality, and the Phaser 8400 . In the same year, Xerox changed its worldwide company and slogan: "The Document Company Xerox" became "Xerox. Technology. Document management. Consulting Services. ".
In 2005, based on recommendations from the US secret service, the controversial use of so-called ID codes in laser printers as watermarks to combat the illegal printing of counterfeit money was integrated. That year, the DocuColor 7000 was also introduced.
On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the acquisition of the computer service provider Affiliated Computer Services (ACS) for 6.4 billion dollars (4.4 billion euros), which was completed in February 2010.
In 2013, the German computer scientist David Kriesel announced a serious software error in scan copiers from Xerox in which individual letters and numbers were incorrectly mapped during scanning using the JBIG2 compression algorithm . As a result, scanned documents could be significantly falsified, which the user could not recognize immediately because the wrong digits looked error-free. In the course of the dispute, Kriesel further demonstrated that the problem affected all selectable modes for the PDF scan, including the factory setting. Xerox has meanwhile delivered a patch that deactivated the JBIG2.
In January 2016 it was announced that the company would split into two areas under pressure from major investor Carl Icahn . One area should cover the previous area with printers and copiers, the other focus on business process outsourcing (BPO). The last-mentioned area will operate under the new name Conduent . In the course of the split, CEO Ursula Burns announced that she would step down from her position after the split. In June, Jeff Jacobson was named as the new CEO. The split took place in January 2017.
Divisions
Xerox products focus on three key areas: office environments, companies in the production printing environment, as well as the printing and publishing industries, and services that include consulting services, system design and management, and document outsourcing .
The Office Group's digital systems include single-user and network-compatible color and black-and-white printers based on laser or solid ink , multifunctional devices , copiers and fax machines . The portfolio of the Production Systems Group includes a. Publishing systems, digital production printers and “book factories”. Xerox Global Services offerings include services for the outsourcing of document-related processes. These include, for example, the structure of document management archives or the analysis of efficient methods for the joint use of documents and information in the office. Another field of work in the service area is the operation of printing centers and post offices on behalf of customers and the development of web-based business processes for personalized direct mailings, invoices or brochures. In addition, Xerox offers a range of software tools, support services and consumables such as toner , paper and ink through its independent Paper & Accessories division .
Xerox Europe has manufacturing facilities, logistics services and back office locations in Ireland , Poland , Great Britain , the Netherlands , Portugal and India, as well as a research laboratory (Xerox Research Center Europe) in Grenoble , France . Xerox has existed in Germany since 1959. The company is based in Neuss in North Rhine-Westphalia .
Research and Development
The company has research laboratories in the United States, Canada and Europe and spends approximately US $ 1 billion annually on research and development activities. The core areas of research are topics such as color science, digital imaging processes , working methods, electromechanical systems, materials research and other disciplines related to print and document management. Established in 1970, the Palo Alto Research Center ( Xerox PARC ) was the first Xerox research laboratory. In 2007, Xerox received the National Medal of Technology .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Xerox Corporation 2017 Annual Report sec.gov
- ↑ Achim Sawall: Fujifilm buys US company Xerox. January 31, 2018, accessed January 31, 2018 .
- ↑ Major shareholders stop selling Xerox to Fujifilm. In: www.handelsblatt.com. April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Xerox Completes Acquisition of Software Company ACS . Focus. January 9, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ↑ Xerox scan copiers change written numbers . David Kriesel. August 2, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
- ↑ Don't trust a scan that you haven't faked yourself . Spectrum of sciences. September 19, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
- ↑ Björn Greif: Xerox is split into hardware and service providers. In: zdnet.de. ZDNet, January 29, 2016, accessed January 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Björn Greif: After Xerox split: Business process outsourcing business operates under Conduent Inc. In: zdnet.de. ZDNet, June 20, 2016, accessed January 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Xerox chooses successor for Ursula Burns. In: inside-it.ch. Inside IT, June 24, 2016, accessed January 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Ina Karabasz, Martin Wocher: Xerox is splitting up - one becomes two. In: Handelsblatt.com. Handelsblatt, December 29, 2016, accessed on January 10, 2017 .