Rechneigrabenstrasse
| Rechneigrabenstrasse | |
|---|---|
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| Neuer Börneplatz memorial | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Frankfurt am Main |
| District | Downtown |
| Created | around 1800 |
| Connecting roads | Börneplatz |
| Cross streets | Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse , Mainstrasse, Schützenstrasse, Lange Strasse |
| Buildings | Israelitisches Hospital (†), Philanthropin school building (†), Orthodox synagogue (†), public utility administration building, public utility customer center, Neuer Börneplatz memorial |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 320 meters |
The Rechneigrabenstraße is a street in the city of Frankfurt am Main . It is located in the southeast of the formerly walled city center in the Fischerfeldviertel . As the former location of important Jewish institutions, it is of great importance for the history of Frankfurt. The most famous facility on today's street is the memorial for the murdered Frankfurt Jews , the Neuer Börneplatz memorial .
Location and course
Rechneigrabenstrasse runs straight east from Börneplatz on Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse to the right-angled confluence with Lange Strasse , which in turn follows the course of the former Frankfurt city fortifications . The Obermainanlage , part of the ramparts , and the Rechneigrabenweiher are on the other side of Langen Straße .
It has no cross streets from the north, as the Jewish cemetery has been located there since the High Middle Ages . From the south, from the Fischerfeldviertel, Schützenstrasse and Mainstrasse flow into it.
Although the street was developed from west to east, the numbering of the plots runs the other way around, namely, as has been customary in Frankfurt for 200 years, in the direction of the river Main .
history
prehistory
The area known as the fishing field, despite its close proximity to the old town, had remained undeveloped until then, as it was damp and swampy. The city expansion approved by the emperor in 1333 spared the area, the city wall here had an unusual (because militarily counterproductive) inner corner. It was not until the city fortifications laid out in the 17th century, which otherwise followed the course of the wall in the 14th century, that the line of defense was shortened by running from the Allerheiligentor directly to the Main and including the inner Fischerfeld, which, however, remained undeveloped for another 150 years.
The medieval walling of the Neustadt hooked a hook to the west just south of the All Saints Gate. This corner received one of the first bastions of the city fortifications, the Judeneck , in the 16th century . From here the wall ran parallel to the Main, along the Jewish cemetery, to the west and only bent south again at the southern end of Judengasse , near the Fronhofturm tower , and finally reached the Main wall at the Fischerpforte . A protective moat was in front of the city wall . The trench section from the Main to the Fronhofturm was called Wollgraben , the one up to the Judeneck Rechneigraben or Judeneckgraben. The Rechneigrabenstrasse has now been laid out on the area of this former city moat, after the site was drained and backfilled.
About in the middle of today's street, on its northern side, the Salmenstein house , built around 1350 on the wall, was enthroned high above the Rechneigraben. In the course of the abandonment of the city wall and the construction of the Fischerfeldviertel, the ditch was filled in and the wall including the house that dominated the townscape was torn down.
The "new system"
The road was built, like the whole Fischerfeldstraße quarter, which was then called New plant , from 1793. It was the first urban expansion since the mentioned establishment of Neustadt 1333. In 1811 CF Ulrich publish geometric floor plan of Frankfurt am Mayn are the first land on the southern side of the street as far as beyond Mainstraße already shown as built-up. Just a few years later, the district was built up to the Obermainanlage. Only on the Rechneigrabenstrasse remained some vacant lots, especially on its northern side facing the cemetery, the site of the former “wooden yard of the Jews”. These were built around the middle of the 19th century with representative new buildings of Jewish institutions.
The heyday of the Fischerfeldviertel
With the help of a donation from the Rothschild banking house of 100,000 guilders, the hospital of the united Israelite men's and women's health insurance fund was built in 1829-31 at the western end of the street, on the corner plot of Rechneigrabenstraße 18-20 at the corner of the Judenmarkt (today: Börneplatz) . Architect of the stately three-storey building in Rundbogenstil was Rudolf Burnitz , who in Frankfurt mainly by Burnitz , a part of the Saalhofs and History Museum , is known. The hospital had a men's department with twelve rooms, a women's department with nine rooms and its own small synagogue, which was also maintained by a foundation of the Rothschild family.
The Jewish “Realschule” Philanthropin, previously located in the Kompostellhof west of the Judenmarkt, and the associated elementary school were given a representative new building in 1845 on the property at Rechneigrabenstrasse 14-16. The architect of the school building, which attracted attention throughout the city, was Ignaz Opfermann from Mainz , who had designed the Taunusbahnhof , which opened in 1839 , Frankfurt's very first train station . A gymnasium was added to the school building in 1860 , one of the first in Frankfurt. This was replaced in 1882 by a new building which, in addition to a sports hall, also included a preschool and teacher's apartments.
The philanthropist used the school building on Rechneigrabenstrasse until 1908, when it moved to an even larger new building on Hebelstrasse in the north end , which it still uses today. The Anna School, a non-Jewish elementary school, moved into the vacant rooms.
After the split in the Jewish community in 1851, through which the main synagogue in Judengasse came under the sovereignty of the liberal community strongly influenced by philanthropists , the minority wing of the orthodox Israelite religious community built its own synagogue based on plans by JW Renk at the corner of Schützenstrasse 14 and Rechneigrabenstrasse 5 and an elementary school, which remained the center of Orthodox Judaism in Frankfurt until the Friedberger Anlage synagogue opened in 1907. The synagogue initially offered 500 seats and was doubled in 1873/74 by building inspector Rügemer.
The Judenmarkt at the western end of the street was renamed “Börneplatz” in 1885. At least since the opening of the local conservative community synagogue in 1882, this square has provided a representative metropolitan image as the pulsating center of Jewish Frankfurt. The demolition of the old Judengasse, the breakthrough in Battonnstrasse , the construction of a market hall, the construction of the tram across the square and its use as a market square (until 1928) all contributed to the rapid change in the appearance of the square.
National Socialism and War Destruction
When the National Socialists came to power across the empire and municipalities, Jewish life in the Fischerfeldviertel and around Börneplatz was hard hit. Initially, this was announced by a symbolic policy aimed at ousting Frankfurt's Jews from public perception. In 1935, this led to the renaming of Börneplatz (the former Jewish market) to Dominikanerplatz and Börnestrasse (the former Judengasse) to Großer Wollgraben . In addition, buildings on the west side of the square were torn down in 1938, so that the monastery church now stood directly on the square now named after it. More serious were the November pogroms a few weeks later, which shattered institutional Jewish life, cost many people their lives and expressed themselves in the cityscape through the destruction of the great synagogues Großer Wollgraben , Friedberger Anlage and Dominikanerplatz . The Jewish community, which was forcibly reunified by state orders, was forced, on the special initiative of Mayor Krebs , to pull down and level the fire ruins in the spring of 1939. In April 1939, the community had to transfer its land to the city. The planned overbuilding of the Jewish cemetery no longer took place due to the beginning of the war.
The heavy air raids on Frankfurt am Main , especially in March 1944, almost completely destroyed the eastern old town and the Fischerfeldviertel during World War II .
reconstruction
Those buildings in the area that were only partially damaged by the bombing, such as the Arnsburger Hof and many buildings in Rechneigrabenstrasse, were destroyed shortly after the end of the war in the "second destruction", the deliberate modern reconstruction of the city center. Only the Dominican monastery was rebuilt in a greatly simplified form. However, the completion of this reconstruction dragged on until the end of the 80s.
The most significant change was the layout of Kurt-Schumacher-Straße , which was opened in 1956 , a main road that was to connect the Old Bridge with the also new Konstablerwache square and which buried large parts of the eastern old town including the former Jewish quarter. A petrol station and a wholesale flower market hall were built on the site of the former Börneplatz. In 1955/56, the five-storey administration building of Stadtwerke Frankfurt am Main , which has been preserved to this day, was built in Rechneigrabenstrasse on the south side of Dominikanerplatz, and on the corner of Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse was given a stacked storey with a cantilevered flat roof typical of the time.
The entire street block between Rechneigrabenstrasse, Mainstrasse, Fischerfeldstrasse and Schützenstrasse was built with the extensive headquarters of the Frankfurt employment office . It was actually two blocks, the Rechneistraße that had been running there until now was built over and disappeared from the city map.
In the general development plan of 1959, the area between the flower hall and the Rechneigrabenstraße, i.e. the actual square of the old Judenmarkt, was designated as a general business area, with a change from 1960 a parking garage was provided for the area . This became superfluous when the flower wholesale market was moved to a new location on the outskirts in 1965 and the old market hall could be used to park cars. In 1974 a development plan identified Dominikanerplatz as a core area , i.e. as a high- density business center. In 1978 Dominikanerplatz was renamed Börneplatz again.
The redesign from 1985
In 1985 work began on redesigning the Börneplatz / Rechneigrabenstrasse area. The former wholesale flower market hall was demolished, then on the east side of Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse between Battonnstrasse and Rechneigrabenstrasse the construction pit for a customer center of the Stadtwerke was dug, in which the well-preserved cellars and foundations of the former Judengasse were found. After the plans were changed, these were made accessible to the public in a museum in Judengasse in the basement of the customer center. On the east side of the building, between Rechneigrabenstrasse and the cemetery wall, on the former property of the Israelitische Krankenkasse hospital, a "Neuer Börneplatz" was created, a quiet place with a memorial for the murdered Frankfurt Jews whose names are on small stones in the cemetery wall were immortalized.
Rechneigrabenstraße today
This part of the city, which is so important for the Jewish history of Frankfurt, regained its Jewish character in the 1990s, at least in historical memory. The facilities of today's Jewish life no longer exist in the street. Instead, Rechneigrabenstraße is now the location of important municipal and church institutions.
On the north side of the street between Kurt-Schumacher-Straße and Mainstraße you will find the aforementioned Stadtwerke customer center. To the east, on the site of the Israelite Hospital, is the memorial on the New Börneplatz, which was inaugurated on June 16, 1996, with access to the Jewish cemetery and a footpath along the cemetery wall to Battonnstrasse.
The hospital tradition was continued from 1996 by the Evangelical Hospital for Palliative Medicine for the terminally seriously ill. However, this was not located on the property of the Israelite Hospital, but next door on the former school grounds of the philanthropist . The hospital was run by the Evangelical Society for the Operation of Residential, Retirement and Nursing Homes gGmbH . The hospital was closed in 2009 and its activities were relocated to the Markus Hospital . The building has been used as a hospice since the end of 2009 , supported by the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt am Main and the Frankfurter Diakonie-Kliniken .
Also on the north side of the street, between Schützenstrasse and Lange Strasse, is the new building of the also Protestant Gemeinnützige Medienhaus GmbH . Various institutions for Protestant print and electronic media have their headquarters here, including the Evangelical Press Service (epd), the Evangelische Sonntags-Zeitung , a print publisher, the EKHN broadcasting officer with the church editors for Hessischer Rundfunk and Radio FFH , an online agency , a media archive and a media school.
On the south side, between Kurt-Schumacherstrasse and Mainstrasse, opposite the customer center, is the municipal utility's administration building. The entire adjoining street front between Mainstrasse and Schützenstrasse is occupied by the employment agency building , but the main entrance is on the other side, on Fischerfeldstrasse. In the section between Schützenstrasse and Lange Strasse, where the Orthodox school and synagogue used to be, there are now residential buildings from the 1950s.
literature
- Hans-Otto Schembs: The Börneplatz in Frankfurt am Main . Ed .: Magistrate of the City of Frankfurt am Main. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt 1987, ISBN 3-7829-0344-7 .
Web links
- Frankfurt 1933–45: New Börneplatz memorial
- Non-profit media house GmbH
- Evangelical Hospice Frankfurt
- The Philanthropin in Rechneigrabenstrasse 1845-1908
Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 41 ″ N , 8 ° 41 ′ 27 ″ E