Ripe willow

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Ripe willow
Ripe willow (Salix daphnoides), illustration

Ripe willow ( Salix daphnoides ), illustration

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Willow family (Salicaceae)
Genre : Willows ( Salix )
Type : Ripe willow
Scientific name
Salix daphnoides
Vill.

The ripe willow ( Salix daphnoides ) is a species of willow plant .

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 18
Male catkins
kitten

The frost willow is a tree that reaches heights of up to 15 meters. The bark is gray and slightly fissured. The bark of younger branches is usually shiny red, while the bark of the branches of the second year (which can be wiped off in places) is bluish-white frosted (name!).

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are 4 to 10 centimeters long and up to 2.5 centimeters wide, lanceolate, finely serrate and pointed. The leaves are only slightly hairy when they are young, later they become bare. The top is glossy dark green, the underside matt gray to blue-green. The stipules are small and fused with the petiole.

Salix daphnoides is dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). The inflorescences of the ripe willow appear in March / April, before the leaves shoot. The sessile catkins are cylindrical with a length of 2 to 5 centimeters.

The fruits ripen in May to July.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38 or 57.

Occurrence

The Reif willow can be found all over Europe . It thrives in the mountains up to the sub-alpine level . Salix daphnoides thrives best on wet, nutrient-rich, clayey gravel and sand soils of the brook and river meadows of mountain rivers and brooks. In low-lying areas , the frost willow often only comes through planting. It is a character species of Salicetum elaeagni from the association Salicion elaeagni. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in Bavaria in the Hölltobel near Gerstruben up to 1050 meters above sea level.

Use as a medicinal plant

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The dried bark of young twigs from various types of willow is used as a pharmaceutical drug , provided that its bark has the required total salicine content of at least 1.5%.

The active ingredients are salicyl alcohol derivatives , mainly salicin with the derivatives fragulin and populin , salicortin , with acetylsalicortin and tremulacin (total salicin content up to 4%); Phenolic acids , flavonoids and tannins contained in the pharmaceutical drug.

Willow bark preparations have antipyretic, analgesic and above all anti-inflammatory properties. For rheumatic and other chronic pain, it is best to use ready-made preparations that are standardized to a certain salicine content . Traditional use for febrile flu-like infections or mild headaches is now less important.

Since the main active ingredient of the herbal drug , salicin, is only converted into the therapeutically effective salicylic acid in the liver after it has passed through the stomach, the herbal drug has the advantages of a longer-lasting effect and no side effects, e.g. B. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract , which is to be feared after taking synthetically produced acetylsalicylic acid. In its mode of action, salicylic acid (in contrast to acetylsalicylic acid) is comparable with modern COX-2 inhibitors . The flavonoids may also contribute synergistically to the analgesic effect, as this cannot be explained by the salicine age alone. A cartilage-productive effect is also discussed.

In its assessment, the Committee for Herbal Medicinal Products of the European Medicines Agency came to the conclusion that the general medical use of certain alcoholic dry willow bark extracts in appropriate doses for the short-term treatment of mild back pain was supported by clinical studies. Willow bark and its preparations are not suitable for the treatment of acute severe pain.

literature

  • Gregor Aas , Andreas Riedmiller: GU nature guide trees. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7742-4058-2 .
  • Gregor Aas , Andreas Riedmiller: GU nature guide deciduous trees. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-7742-4184-8 .
  • Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder : The New Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Botany - Medicinal Drugs - Active Ingredients - Applications. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
  • N. Förster, Ch. Ulrichs, M. Zander, R. Kätzel, I. Mewis: Factors influencing the variability of antioxidative phenolic glycosides in salix species. In: J. Agric. Food Chem. , Volume 58, 2010, pp. 8205-8210. doi: 10.1021 / jf100887v
  • N. Förster, Ch. Ulrichs, M. Zander, R. Kätzel, I. Mewis: Influence of the season on the salicylate and phenolic glucoside contents in the bark of Salix daphnoides, Salix pentandra, and Salix purpurea. In: J. of Applied Botany and Food Quality , Volume 82, 2008, pp. 99-102.
  • N. Förster: Suitability of different salicylate-containing Salix clones for the pharmaceutical industry. In Ch. Ulrichs, C. Büttner (Hrsg.): Berliner Ökophysiologische und Phytomedizinische Schriften , Volume 7, 163 S. Der Andere Verlag, Tönning 2010, ISBN 978-3-89959-964-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 306.
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 412.
  3. ↑ Assessment report of the Committee for Herbal Medicinal Products on Salicis cortex , September 2009 (English).

Web links

Commons : Ripe Willow ( Salix daphnoides )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files