Humpback hornbill

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Humpback hornbill
Russula caerulea.jpg

Humpback deafblings ( Russula caerulea )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Humpback hornbill
Scientific name
Russula caerulea
Fr. (nom. Cons.)

The humpback blubber ( Russula caerulea , Syn .: Russula amara ) is a leaf agaric from the family of the blubber relatives . The medium-sized Täubling has a dark purple to purple-brown, clearly hunched hat, ocher-yellow lamellae and an equally colored spore powder. It tastes mild, but has a bitter, half-peelable skin. The Täubling is characterized microscopically by its primordial hyphae and the weakly zebrated to interrupted reticulated spore ornamentation. The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus usually appear gregarious from July to October under pines on acidic, sandy or silicate soils. The common, but not common, deafbling is edible but not very tasty.

features

The hat 4–9 (12) cm wide, when young, frustoconical, soon spread out to flattened and later sunk in the middle. The always pronounced, often teat-shaped hump is typical. The surface is smooth, sometimes also somewhat radially wrinkled and colored from violet to slate blue and purple-violet to brown-violet. Sometimes the hat can also be spotted yellow-brown. The middle of the hat is usually darker to almost black-violet in color. The skin of the hat is a bit sticky and shiny when it is young and in damp weather, but it still has a silky sheen when dry. At least one third to about half of it can be pulled off. The brim of the hat is sharp and smooth, sometimes also slightly furrowed.

The initially densely packed lamellae are whitish to creamy yellow when young. When ripe, they turn increasingly yellow ocher. They are not or very rarely forked and narrow to slightly bulged attached to the stem, their edges are smooth. The spore powder is ocher yellow ( IV b after Romagnesi ).

The cylindrical to slightly clubbed stalk is 5–8 cm long and 1–2 (2.5) cm wide. The base of the initially full, but soon pithy-spongy stem is pointed at the base. The surface is veined, white and frosted when young. Later, the stem can get yellowish to ocher spots, especially towards the base.

The meat is white, smells slightly fruity and tastes mild, but the cap skin is clearly bitter. The meat of the hat turns orange-red with iron sulfate and green with guaiac . With sulfovanillin , the meat reacts raspberry-red.

Micro features

The rounded to elliptical spores measure 7.0–9.2 × 5.9–8.0 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.3. The spore ornament consists of numerous, prickly warts, which are often more or less clearly connected to each other by fine ribs, so that it appears almost zebred to interrupted reticulated. The warts are up to 1.3 µm high. The apiculus is clearly formed and relatively long at 2 × 1.25–1.75. The hilly spot is also quite large (3–3.75 µm) and quite clearly amyloid.

The four-pore, club-shaped basidia measure 35–55 × 10–13 µm. In addition to the basidia, there are numerous cystidia in the hymenium, all of which cannot be stained or only weakly stained with sulfobenzaldehyde reagents. The cheilocystids are spindle-shaped, constricted at the tip or have an appendage. They measure 50–85 × 6–9 µm, while the similar pleurocystids are blunt at the top, tapering to a point or have a small point and are 43–115 µm long and 6–14 × µm wide.

The top layer of the hat consists of slender, septate and at times slightly tapered, 2-3 µm wide hairs that contain a reddish-purple pigment that is initially dissolved and later grainy. In addition, one can find the somewhat wider (4–7 µm) hyphae ends of the primordial hyphae , which are partly branched and loosely covered with acid-fast crystals. Pileocystides do not occur.

ecology

The humpback pigeon is like all pigeons a mycorrhizal fungus , it is strictly bound to pines ( Pinus ), especially to the Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ). It inhabits forests on heavily to moderately dry forests, with strongly acidic soils, especially those covered with raw humus and mustard parcels, which are sandy and poor in nutrients. In limestone areas, the species occurs only on deeply acidic soils. The fruiting bodies appear in Central Europe from July to early November.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the humpback pigeon.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The humpback hornbill is common in the temperate zones of Europe, North America and Asia. In Germany it is particularly common in the Mark Brandenburg . Small populations were first discovered in South Africa in 1987, and the species was probably introduced there.

    Systematics

    The species was in 1801 by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his work Synopsis methodica fungorum as Agaricus caeruleus first described . The Artepiphet caeruleus ( Latin caeruleus = blue) is derived from its color. In 1838 Elias placed Magnus Fries in the genus Russula .

    Inquiry systematics

    The humpback pigeon is a representative of the subsection Integroidinae , a subsection that is within the section Lilaceae . The subsection combines medium-sized deafblings with ocher or pale yellow spore powder, the flesh of which is gray or black. The meat tastes mild, but sometimes clearly spicy in the lamellae. The top layer of the hat skin ( epicutis ) contains encrusted primordial hyphae but no dermatocystids.

    Use

    The humpback hornbill is edible but not very tasty. It is therefore usually not regarded as an edible mushroom in German-speaking countries . The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) still lists the species as an edible mushroom that is mainly consumed in Ukraine.

    swell

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  66 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 144.
    3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 178 .
    4. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Russula caerulea. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    5. ↑ Reporting system for vekster: Russula caerulea. (No longer available online.) In: artsobservasjoner.no. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012 ; Retrieved September 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artsobservasjoner.no
    6. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula coerulea. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    7. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    8. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 291 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    9. ↑ Karel Tejkal: www.myko.cz/myko-atlas - Russula caerulea. In: www.myko.cz. Retrieved February 6, 2016 (cz).
    10. ↑ Russula caerulea - GBIF Portal. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013 ; Retrieved August 18, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    11. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Russula caerulea. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved September 1, 2012 .
    12. ↑ Grid map of Russula caerulea. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on September 1, 2012 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
    13. ↑ PILZOEK Selection according to the type of mushroom. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    14. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula coerulea. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 6, 2012 .
    15. ^ GCA van der Westhuizen, A. Eicker: Some fungal symbionts of ectotrophic mycorrhizae of pines in South Africa. In: South African Forestry Journal . No. 143 , 1987, pp. 20-24 (English).
    16. ^ Country records of wild useful fungi. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed February 25, 2010 .

    Web links

    Commons : humpback deaf ( Russula caerulea )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files