Meat purple herring blubber

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Meat purple herring blubber
2011-05-19 Russula graveolens Romell 146803.jpg

Meat purple herring blubber ( Russula graveolens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Meat purple herring blubber
Scientific name
Russula graveolens
Romell in Britzelmayer

The flesh-purple herring deafness ( Russula graveolens ) is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives (Russulaceae). His hat can have a wide variety of colors. It can be colored from purple-brown to wine-red to olive-green or yellowish. The Täubling has an ocher-yellow spore powder and occurs in deciduous forests on acidic soils.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is colored purple-brown, mahogany brown or wine-brown. In the middle it is purple-black, but can also be lighter olive-ocher-yellow or yellow-green. It reaches a diameter of four to eight, sometimes up to 10 centimeters. The hat skin is dull and not frosted, but a bit grainy to wavy and rough. The lamellae are pale cream to lightly colored; the cutting edges turn brown, while the spore powder is a rich cream to light yellow color.

The stem is white, but turns slightly honey-yellow with age, rarely with a reddish tone. It reaches a length between three and six, sometimes eight centimeters and a thickness of 1 to 2.5 centimeters. The meat is firm to hard. It reacts blue-green with iron sulfate , dark green with guaiac and wine-brown with phenol.

Microscopic features

The spores measure 7.5-10 x 6-8 micrometers. Their surface is covered with isolated warts that have fine connections and some of which merge into one another. They reach a maximum height of 0.8 micrometers. The cystids on the hat are cylindrical-club-shaped and 4.5 to 8 micrometers wide. On the cap skin there are hyphae ends, which are usually slim and cylindrical in shape and reach a width of three to five micrometers.

Species delimitation

The flesh violet resembles the olive brown herring blubber ( R. cicatricata ). Its hyphae ends in the cap skin are thickened. Furthermore, he never has a wine-red hat color. The beech-herring-deaf ( R. faginea ) has a stronger colored spore powder and usually larger hat diameters.

ecology

The violet herring deaf can be found in oak-hornbeam , hornbeam -beech and woodruff beech forests . It can also be found in parks and gardens. There the fungus grows on moderately fresh to moist, sandy to sticky brown soils , which are usually only slightly acidic. These have formed from Bunt- and Keuper sandstone as well as granite and other silicates . The fungus occurs very rarely on lime and is only found when the topsoil is heavily acidic.

The purple herring deafness is a mycorrhizal fungus that forms a symbiosis with deciduous trees, especially oaks .

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the violet herring blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The violet herring blubber is common in Europe and North Africa (Morocco). In Europe it is distributed subatlantic-central European and can be found from Spain, France and the Netherlands in the west via the DA-CH countries to north to Denmark and southern Fennoscandinavia , where it is, however, very rare. It was also found in North America (USA).

    In Germany the fungus can be found very scattered from the coasts to the Alpine foothills . However, due to the risk of confusion with other herring pigeons (subsection Xerampelinae ) there is no definitive certainty about the evidence.

    Systematics

    A number of forms and varieties of the beef purple herring blubber are now considered separate species.

    Inquiry systematics

    The violet herring blubber is a type of sub-section Xerampelinae , which in turn is in the Viridantes section. The subsection contains medium-sized to robust pigeons that enter into a symbiosis with various deciduous trees. Their slightly yellowing or browning meat has a mild taste and smells of herring or crab. With iron sulphate, it turns green.

    Varieties and forms

    • Russula graveolens var. Megacantha (1995)
    It is a variety whose spores are up to 1.5 µm long, more or less isolated and have numerous spines. The hat colors are the same as those of the type, but the edge is more often moderately reddish to carmine in color. The hat is 6–8 cm wide and dull to almost velvety. It has rarely cracked open at the edge. The closely spaced slats are cream-ocher to rust-colored. The white, later yellowish-brown stalk measures 7 × 1–2 cm. The meat retains its fruity smell longer and has a slightly sour taste. The guaiac reaction is strongly positive. The hyphae end cells of the cuticle are blunt or nodular and 3–5 µm wide. The Pileocystidia are cylindrical to club-shaped, 4–6 (8) µm wide, sometimes bifurcated and 0-1-fold septate. The sulfobenzaldehyde reaction is weak or absent. The Täubling is found in deciduous forests on silicate soils, under birches on sand or in oak forests. The variety was originally described by Romagnesi as a separate species under the name Russula megacantha .
    The shape was originally described by Crawshay as Russula purpurata . The hat (5) 6–8 cm long and quickly depressed. It is colored purple in the middle, almost purple-black. The hat skin is quite shiny at first and then wrinkled. The blunt lamellae are initially cream-colored and ocher in color with age. The stem is 4–7 cm long and 1–1.5 cm wide. It is frosted or wrinkled, white in youth and dirty brownish in old age. The meat corresponds to the type. The spore powder is dark cream to ocher (IId-IIIb according to Romagnesi). The cystidia are septate, blunt or pointed and up to 100 µm long and 13 µm wide. The approximately 3 (2) µm wide hyphae end cells of the cap skin are more or less narrowed and frayed. Some large hyphae end cells are bulbous or ampoule-shaped and up to 10 µm wide, sometimes they are branched or slightly sagging. The shape is found among oaks and hornbeams and can often be found on grassy avenues.
    • Russula graveolens f. cicatricata Keizer & Arnolds (1995)

    meaning

    The violet herring blubber is edible, but not very tasty.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 184.
    2. ↑ Russula graveolens in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    3. ↑ Belgian Species List 2012 - Russula graveolens. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 .
    4. ↑ Karel Tejkal: www.myko.cz/myko-atlas - Russula graveolens. In: www.myko.cz. Retrieved February 6, 2016 (cz).
    5. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula graveolens. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    6. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula graveolens. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    7. ^ Z. Athanassiou & I. Theochari: Compléments à l'inventaire des Basidiomycètes de Grèce . In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 79, 2001, pp. 401-415 ( online ).
    8. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula graveolens. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 7, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    10. ↑ Russula graveolens f. elaeodes. In: speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    11. ↑ Russula graveolens var. Subrubens. In: speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    12. ↑ Russula graveolens f. rubra. In: indexfungorum.org. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    13. ↑ Russula graveolens var. Megacantha. In: Russulales News. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    14. ↑ a b Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (PDF (1.4 MB)) In: The Russulales Website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 74 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved on July 23, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
    15. ↑ Russula purpurata. In: Russulales News. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    16. ↑ Russula graveolens f. cicatricata. In: Russulales News. Retrieved July 23, 2011 .
    17. ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 64 .

    Web links

    Commons : Meat purple herring deaf ( Russula graveolens )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files