Salomon Carlebach

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Salomon Carlebach (1910)

Salomon Carlebach (born December 28, 1845 in Heidelsheim, now part of Bruchsal ; died March 12, 1919 in Lübeck ) was an Orthodox German rabbi , teacher, author and conservative politician.

Life

Salomon Carlebach was the son of Joseph Zwi Carlebach (1802-1881) and his wife Cilly nee Stern (1811-1883). He had eight siblings. His older brother Nathan Carlebach (1844–1912), married to Lina Schwab (1857–1922), founded the Frankfurt am Main- based line of the Carlebachs, which was mostly commercially active. His grandson was the journalist Emil Carlebach .

Salomon Carlebach's father Joseph Zwi Carlebach worked as a cattle dealer in Heidelsheim. Salomon, the sixth of the nine children, attended the Grand Ducal Gymnasium in Bruchsal; the two school years before the Abitur, which he passed in 1865, he spent at the Lyceum in Karlsruhe . In 1866 he took up his studies at the University of Würzburg , moved to Berlin in 1867 and received his doctorate in philosophy from the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen in 1868 . He wrote his dissertation on the development of German drama up to Lessing, with special attention to the German Carnival Games and their Hebrew components . He then returned to Berlin, where he completed his rabbinical training. In 1869 he received the rabbinical diploma . He was one of the first academically educated and Orthodox rabbis in Germany.

In the Adass Yisroel in Berlin he came into contact with a member of the Israelite community in Lübeck . At his suggestion, he applied for the rabbi post since the death of Rabbi Alexander Sussmann Adler (1816–1869). The 24-year-old was elected on June 10, 1870 and took office in Lübeck on July 4, 1870. At his inauguration he demanded "loyalty to the father religion" as well as the "unconditional commitment to the beloved German fatherland".

In 1871 he became engaged to Esther Adler , who was born on June 12, 1853 in Moisling . She was the daughter of his predecessor Alexander Sussmann Adler and his wife Hanna Fischl Joel (1820–1889). Esther Adler's grandfather Ephraim Fischl Joel (1795–1851) was a rabbi in Moisling. The couple married on January 10, 1872. Salomon and Esther Carlebach had twelve children and took more children into their household , some for years, as boarding boys . The granddaughter of Salomon and Esther Carlebach, Miriam Gillis-Carlebach , described the religious and cultural environment in which her father Joseph Carlebach and his siblings grew up: “Charity and warmth, Jewish and German culture, as well as strict dignity and solemnity with exact fulfillment of the Religious laws - all this together shaped the atmosphere of this lively parental home [...] at the large family table, teachings about the Jewish commandments, seasoned with revered German literature, were part of the daily table talk. […] Nonetheless, Father Salomon was punctual and strict towards his sons, but with a touch of compassion when he found punishments indispensable. "

Esther Carlebach, who attended the Ernestin School in Lübeck, did not limit herself to household and family tasks. She published essays and volumes of poetry such as The Daughter of Zion's Love and Life (1895), which had two editions, as well as the guidebook Wegweiser for the Jewish house , took on tasks in the Jewish women's association in Lübeck and taught at the Jewish elementary school in Lübeck from 1869 to 1872 and organized theatrical performances. From 1916 her health was impaired by a heart condition. After her death on February 14, 1920 in Lübeck, she was honored with an obituary in the newspaper Der Israelit . The fact that as a woman she could not start studying the Talmud "grieved her for the rest of her life," reported her daughter Bella Carlebach.

Salomon Carlebach worked as a teacher and author in addition to his office as a rabbi. He published theological writings, a history of the Jews in Lübeck and Moislingen, as well as advisory literature, such as the writing Ratgeber für das Judenisches Haus. A guide to engagement, marriage and married life , which he dedicated to Esther Carlebach, the “faithful companion of my life”.

From 1877 to 1895 he was a member of the Lübeck citizenship , the parliament of the then still Free and Hanseatic City. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Free Association for the Interests of Orthodox Judaism in Frankfurt . He represented his emphatically “patriotic” and “German” attitude in speeches and writings, for example in the speech The Army and Jewish Education . The outcome of the First World War worried him deeply.

During Carlebach's tenure, the Lübeck synagogue in St.-Annen-Strasse was completed in 1880 . The building in the Moorish style with a dome survived the time of National Socialism and the air raid of 28/29. March 1942 , even if it was used as the so-called “Ritterhof” from 1939 onwards and rebuilt and only in June 1945 could it be used again for Jewish services. The large Carlebach family moved into the upper floor of the synagogue and lived there “in the top of the shop”, as Salomon Carlebach's grandson Felix F. Carlebach called it. The Israelite Home was built next to the synagogue and was completed in September 1904.

Contacts between the regional church and the Jewish community were rare. The burial of Rabbi Carlebach, who died as a result of a stroke, in the Jewish cemetery in Moisling, which still exists today (where his sons Alexander and David, who had died before him), were buried in March 1919 was such an event. Senior Pastor Christian Reimpell and Senior Johannes Evers appeared as their representatives. Carlebach's wife Esther, who died the following year, also found her final resting place here.

Honors

When the 125th anniversary of the Lübeck synagogue was celebrated in 2005, Salomon Carlebach's grandson, the New York Rabbi Salomon Peter Carlebach (* 1925), gave the speech. In the same year, the Carlebach Park in the Lübeck university district was inaugurated, commemorating the rabbi family and their founder Salomon Carlebach. On this occasion, Esther Carlebach (* 1920), a granddaughter of Carlebach, came from Israel to unveil the plaque. Carlebach's wife is remembered in Lübeck in a traveling exhibition on women in Lübeck's history and a brochure published on it.

Stolpersteine in Lübeck's Sophienstrasse 10 remember his son Simson Carlebach and his wife .

Barbara Kowalzik reports that Thomas Mann praised in his novel Doctor Faustus Salomon Carlebach “for his erudition and his religious acumen as well as for his social intercourse across religious boundaries”.

Children and grandchildren

Salomon Carlebach is the progenitor of one of the most respected rabbi families in Germany. Five of his sons became rabbis; three of the daughters married rabbis with a doctorate. Rabbis descended from him were or are represented in Germany, Great Britain, the USA and Israel.

The twelve children of Salomon and Esther Carlebach were Alexander Carlebach (1872-1925), who was a banker in Lübeck, Emanuel Carlebach (1874-1927), rabbi in Memel and Cologne and field rabbi in the First World War, Simson Carlebach (* 1875; † 1942 in the Jungfernhof camp ), banker, Bella Carlebach (1876–1960), who married Rabbi Leopold Rosenak (Bremen, field rabbi in World War I), Ephraim Carlebach (1879–1936), rabbi and founder of the Higher Israelite School in Leipzig, Sara Carlebach (1880–1928), married to Moritz Stern, Moses Carlebach (1881–1939), factory owner in Leipzig, Joseph Zwi Carlebach (1883–1942), rabbi in Lübeck, Altona and Hamburg, Cilly Carlebach (1884–1968), married to Rabbi Leopold Neuhaus , David Carlebach (1885–1913), who died shortly after his rabbinical examination, Mirjam Carlebach (1886–1962), married to the banker Wilhelm Cohn, and Hartwig Naphtali Carlebach (1889–1967), rabbi in Berlin, Baden near Vienna and New York.

Important grandsons of Carlebach are the rabbi and honorary citizen of Lübeck Felix F. Carlebach (1911–2008), the singing Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach (1925–1994), the educationalist Miriam Gillis-Carlebach (1922–2020), the long-time rector of the College for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg Julius Carlebach (1922–2001), the New York rabbi Salomon Peter Carlebach (* 1925), the New York art dealer Julius Carlebach and the founder and editor-in-chief of the Israeli daily Maariw , Ezriel Carlebach (1909–1956).

Works

  • History of the Jews in Lübeck and Moisling, presented. in 9 lectures given in the Young Man's Association (Chevras Haschkomoh) in Lübeck . Lübeck 1898
  • Moral Purity - A warning to Israel's sons and daughters, fathers and mothers . Printed by H. Itzkowski, Berlin 1917
  • A Guide to the Jewish Home - A Guide to Engagement, Wedding, and Married Life . Verlag Hausfreund, Berlin 1918
  • Beth Josef Zebi . Verlag Hausfreund, Berlin, four-part: 1910, 1912, 1915, 1927

literature

  • Moritz Stern: Festschrift for the 40th anniversary of the office of Rabbi Dr. Salomon Carlebach in Lübeck . Hausfreund publishing house, Berlin 1910.
  • Sabine Niemann (editor): The Carlebachs, a rabbi family from Germany . Ephraim Carlebach Foundation (ed.), Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-926174-99-4 .
  • Peter Guttkuhn: Dr. Carlebach - A rabbi from Lübeck . In: Israel News No. 7387, June 16, 1995, Tel Aviv.
  • Peter Guttkuhn: Jewish Neo-Orthodoxy 1870 to 1919 in Lübeck. On the religious and spiritual situation of the Jews during the rabbinate of Salomon Carlebach . In: Erich Mühsam and Judaism . Writings of the Erich Mühsam Society , Issue 21, Lübeck 2002, ISBN 3-931079-28-7 .
  • Peter Guttkuhn: The Senate wants educated citizens. Jewish religious instruction 1867 to 1914 in the state of Lübeck . In: 200 years of the Ernestin School. Lübeck 1804 to 2004 . Lübeck 2004, ISBN 3-00-013239-2 , pages 29-40.
  • Michael Brocke , Julius Carlebach : The rabbis of the emancipation period in the German, Bohemian and Greater Poland countries 1781–1871 , Walter de Gruyter, 2004, pp. 220–211, no. 0228 ( digitized version ).
  • Carlebach, Salomon. In: Lexicon of German-Jewish Authors . Volume 4: Brech-Carle. Edited by the Bibliographia Judaica archive. Saur, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-598-22684-5 , pp. 448-452.
  • Nadine Garling: Simply orthodox. Salomon Carlebach's advisor Pele Jo'ez and the educational demands of the Lübeck rabbi . In: Medaon 11 (2017), 20 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Salomon Carlebach  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Barbara Kowalzik: The Jewish School Work in Leipzig 1912-1933. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2002, ISBN 978-3-412-03902-8 , p. 36 f.
  2. ↑ Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: Piety of Jewish Women from a Time and Wide Perspective - The Four Daughters of the Carlebach Rabbi Family. In: Miriam Gillis-Carlebach, Barbara Vogel (eds.): "... and so they moved out: everyone with his family and his father's house ..." The Fourth Joseph Carlebach Conference. Family in the field of tension between tradition and modernity. Dölling and Galitz Verlag , Hamburg 2000, ISBN 978-3-933374-66-0 , pp. 20 f .; quoted by Barbara Kowalzik: The Jewish School Work in Leipzig 1912–1933 , p. 38.
  3. ↑ Esther Carlebach . In: The Israelite. A central organ for Orthodox Judaism ; Vol. 61, No. 7 (February 26, 1925 / 7. Adar 5680), p. 9. http://compactmemory.de/
  4. ↑ Quoted on the exhibition board Esther Carlebach of the traveling exhibition curated by the women's office of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck ( PDF; 43.3 kB ) Women in Lübeck's history , p. 11 ( PDF; 2.3 MB ).
  5. ↑ Albrecht Schreiber: Guide through the history of the Jews in Moisling and Lübeck. Lübecker Nachrichten GmbH, Lübeck 1984, p. 67 f.
  6. ↑ Hansjörg Buss: "Entjudete" Church. The Lübeck regional church between Christian anti-Judaism and ethnic anti-Semitism (1918–1950). Schöningh, Paderborn 2011, ISBN 978-3-657-77014-4 , p. 73.
  7. ^ Sabine Niemann (editor): The Carlebachs. A rabbi family from Germany. Published by the Ephraim Carlebach Foundation Leipzig. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-926174-99-4 , p. 19.
  8. ↑ Hansjörg Buss: "Entjudete" Church. The Lübeck regional church between Christian anti-Judaism and ethnic anti-Semitism (1918–1950). Schöningh, Paderborn 2011, ISBN 978-3-506-77014-1 , p. 172.
  9. ↑ Available in the University Library in Frankfurt am Main
personal data
SURNAME Carlebach, Salomon
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German rabbi
DATE OF BIRTH December 28, 1845
PLACE OF BIRTH Bruchsal
DATE OF DEATH March 12, 1919
Place of death Lübeck