Kischau Castle

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Entrance gate of the former Teutonic Order Castle Kischau (around 1880)

Kischau Castle , formerly Kyschau Castle ( Polish Zamek Kiszewski), is a medieval former castle of the Teutonic Order near the village of Stara Kiszewa ( German Old Kischau ) in the Powiat Kościerski of the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship . The castle gave its name to the former manor and administrative districts and today's Schulzenamt .

Geographical location

Kischau Castle east of the village of Alt Kischau , both places on the little river Ferse , on a map from 1913
Former mansion of the Kischau Castle (photo 2010)
Manor house from a different perspective (photo 2011)

The castle is located in the historic Pomeranian landscape on the Wierzyca (heel) river , two kilometers east of Stara Kiszewa, about 20 kilometers southeast of Kościerzyna (Berent) and 53 kilometers southwest of Gdansk .

history

Numerous stone box graves , which were uncovered during road construction work near the castle in 1871 and which contained urns, utensils made of bronze and iron as well as glass beads, show that the area around the point where a stream flows into the heel from the south is already closed prehistoric times attracted settlers. In 1289 a path is mentioned that connects Kyschau with Costrina , today's Kościerzyna or Berent .

Kishau is Vela (Great) Kyrseva (1289 Kyshovia , 1290 Kiseva , 1315/16 Kisew , Kyssow ), which the Pomeranian Duke Mestwin II gave to the voivode Nikolaus von Kalisch in 1281 , confirmed in 1290 and furnished with the villages of Lubna, Danwanow and Dambrowa.

The voivode Nikolaus left the castle district with the fortified Kischau Castle to his sons. His younger sons then transferred the property to their older son Jakob, landlord on Słucs . When he entered the clergy and was appointed canon of Posen , he donated the entire castle district of Kischau to the Teutonic Order in 1316 , with the condition that the order, if he B. u for further training go to another place, have to provide for the end of his life with a certain sum of money.

From 1316 to 1466 Kischau Castle was owned by the Teutonic Order State . In 1459, the small castle Kischau, which was only sparsely occupied, was unsuccessfully besieged by the Danzigers . It is mentioned in the Thorner Peace Document from 1466 as an order castle. After that, the castle became the seat of a starost . The Polish historian Johannes Dlugosch (1415–1480, also Dugloffus ) called the castle Kiszchow . With short interruptions it belonged to the autonomous province of Polish Prussia until 1772 . In 1655 the castle was under Swedish control.

Around the middle of the 18th century, Kischa w is said to have been a "small town and Starostey"; as alternative names are mentioned: Kyschow , Kysov , Kyschau , Keissov and Keisoft , Latin Keissovum .

After the partition of Poland-Lithuania , Kischau Castle became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 . Around 1785 the manor district of Kischau Castle comprised a Vorwerk, the village of Kischau Castle with 23 houses and was the seat of a royal domain office.

  • Castle portal and the manor house in the background on the left (photo 2007)

  • Fragment of the old castle wall with a castle tower reconstructed in modern times

  • Reconstructed castle tower

  • Fragments of the castle ruins

In the first years after the Wars of Liberation , the farms in Prussia were generally confronted with economic difficulties, not least because of the state-ordered regulation of landlord and peasant conditions. In 1819 the Gut Schloß Kischau, comprising wetlands and 40 Hufen arable land, was sold for 2,300 thalers . However, the new owner could not make a sufficient profit, so that the property had to be auctioned and for 50 thalers the tax authorities were awarded, which then leased it for a few years. Thereafter, the property was sold by the tax authorities for a purchase price of 515 thalers. Around 1825 the estate was managed by the landlord Joachim Engler, who among other things kept a herd of 125 animals here . In 1843 Engler, who also had the manor house built, is named as the owner of the estate.

The formed 1874 District lock Kischau belonged until after the end of World War I for circuit Berent in the West Prussian Region Danzig the German Reich .

Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the region with Kischau Castle had to be ceded to Poland in 1920 for the purpose of establishing the Polish Corridor . After the attack on Poland in 1939, the castle belonged to the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, in violation of international law . Towards the end of the Second World War , the region was liberated by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 and then returned to Poland.

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1816 108 in 24 houses
1864 155 on December 3rd, in 14 residential buildings

literature

Footnotes

  1. ^ Max Toeppen : Historisch-comparative geography of Prussia. Gotha 1858, p. 46.
  2. ^ A b Ludwig Quandt : East Pomerania, its princes, princely territorial divisions and districts . In: Baltic Studies . Volume 17, Stettin 1856, pp. 97-156, especially p. 154.
  3. ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia, from the earliest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Volume 4, Königsberg 1830, pp. 291-292.
  4. ↑ Johannes Voigt: History of Prussia, from the earliest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Volume 8, Königsberg 1938, p. 576.
  5. ^ Max Toeppen : Historisch-comparative geography of Prussia. Gotha 1858, p. 228.
  6. ↑ a b Historical-Political-Geographical Atlas of the Whole World etc., Leipzig 1746, p. 969.
  7. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Volume 2: Topography of West Prussia , Marienwerder 1789, p. 105.
  8. ↑ Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth description of the Prussian monarchy . Volume 1, Halle 1791, p. 854.
  9. ^ H. Oelrichs: The administrative district of Danzig since 1816 . In: Old Prussian monthly. New series, volume 5, Königsberg i. Pr. 1868, pp. 289-325, especially p. 295.
  10. ↑ Johann Philipp Wagner: About Merinos sheep breeding in relation to the requirements of wool for its application . Königsberg 1838, p. 452.
  11. ^ Official Journal of the Royal Government of Danzig . No. 39 of September 27, 1843, p. 150.
  12. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. dan_berent.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  13. ↑ JDF Rumpf und HF Rumpf: Complete topographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 2, Berlin 1820, p. 137.
  14. ↑ Prussian State Statistical Office: The results of the property and building tax assessment in the Danzig district. Berlin 1867, 1st district of Berent , pp. 10-17, no. 87.

Web links

Commons : Schloss Kischau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 53 ° 59 ′ 3 ″  N , 18 ° 11 ′ 53 ″  E