Butterfly elf

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Butterfly elf
Butterfly elf

Butterfly elf

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Lophornis
Type : Butterfly elf
Scientific name
Lophornis chalybeus
( Temminck , 1821)

The butterfly elf ( Lophornis chalybeus ) is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that is endemic to Brazil . The IUCN assesses the population as Near Threatened .

features

The male butterfly elf reaches a body length of 8.5 cm with a weight of 2.6 g, with wings 4.3 cm, the tail 2.9 cm and the back of the beak 1.4 cm. The forehead and the side stripes of the head shine green. The top of the head, back and throat are green. The cross band on the back is whitish ocher. The rump and the tail are colored greenish copper to wine red. The cervical side feathers are green with white tips. There is a dull black stripe between the elongated neck side feathers and the glittering green head stripe. The elytra are green, the wing blackish purple. The whitish breast is streaked with dark. The belly is gray-brown, with the flanks having a greenish sheen on a gray-brownish background. The under tail-coverts are gray-brownish with pale reddish endings. The bill and feet are black. The female butterfly elf reaches a body length of 7.6 cm with a weight of 2.2 g, with wings 4.4 cm, the tail 2.4 cm and the back of the beak 1.25 cm. The forehead is colored like the back. The cervical side feathers are whitish with green edges and not elongated as in the male. The flanks are ocher, green gold, the tail feathers at the roots, the lateral control springs have red-brown peaks. The throat and chest are darker and piebald. The back tie is ocher colored. The bill and feet are black like the male.

Fledglings resemble the adult females, but have a blackish brown ear mark. The flanks are greenish brown and the top of the head is blackish brown.

distribution and habitat

The butterfly elf prefers to live in damp forests and secondary vegetation. Occasionally she can be found in cerrados in Brazil. It occurs at altitudes from sea level to 1000 meters. It gets its nectar from the flowers of acanthus family , bromeliad family , daisy family , mallow family , myrtle family , red family , verbena family and Vochysiaceae . It also feeds on arthropods . It was also observed on Prunus and the verbena Petrea subserrata in Santa Catarina from July to September . It is considered a resident bird with only minor seasonal migrations.

Reproduction

The cup-shaped nests are approx. 22 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 35 mm, the inner radius approx. 25 mm with a depth of approx. 8.5 mm. The breeding season for the butterfly elves runs from October to February.

Vocalizations

Most of the time the birds are calm. In food intake they occasionally give a short tsip or Tschip of himself. When they're buzzing around, it sounds like a bee.

Subspecies

Distribution area of ​​the butterfly elf and the green-headed elf

The butterfly elf is now considered monotypical . Recent research suggested that the subspecies could possibly be separate species. Further research into ultimate separation was required. For a long time, the green- headed elf subspecies Lophornis chalybeus verreauxii ( Bourcier , 1853) and Lophornis chalybeus klagesi by Berlepsch & Hartert , 1902, were considered to be a subspecies of the butterfly elf ( Lophornis chalybeus ( Temminck , 1821)), but the differences in color suggest a splintering own way.

Etymology and history of research

Coenraad Jacob Temminck described the butterfly elf under the name Trochilus chalybeus . He gave Brazil as the place of discovery. In 1829 René Primevère Lesson introduced the new genus Lophornis for the butterfly elf. "Lophornis" is made up of the Greek words "lophos λόφος " for "crown, forehead" and "ornis όρνις " for "bird". The specific epithet »chalybeus« is derived from the Latin »chalybeius« for »steely« or from the Greek »chalybos χαλυβος « for »steel«.

literature

  • Rolf Grantsau : The hummingbirds of Brazil . A key for all hummingbird shapes in Brazil. Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 85-208-0101-3 .
  • Ber van Perlo: A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7 ( books.google.de ).
  • Evair Legal, Tiago João Cadorin, Glauco Ubiratan Kohler: edescoberta de Lophornis chalybeus (Vieillot, 1822) (Aves: Trochilidae) no Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil . In: Atualidades Ornitológicas . No. 145 , 2008, p. 22–23 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 199 kB ]).
  • Thomas Michael Donegan, Alonso Quevedo, Juan Carlos Verhelst, Oswaldo Cortés-Herrera, Trevor Ellery, Paul Salaman: Revision of the status of bird species occurring or reported in Colombia 2015, with discussion of BirdLife International's new taxonomy. In: Conservación Colombiana . No. 23 , 2015, p. 3–48 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 3.0 MB ]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Coenraad Jacob Temminck: Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux: pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon (plate 66, figure 2 & text) . tape 4 , delivery 11. Legras Imbert et Comp., Strasbourg 1821 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jules Bourcier: Note du genre Lophornis, Ch.Bp. - Lophornis Verreauxii, Bourc . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée (=  2 ). tape 5 , 1853, pp. 193 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville: Errata . In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée (=  2 ). tape 5 , 1853, pp. 288 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Ernst Hartert: On the Birds of the Orinoco region . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 9 , no. 1 , 1902, pp. 1-135 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • René Primevère Lesson: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ouvrage orné de planches desinées et gravée par les meilleurs artistes et dédié A SAR Mademoiselle. - 81 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germaine Bévalet, Marie Clémence Lesson after Louis Pierre Vieillot, Antoine Charles Vauthier after William Swainson, Pancrace Bessa , Elisa Zoé Dumont de Sainte Croix) . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1829 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Butterfly Elf  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Lesson categorized Ornismya Nattereri a synonym for the hyacinth visorbearer ( Augastes scutatus ( Temminck , 1824)), Ornismya petasophora a synonym for the white-vented violetear ( Colibri serrirostris ( Vieillot , 1816)), Ornismya delalandii a synonym for the Grünhaubenelfe ( Stephanoxis lalandi ( Vieillot , 1818)), Ornismya cristata a synonym for the Antilles hood Hummingbird ( Orthorhyncus cristatus ( Linnaeus , 1758)), Ornismya ornata a synonym for Schmuckelfe ( Lophornis ornatus ( Boddaert , 1783)), Ornismya strumaria synonymous with frilled coquette ( Lophornis magnificus ( Vieillot , 1817)) and Ornismya vieillotii a synonym for butterfly elf in the new genus.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rolf Grantsau, p. 73.
  2. ↑ a b c Rolf Grantsau, p. 74.
  3. ↑ Ber van Perlo, p. 68.6.
  4. ↑ Evair Legal et al. a., p. 22.
  5. ↑ Thomas Michael Donegan et al. a., p. 35.
  6. ↑ Jules Bourcier, p. 193.
  7. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 89.
  8. ^ Proposal (833) to South American Classification Committee: Treat Lophornis verreauxii as a separate species from Lophornis chalybeus
  9. ^ Coenraad Jacob Temminck, p. 90
  10. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, pp. Xxxvii
  11. ↑ a b James A. Jobling, p. 230