School cartography
School cartography is a synonymous term for school-related activities and products of a branch of cartography , which covers several departments of the school , in particular geography didactics. Above all, there are geography classes and history classes . These subjects are the broadest fields of application of cartographic media in school lessons, especially since space and time are fundamental coordinates for both scientific disciplines (space in time; time in space). For around 150 years, school cartography was often the pioneering field of cartography (e.g. regional colors , Swiss manner and rock drawings, thematic maps ).
School cartography media
The media assortment for map work consists of school wall maps , projection film maps (transparent maps , large slides), poster cards and globes as frontal teaching aids, as well as student hand cards , school atlases and textbook maps as work tools for the students. More recently, the screen map with various GIS functions has been added as a means of information, demonstration and student work.
They not only serve to impart knowledge in geographic lessons and other relevant subjects, but also to promote spatial imagination. In the sense of a competence orientation in the context of teaching, modern subject didactics today see school atlases rather as "databases" with the help of which a wide variety of questions can be worked out.
The preoccupation with school cartographic questions has (te) an important role both in the classical cartography at the universities, as well as with the methodologists in the teacher training, later then with the subject didactics.
historical development
In the GDR (1949–1990)
In the GDR , as a result of tight and interdisciplinary scientific organization, the geographical didactic area of geographical school cartography developed , the subject of which was the didactic and methodical design of cartographic media for geography and local history lessons as well as procedures for their differentiated use. The school mapping activities for history lessons were not so extensive and varied; wall maps, hand maps and textbook maps were mainly developed and used. There were no special, binding school atlases for history as a subject.
The school cartography was scientifically located in the popular education system , especially since the design of all teaching materials was largely determined by the goals and contents of the republic-wide binding curricula. In the Ministry of Public Education there was, among other things, a special “Commission for School Cartographic Products”, to which didacticians, school practitioners and cartographers belonged.
In the FRG (1949–1990)
In the old federal states, cartographic media were created and used primarily for geography lessons and for specialist teaching (wide range of atlas and wall map titles). Other subjects - including history lessons - were somewhat neglected in this regard and often used the geographically accentuated map materials. The scientific home of school cartography was the German Society for Cartography (DGfK), which also had a "School Cartography Working Group". This working group, in which cartographers were primarily represented, also tried to coordinate the interests of school cartographic publishers and school practice, especially since the design of school cartographic media was almost exclusively at the discretion of publishers. The publishing competition promoted the diversity of the school cartographic products.
In Germany since 1990
Even after 1990, the German Society for Cartography (DGfK) represented the scientific center of school cartography in the enlarged federal Federal Republic of Germany with its varied school structure and the barely manageable school media landscape . In the working group (from 1998: Commission) school cartography, the main points of map design and the teaching of map use were examined and presented in publications for cartographers, teachers and insider students, especially since school cartography is the "basic cartography for everyone".
After the political change in Germany, school history cartography was also formed as a sub-branch of school cartography that deals with the design and use of cartographic media for the subjects of history and politics. Both sub-disciplines, geographic school cartography and school history cartography, form the core of school cartography in Germany today.
From the summer of 2006, the DGfK commission mentioned above was named “Schools and Cartography”, in which Austria and Switzerland were also represented. At the 60th Cartographers' Day in Hanover (2012), school cartography was included in the newly formed “Commission for Cartographic Communication”. With this, the independence of school cartography as "basic cartography for everyone" in the DGfK was eliminated.
Austria
Large parts of the school geographic literature in Austria traditionally deal with questions of school cartography. The first school atlases in Austria already existed at the end of the 18th century with the school atlas published by Reilly in Vienna.
The Geographical School Atlas, published by Eduard Hölzel in 1861 for the grammar schools, secondary schools and commercial schools of the Austrian monarchy by Blasius Kozenn, was of particular importance . The entrepreneur figured he had a good chance of publishing one, as the Austrian schools at that time were only dependent on German atlases. In Publisher Ed. Since then, Hölzel has regularly appeared new editions (including edited by Jarz / Umlauf 21st edition 1871, Brille / Schmidt 39th edition 1901, Güttenberger / Leitner 50th edition 1929, Slanar 75th edition 1951, Strzygowski 86th edition 1961, Ritter / Slanar jr. 1981, L. Birsak 1989, 2011), which brought important innovations in school cartography from one person to the next , especially in the area of economic maps.
The most important geographic journal of this time, the "Mitteilungen der Österreichische Geographische Gesellschaft" (Vienna), reflect this development in a myriad of articles. In addition, the Freytag-Berndt publishing house (Vienna) is particularly noteworthy with its diverse atlas editions (including by the cartographers Rothaug, Kaindlstorfer, and later Aurada).
Significant advances in development are particularly evident in the complex analytical business maps in the school atlases. H. Slanar sen. compared - similar to Lautensach in Germany - such maps from 1951 onwards on the same scale with the physical maps of the continents. From 1981 Wiegand Ritter also brought the tertiary economic sector to better advantage in his business maps. From 1967, Fritz Aurada added his own graphically prepared economic statistics parts for school lessons to his atlas editions at F&B. This was also a concession to the requirements of - unlike in Germany - in Austria since 1962 geography as a combination assigned to economics. From 1985 onwards, this was developed into the dual integration subject of geography and economics , which also has a different paradigm.
Erik Arnberger, who teaches at the University of Vienna (who was also involved in cartography at Westermann in Germany in school atlases of the 1970s) was instrumental in getting thematic maps (also as case studies for thematically conceived geography and economics lessons) into the Austrian school atlases Moved in. He also prepared the field so that later, with his own Austria adaptation, such maps of the German Diercke could be included in the school cartographic offer at Austrian schools (from 1995 a Diercke World Atlas Austria). Today, such large-scale thematic case studies are on the decline again as secondary maps in school atlases. For production-related reasons (update cycles), publishers like Ed.Hölzel are increasingly tending to outsource such textbooks to the GW schoolbooks that are produced alongside the school atlases. In terms of printing technology, this may lead to map method problems, especially for publishers without their own cartography. In terms of subject didactics, however, in addition to the more frequent updating of such case study cards in textbooks, their "accuracy of fit" (= interaction with text diagram images on a double page ). a methodological advantage. The school atlas, on the other hand, has more of the character of a data collection thanks to its extensive range of maps and registers. In addition to the content, this also has an impact on the map method in its design. Hölzel therefore also produces CD-ROMs that supplement his school atlases, which are enclosed with the school atlases for electronic use.
There are currently three publishing houses in Austria as school cartographic providers who publish a number of different school atlases: In addition to the school atlases from Ed.Hölzel, there are products from ÖBV Vienna - from 2010 onwards following the discontinued independent Freytag-Berndt Atlas - and Westermann Verlag Vienna to select. As a result of the school book campaign carried out by the Austrian Ministry of Education since 1972, every pupil is now provided with a school atlas. These relatively high sales figures explain why 3 publishers in a country with a population of 8 million can serve a market with a wide range of products such as lower and upper school atlases or combination atlases (for geography and history).
Current trend
The current trend in school atlas cartography in the Federal Republic of Germany has been so-called integration or combination atlases for several subjects (e.g. geography, history, politics, social studies) since around 2008. The two school cartographic sub-disciplines - school geographic cartography and school history cartography - will therefore have to work more closely together in their subject-related didactic concepts in the future and expand their cooperative field of work, which is favored by the already combined work of some traditional publishing houses. In the design of the card, in particular the continued Ernst Klett Verlag with its Alexander since the mid-1970s to so-called Geographical basic cards to make the traditional physical overview map with business card combined. An initially radical concept (because all traditional physical maps were initially removed) had to be changed due to insufficient acceptance by the teachers, when later the traditional physiogeographic "brown-green maps" had to be used again in addition to these new maps. Today we find both types of map side by side in the atlases.
Even though digital technology is being used more and more in the design and teaching of school cartographic media (e.g. the Austrian publisher Ed. Hölzel offers virtual atlases integrated in the atlas as CD-ROMs), cartographic print media in the form of analogue media are still dominating at the moment Cards. This is also due to the easy availability in the classroom. But the further advance of the learning software (especially for the introduction of the students to the map understanding and for the interactive way of working and combination of the atlas maps in a media network offer) can be determined in different ways with all publishing houses.
The possibilities offered by combinations of atlas maps and virtual globes have not yet been exhausted. For the Diercke Atlas, for example, the relevant sections of each map were integrated as kmz files from Google Earth or Google Maps on a supplementary website. A separate magazine 360 ° continuously publishes teaching suggestions available online. Recently, the user can also place the corresponding thematic atlas map there as a layer on a virtual globe and edit it. Other publishers that produce school atlases, such as Cornelsen Verlag, have digital atlases in their range. These combine the range of maps and lexicon and provide the basis for making them usable, for example, for an interactive smart board projection. The spread of laptops and i-pads in the classes will encourage such combined variants towards a broad media network in the future. The subject didactics is required to think about possible uses.
Important people in school cartography
In the past (19th and 20th centuries), in addition to the founder of methodical school cartography, Emil von Sydow (1812–1872), Erik Arnberger , Hermann Berghaus , Carl Diercke , Eduard Gaebler , Wilfried Görtler , among others, have made great contributions to school cartography , Hermann Haack , Hermann habenicht , Heinrich Harms , Eduard Imhof , Blasius Kozenn , Henry Lange , Theodor Freiherr von Liechtenstern , Werner Painke , Friedrich Wilhelm Putzger , Hans Slanar sen. and Hermann Wagner acquired.
See also
literature
- Christina Böttcher: Theoretical and practical aspects of school history cartography. In: Cartographic Writings. Volume 8, Bonn 2003, pp. 41-68.
- Egon Breetz: Development of the geographical school cartography in the former GDR. In: F. Mayer (ed.): Schulkartographie - Wiener Symposium 1990. Vienna 1992, pp. 133–143.
- Egon Breetz, Reinhard Herzig (Mithrsg.): Aspects for the design and use of cards for school lessons. (= Cartographic writings. Volume 8). Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-7812-1579-2 .
- Wilfried Görtler: Emil von Sydow - founder of the methodical school cartography. In: Gottfried Suchy (Hrsg.): Geographic building blocks. No. 26: Geographers and cartographers from Gotha. Gotha 1985, DNB 860712710 , pp. 69-76.
- Reinhard Herzig: Cartographic learning software - competitor for the print medium map? In: Aspects of the design and use of cards for school lessons. (= Cartographic writings. Volume 8). Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-7812-1579-2 , pp. 76-100.
- Armin Hüttermann: Map reading - (not) an art. Introduction to the didactics of school cartography. (= Didactics of geography ). Munich 1998, ISBN 3-486-88036-5 .
- Verena Kleinschmidt, Ulf Zahn (Ed.): Representing the earth - 150 years of school atlas and geography. Braunschweig 1992. (Collection of articles)
- Edgar Lehmann: Cartography as science and technology. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. 2/1952, pp. 73-84.
- Ferdinand Mayer (Hrsg.): School cartography - Vienna Symposium 1990. (= Viennese writings on geography and cartography. Volume 5). Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-900830-05-3 . (Proceedings from the 1st International Symposium on School Cartography; lecture and essay compilations, 26 contributions)
- Rudi Ogrissek : Tasks of school cartography as an example for the application of special theories. In: R. Ogrissek (Ed.): Theoretical Cartography. Gotha 1987, pp. 265-270.
- Wolfgang Plapper: ideas / wishes of the card user for card design, e.g. B. Teacher / Student. In: W. Leibbrand (Hrsg.): Kartegestaltung und Kartenentwurf. Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1988, pp. 129-135.
- Herbert Raisch: The map - a neglected medium of history didactics. In: B. Schönemann et al. (Ed.): Historical consciousness and methods of historical learning. (= Writings on historical didactics. H. 8). 1998, pp. 169-186.
- Walter Sperling: 40 years of school cartography in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Writings on geography and cartography. Volume 5, Vienna 1992, pp. 114-125.
- Gottfried Suchy (Ed.): Geographical building blocks. No. 26: Geographers and cartographers from Gotha. Gotha 1985, DNB 860712710 (A text with a strong political tint in sections, which should be understood from the time (GDR dictatorship). In some parts simply historically incorrect).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ingrid Kretschmer , Johannes Dörflinger (ed.): Atlantes austriaci. Austrian atlases 1561 to 1994. Annotated catalog. 2 volumes. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1995, Volume 1: ISBN 3-205-98369-6 , Volume 2: ISBN 3-205-98395-5 .
- ↑ http://austria-lexikon.at/ebook/wbin_experimental/ambrosius.html#pageid=&layer=Default&pagenum=0&book=Sachbuch/Kozenn_Atlas&thumbview=2p - first edition of the Kozenn Atlas 1861 - online
- ↑ Wolfgang Sitte : In memory of Blasius Kozenn (1821–1871). In: GW lessons. 62/1996, Vienna, pp. 102-104.
- ^ Ingrid Kretschmer , Lukas Birsak: The Kozenn Atlas - an Austrian school atlas writes cartographic history. In: Mitt. Der Österr. Geographical Society. Volume 149, 2007, pp. 253-284.
- ^ Wolfgang Sitte, Christian Sitte: 150 Years of the Austrian Geographical Society. Comments on their anniversary celebration and on their school-related work. In: GW lessons. 103, Vienna 2006, pp. 85-91. (online; PDF; 51 kB)
- ↑ Wolfgang Sitte: School Atlas I. (on his history in Austria) In: W. Sitte, H. Wohlschlägel (Ed.): Contributions to the didactics of geography and economics lessons. (= Materials for didactics of the GW. Volume 16). Institute for Geography and Regional Research at the University of Vienna, 2001, pp. 410–423. (on-line)
- ↑ http://fachportal.ph-noe.ac.at/fileadmin/gwk/Forschung/BEd_Wirtschaftskarten_Schulatlanten_Oesterreich_Zoncsich_PHnoe2013.pdf all business maps of Austrian school atlases are shown in the work of ZONCSICH 2013
- ↑ Geographical basemap - landscape map as developed by Klett for school use
- ↑ Website for the Diercke Atlas with interactive map search and other web applications
- ↑ Explanations for using the card in lessons in the online Zs. "360 °"
- ^ Digital atlas for smart board by Cornelsen ( Memento from December 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
Ps: For cartographic illustration, please claim one of the 5 NBL home atlases (Volk u. Wissen / Cornelsen Verlag) - from 1997 ff., Cover, p. 1 (title page) and p. 2–7.