Schwarzholzl

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The Schwarzhölzl
Orchid in the black wood

The Schwarzhölzl is a protected fen forest in Munich 's Feldmoching district with an area of ​​79.5 hectares . The relic of the eastern Dachau moss got its name from the moss pines, which give it a dark appearance. Parts of the Schwarzhölzl nature reserve are also located in the communities of Karlsfeld (28.2 hectares) and Oberschleißheim (26.7 hectares) as well as a separate small area belonging to the city of Munich (1.0 hectare) and include wet meadows and litter meadows as well as oneBog birch forest . In the north is the Mückensee . It is part of the Munich green belt .

development

Emergence

From around 1800, Munich breweries, especially the Löwen Brewery , began mining peat in the Dachauer Moos . This started the steady sinking of the groundwater level, as a result of which the area of ​​today's Schwarzhölzl lost its moor character. At the same time the previous extensive use , the field mowing, was abandoned and the first pines settled. Forest development was further promoted by foresters. The first designation of the resulting Schwarzhölzl as a nature reserve in 1913 did not last long. From 1915 to 1917 the Kalterbach , which flows through the Schwarzhölzl from south to north, was straightened and deepened, drainage channels were created and the surrounding land was reclaimed. This enabled intensive agricultural use of the former moor area around the Schwarzhölzl.

Destruction in the second half of the 20th century

Elevated pine
The Schwarzhölzl

The drainage and intensification of agriculture also continued in the 50s and 60s. This went hand in hand with the repackaging of wet meadows and the destruction of woody plants in the vicinity of the Schwarzholzl, which increasingly impaired this habitat. The Schwarzhölzl was densely afforested with alien spruce trees . In the course of the construction of the Oberschleißheim regatta course from 1970, the birch-covered forest section "Torfeinfang" was cut down, a road was laid through the Schwarzhölzl and the excavation of the regatta was heaped on a litter meadow. The construction also lowered the groundwater level by at least one and a half meters. Therefore, peat began to decompose, the rejuvenation of the pine population was inhibited, the pines were elevated and partially fell over and the Kalterbach lost water drastically.

Josef Koller's era

Schwarzhölzlberg

The further fate of the Schwarzhölzl is inextricably linked with the Karlsfeld conservationist Josef Koller, who died in 2010. Startled by the destruction, he began a long struggle to save the last remains. In 1969 he submitted an application for protection of the Schwarzhölzl with little success. However, he was not deterred by the destruction caused by the rowing regatta . He campaigned for a not entirely undisputed transfer of cuttings from the Lochhauser Sandberg and the Garching Heath to the Schwarzhölzlberg. This resulted in species-rich dry habitats. In addition, his entire life he fought against neophytes , intensification, as well as fallowing and encroaching valuable areas. He advocated the creation of new wetlands, the extensification of meadow use and less profit-optimized forest management without spruce afforestation.

Educational work about nature conservation and ornithological hikes were particularly important to him. In retrospect, it was particularly great merit that he showed the public with his work and his book Geliebtes Schwarzhölzl , published in 1990, the importance of this remnant of the Dachauer Moos . In doing so, he decisively advanced the designation of the nature reserve.

After a long struggle, the Schwarzhölzl was finally placed under nature protection for a second time after 1913 at the instigation of the Upper Bavarian government. It is also part of a landscape protection area and an FFH protection area for the strongly endangered Helmet-Azurjungfer . Today it is a well-known local recreation area. The intensive use of leisure time, in turn, adversely affects nature conservation concerns. The immediate vicinity of federal highway 471 also brings traffic noise and road salt into the Schwarzhölzl. The groundwater flow from south to north is also blocked by the main road. In addition, the nitrogen balance of the Schwarzhölzl is disturbed by experiments at the moor experimental farm in Badersfeld.

The federal Conservation maintains with official permission today, some areas in the protected area by mowing and Neophytenbekämpfung. These are the Schwarzhölzlberg, the Bergfußwiese, the Thürwinkelwiese, the Danner-Wiese, the former wood storage area and the brook triangle. In the spirit of Josef Koller, the Bund Naturschutz also takes care of the surrounding biotopes, litter meadows and the Moosgraben , whose interaction with the forest creates a special ecological diversity.

literature

  • Josef Koller: Beloved black wood. Fate of a landscape in the north-west of Munich. Karlsfeld 1990.

Web links

Commons : Schwarzhölzl  - collection of images, videos and audio files

supporting documents

  1. Ilsa Oberbauer (ed.) On behalf of the Karlsfeld community: 200 years of Karlsfeld. Karlsfeld 2002, p. 203.
  2. ^ Dachauer Moos Association and City of Munich - Department for Health and Environment (ed.): Münchner Umweltkalender 1999. Eastern Dachauer Moos. Munich 1999, March newspaper.
  3. Archived copy ( memento of the original from November 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / formulare.landkreis-muenchen.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / formulare.landkreis-muenchen.de
  4. a b c d Bald pines and tough athletes. In: sueddeutsche.de. February 21, 2011, accessed July 18, 2018 .
  5. https://www.karlsfeld.de/Naturschutzgebiet-Schwarzhoelzl.o789.html?suche=schutzgebiete
  6. ^ Josef Koller: Beloved Schwarzhölzl. Fate of a landscape in the north-west of Munich. Karlsfeld 1990, p. 32 f.
  7. ^ Josef Koller: Beloved Schwarzhölzl. Fate of a landscape in the north-west of Munich. Karlsfeld 1990, p. 48 ff. And 68 f.
  8. http://www.matziol.de/plaintext/naturfotos-karlsfeld/naturschutzgebiet-schwarzhoelzl/index.html
  9. a b https://dachau.bund-naturschutz.de/fileadmin/kreisgruppen/dachau/Dokumente/Dokum_KG_Dah/Koller_Nachruf.pdf
  10. http://www.bn-karlsfeld.de/cms/aktivtaeten/biotope/die-natur-erwacht-im-schwarzholzl/ ( Memento from February 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  11. Dr. Wolfgang Braun, Karlsfeld, by letter.
  12. ^ Josef Koller: Beloved Schwarzhölzl. Fate of a landscape in the north-west of Munich. Karlsfeld 1990, p. 56.
  13. Dominik Himmler, Technical University of Munich , by letter
  14. http://www.bn-karlsfeld.de/cms/aktivtaeten/biotope/die-natur-erwacht-im-schwarzholzl/ ( Memento from February 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ Josef Koller: Beloved Schwarzhölzl. Fate of a landscape in the north-west of Munich. Karlsfeld 1990, p. 40 ff.

Coordinates: 48 ° 14 ′ 29 ″  N , 11 ° 29 ′ 40 ″  E