Dachau moss

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Small lake in the Hebertshauser Moos northeast of Dachau

The Dachauer Moos is located north of Munich around Dachau and Karlsfeld . It represents a low moor landscape with littered meadows , pine forests , swamp forests and floodplains . The Dachau moss is part of the Munich green belt . Due to the diversity of flora and fauna, parts of it belong to the Natura 2000 nature conservation project and are therefore a fauna and flora habitat (FFH) as a protected area under European law.

The area of ​​the ditches and the remains of the fen are now given as approximately 306 hectares. The Ried and Hackermoos near Badersfeld can be seen as today's core area .

The fen area delimits the northern tertiary Danube-Isar hill country from the southern Munich gravel plain and is crossed primarily by the rivers of the Maisach and Amper . In the south, from Allach via Oberschleißheim to Eching , the dry gravel tongues of the Isar and Würm border with their dry forests and heathland .

Originally this moorland stretched from Germering and Maisach in the southwest via Dachau to Freising in the northeast. Today, however, only remnants or moor islands have been preserved. The area was originally unsuitable for agricultural use, but drainage measures enabled small-scale agriculture in the 19th century , which was significantly intensified by new cultivation methods in the 20th century. The north Munich canal system from Schleißheim Palace and Dachau Palace is also characteristic of the landscape .

Emergence

Erosion of the alpine glaciers

The Alpine glaciers melted in the late Ice Age around 10,000 years ago . Their huge streams of meltwater tore up pebbles with them and carried this rock material to the edge of the Tertiary hill country. This force of nature left behind, in several phases of erosion and gravel, the wide, north-sloping gravel areas in the north of Munich. The so-called Flinz , a component of the freshwater molasse , is stored under the gravel . A ten to fifteen meter thick groundwater stream , a so-called aquifer , flows on this water-retaining, sloping layer . At the northern edge of the gravel plain , this water came to the surface and formed a mosaic of springs, swamps and streams. The basis for a fen formation over the following millennia was created.

Bog formation

The resulting moisture-loving vegetation, such as reeds , other sedge plants or mosses , could only be partially decomposed or broken down after their death in the water-saturated soils. Dead plants accumulated as peat (about one millimeter per year). The peat thickness originally reached 50 to 200 centimeters in the south of the Dachau moss, and up to five meters and more in the northeast. The Dachauer Moos was created.

climate

Winter mood in the Dachauer Moos between Amper and Maisach near Bergkirchen

The climate corresponds to its surroundings with such a small area, it is mild and generally warm and temperate. “Cfb” is the Köppen-Geiger classification . The average annual temperature in Dachau is 8.1 ° C. About 886 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is significant rainfall throughout the year. Even the driest month of February still has high rainfall with an average of 48 mm. Compared to the wettest month, June, with an average of 118 mm of precipitation, the difference is 70 mm. Average temperatures fluctuate around 19.1 ° C over the course of the year between the warmest month of July and the coldest January. The average temperature in July is 17.5 ° C. The average temperature in January is -1.6 ° C.

However, there are specific differences to the neighboring areas in the south and north. Due to the moisture, the often persistent ground fog is characteristic of the moss and the water zones. The shallow, slowly flowing moss streams and drainage ditches are fed by groundwater, which is constantly at the same temperature, so they only freeze over on the surface in winter and warm up very quickly in summer. This can be seen well at Langwieder See , a typical representative of a shallow moor lake: in summer it is one of the warmest waters far and wide.

Geographical classification

The Dachau Moos is roughly divided into the eastern and western Dachau Moos, which are cut up by the Dachau- Rothschwaige- Karlsfeld settlement area . The two sub-areas are further subdivided, whereby the field names often differ from place to place. The most common large-area classifications are listed here.

Schwarzhölzl nature reserve on the edge of the Dachauer Moos

To the northeast it merges into the Freising Moos , although its assignment to the Dachau Moos is controversial. On the right side of the Isar is the Erdinger Moos . But also upstream of the Maisach, to the west, there are moor areas: The moss meadows between Maisach and Mammendorf , the moor Ostermoos, Nassenmoos near Nassenhausen , the Rote Moos and the Haspelmoor near Haspelmoor .

The Dachauer Moos is easy to hike in its individual sections and has been supported by the Dachauer Moos eV association since 1995.

Landscape image

The Palsweiser Moos and the Fußbergmoos show moss landscapes with small-scale wet and bog forests, interspersed with birch forests as pioneers , and with litter meadows . In contrast, there is the largely flat, open Bergkirchener Moos with intensively used arable and grassland areas. These areas of the moss are shaped by Maisach and Amper.

The Schwarzhölzl and parts of the Eschenried Moos are characterized by archaic, translucent pine or moor birch forests in combination with litter and wet meadows that are typical of low moorland .

Eschenrieder Moos or the Aubinger Moos are equipped with renaturation areas as well as newly created biotopes .

While the areas on the Maisach are used for agriculture up to the shore, the Amper is bordered by numerous alluvial forests that merge into the moss without any recognizable border. The landscape is criss-crossed by moss canals and pastureland or arable land is interrupted by moss or field trees. Numerous stick embankments or avenues were created for the shooting, often forming long, dead straight axes or lines of sight. One of these typical axes is Allacher Straße / Am Kurfürstenweg to the west and east of Eschenried. Another axis is the one on the Schleissheim Canal to the west and east of the Obergrashof.

Lakes

As a result of the gravel mining for settlement and traffic route construction in the Munich region or for renaturation, there are also a number of bathing lakes or ponds in this landscape. These include:

  • Kiesseen (Gernlinden-Ost)
  • Olchinger See (Olching)
  • Little Olchinger See (Olching)
  • Eisolzrieder See (Eisolzried)
  • Bergkirchener Kiesseen (Bergkirchen)
  • Neuhimmelreich Weiher (Neuhimmelreich)
  • Graßlfinger Weiher (Graßlfing)
  • Birkensee ( Langwieder Seenplatte )
  • Lußsee (Langwieder Seenplatte)
  • Langwieder See (Langwieder Seenplatte)
  • Kiesseen (Allach)
  • Waldschwaigsee (Karlsfeld)
  • Eichinger See (Karlsfeld)
  • Schallweiher (Karlsfeld)
  • Karlsfelder See (Karlsfeld)
  • Würmmühlen See (Dachau)
  • Southern Kiesseen (Hebertshausen)
  • Pfarrerwöhrseen (Hebertshausen)
  • Heiglweiher (Haimhausen)
  • Baggerseen (Obergrashof)
  • Kiesseen (Mooshäusl)
  • Regatta park lake (Feldmoching / Oberschleißheim)
  • Rowing regatta facility (Feldmoching / Oberschleißheim)
  • Feldmochinger See (Feldmoching)
  • Fasaneriesee (Fasanerie)
  • Unterschleißheimer See (Unterschleißheim)
  • Hollerner See (Lohhof).

Flora and fauna

vegetation

Despite the mostly extensive use of large areas by humans, with the tendency to extremely poorly structured vegetation, and site-specific features, a very diverse vegetation was able to be preserved. Landscape protection measures have increased biodiversity again in the last few decades.

To this day, plants such as tuberous thistle , marsh victoria , Prussian laser herb , scented leek , black copfried , tall violet , floury cowslip (flour primrose) , yellow asparagus pea or real scorpion moss , which are certain plant communities of the Mark fens. The deep-blood orchid , a native orchid, has significant stocks throughout Bavaria.

Naturally, especially in the alluvial forests and along the rivers, there are a number of immigrant plant species or settled as fodder plants, such as the giant hogweed , balsam and other neophytes , some of which threaten or displace native species. Tongued buttercups , the spotted hemlock , the rush edge and the blunt-leaved rush can be found on the more humid locations . These species belong to the reed nettle species, large sedge reeds and herbaceous vegetation, which are mainly found along these waters. Large pastures are typical for the softwood alluvial forests along the Amper. These willows, such as ripe or lavender willows , are mostly on gravel soils near the bank. They can adapt well to a dynamic habitat that is characterized by flooding and shipping.

However, the moss also offers drier locations. On the burning heaths and gravel heaths , which the Amper has piled up along its banks over the millennia as tongues of rubble or river bed stabilization. On these areas, which rise barely noticeably above the level of the bog, species-rich meadows and grasslands with numerous vegetation grow through regular mowing. Representatives are, for example, poor meadow daisy , meadow knapweed , rattle pot or ox-eye , but also the very rare bedstraw meadow rue , the keel leek or the spring gentian .

Some moss streams and ditches with little nutrient load in the higher moss areas or near the source, accommodate the creeping celery or the colored pondweed , the latter here with significant occurrences throughout Bavaria.

The sparse bog forests, with their dominant birch or pine trees, away from the rivers are habitat for other specific species. There are very old plants from the Ice Age that react sensitively to the water table or shading. These are the deep purple Siberian iris , the small creeping willow and the small shrub birch .

The meadow areas are used as fodder meadows. Sometimes flocks of sheep are also driven over the areas to graze.

fauna

Animals, especially larger animals, have a hard time in this habitat due to the competition with agricultural use and the fragmented nature of the areas. The beaver has a direct influence on the landscape. It has been made home again in recent years and has no natural enemies. Flooded meadows and wet forests indicate its activities, but also dead wood. They are an expression of a renaturation and offer numerous other animal and plant species new habitats.

The adder is also one of the typical bog residents who prefer wetlands. It has held up well in numerous areas of the Dachauer Moos.

Of course, the moss is a vital habitat for numerous bird and insect species. Typical representatives are the lapwing or the gray woodpecker , but also many other species. On the meadow we also encounter stray heron colonies .

The mild temperatures seen over the year, as well as the humidity, create ideal conditions for insects, the diversity of which is the basis of life for birds. Mosquito plagues often occur in summer. However, there are also many types of dragonflies that keep attracting attention with their huge bodies and impressive wings. These species include the little blue arrow and the little dragonfly . The Helmet-Azurjungfer has its largest occurrence in Bavaria in the Dachauer Moos. Numerous butterfly species are found, including the Dark Burnet-Large Blues , the edge ring fritillary , the valerian Fritillary or skimmed Lawn fritillary .

use

Until the 18th century

In its original form, the damp fen landscape offered very unfavorable conditions for agricultural use or settlement. For this very reason, however, the originality and wildness of this landscape remained for a long time. The archaic landscape offered a habitat for an abundance of rare animal and plant species. Princes and poachers used the moss as a hunting ground, crooks like the robber Kneißl as a refuge from the police and also as a hunting ground. Only a few farmers lived here on meager clods in simple houses that were more huts than houses. The farmers on the higher areas of the hill country disparagingly called them "the Moosler".

From the late 18th century

It was not until the end of the 18th century that a planned cultivation of peatlands with drainage and peat extraction began. In the course of the 19th century, the system of ditches in the moss was continuously expanded. The rivers and the already existing north Munich canal system offered themselves for this. The raw material peat ("black gold") was extracted over a large area as an inexpensive fuel for the Munich breweries. As a result of the drainage, the peatland released the nutrients it had stored for thousands of years. Cattle were raised, multi-tiered meadows were created and ultimately turned into arable land. In some cases traffic, commercial or residential areas were created. The loss of the moorland habitat inevitably led to a loss of biodiversity.

In the 19th century

It is thanks to the historical originality, wildness and romanticism of this landscape that in the middle of the 19th century, following the fashion of landscape painting en plein air , artists discovered the Dachau moss for themselves.

From the 20th century

The Maisach near Bergkirchen: extensive use of grass in the Dachauer Moos

At the beginning of the 20th century, the ditch system was expanded and the rivers and streams regulated. Especially in the course of unemployment in the 1920s, this was intensively promoted through job creation measures, because Dachau was considered an emergency community in the German Reich . With the population growth in the second half of the 20th century, settlement areas expanded from the edges. In the middle of the 20th century the last black grouse , short-eared owls and snipe disappeared , as did gentians , orchids and many other species that are now endangered across Bavaria and threatened with extinction.

The original, previously unused Dachauer Moos has changed into an intensively agriculturally used cultural landscape. Among other things, by building the regatta course for the 1972 Olympics , the groundwater level was further lowered over a large area. Wet and litter meadow habitats have now shrunk to a fraction of their former size. Many species typical of bog find refuge and survival spaces on the damp banks of streams and ditches. The drainage of the peat soils leads to a progressive decomposition of the still existing peat, whereby climate-damaging gases are continuously released.

Parts of the moss are used agriculturally through extensive meadow management or arable farming. There are numerous tree nurseries in the moss.

colonization

The historical settlement of the moor can be divided into different settlement types:

  • Settlement with smallholder property (settlement type street settlement ) along a dam in the moor (examples: Neuhimmelreich, Eschenried, Ludwigsfeld, Bergkirchen-Lus, Hackermoos, Riedmoos or Badesfeld)
  • Settlement on the hills of the northern hill country just above the Moos (examples: Überacker, Palsweis, Bergkirchen, Günding, Mitterndorf, Hebertshausen or Fürholzen)
  • Flat, expansive settlement in Moos (examples: Olching, Karlsfeld, Feldmoching, Unter- and Oberschleißheim, Eching or Neufahrn near Freising).

Significance for artists and the Dachau artists' colony

Franz Marc : Moor huts in the Dachauer Moos (1902)
Georg Jauss : Evening mood in the Dachauer Moor (with the typical moor shed)

Due to its charming landscape and the special weather-related lighting and moods, the Dachauer Moos attracted numerous artists from the 19th century until around the start of the war in 1914 . The favorable location at the gates of the city of Munich with its art academy certainly played a role, as did the railway connection to the Dachau market.

These landscape painters are artists who later turned towards modernism , such as Franz Marc , as well as Rudolf Epp , the painter Christian Morgenstern and the famous anecdote painter Carl Spitzweg , but also celebrities such as Eduard Schleich , Adolf Hölzel , Ludwig Dill , Philipp Röth , the chronicler of peasantry Wilhelm Leibl and the landscape painters Johann Georg von Dillis and Arthur Langhammer , who found numerous suggestions for their motifs there and founded the Dachau artists' colony due to their large number . From the works of art that u. a. Documenting everyday scenes in the Dachauer Moos, one can also study the use of this area. You can find depictions of hunting, agriculture and livestock farming, gravel or peat extraction, excavation of building sites or reed and hay harvesting, to name just a few, which were created in addition to the numerous, pure landscape depictions. The excellent works of these artists can be viewed today in the Dachau picture gallery .

The book author and long-time mayor of the city of Dachau Lorenz J. Reitmeier has recorded the extensive work in a multi-part art volume and thus comprehensively documented this nationally known painting backdrop of the 19th century, in addition to the Worpswede artists' colony, also the most important in Germany, comprehensively and for the general public made accessible. Thus, the Dachauer Moos has acquired cultural and historical importance due to its unique scenic beauty.

See also

Web links

Commons : Dachauer Moos  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Save the diaper snail. In: sueddeutsche.de. April 22, 2016, accessed May 12, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Robert Rossa et al .: Location and origin. In: Dachauer Moos. Verein Dachauer Moos eV, 2016, accessed on February 18, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Alexander Merkel: Climate in Dachau. In: https://de.climate-data.org/ . climate-data.org, accessed on December 22, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Robert Rossa et al .: Animal World. Verein Dachauer Moos eV, 2016, accessed on February 18, 2020 .
  5. ↑ a b Robert Rossa et al .: Landscape. Verein Dachauer Moos eV, 2016, accessed on February 18, 2020 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Robert Rossa et al .: Vegetation. Verein Dachauer Moos eV, 2016, accessed on February 18, 2020 .
  7. ^ Robert Rossa et al .: Das Dachauer Moos. Verein Dachauer Moos eV, 2016, accessed on February 18, 2020 .
  8. ^ Lorenz Josef Reitmeier: Dachau an art picture book . Ed .: City of Dachau. Dachau 1995.