Blunt-leaved dock

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Blunt-leaved dock
Rumex obtusifolius 001.JPG

Blunt-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Knotweed family (Polygonaceae)
Genre : Dock ( Rumex )
Type : Blunt-leaved dock
Scientific name
Rumex obtusifolius
L.

The stump-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius , Swiss: Blacken ) is a species of the species of dock ( Rumex ). It is originally found in large parts of Eurasia and North Africa . It is used as an edible and medicinal plant, but in agriculture and horticulture today it is more of a weed and is also considered to be poisonous because of its rather high oxalic acid content.

description

Illustration of the blunt-leaved amphibian ( Rumex obtusifolius subsp. Obtusifolius )

Vegetative characteristics

The stump-leaved dock grows as a hibernating green, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 50 to 120, exceptionally up to 150 cm. The upright, grooved, glabrous stem , branched from the center into the panicle inflorescence, is often reddish.

The relatively large, vertical "rhizome" of this hemicryptophyte is branched, multi-headed and has a diameter of up to 1.5 cm. The root system extends to a depth of 2 meters.

Top and bottom of the leaves
Section of an inflorescence with flowers of Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius
Nuts from Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius still in their callus-bearing blades
Triangular nuts
Blunt-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius ), population
Blunt-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius )
Blunt-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius ), immature fruit cluster

leaves

The cotyledons are lanceolate and between 20 and 25 mm long.

The ochrea is obsolete or remains in remnants. The basal and alternate leaves arranged on the stem are bare or tiny, papilo-rough on the underside of the veins . The 6 to 12 cm long stalked basal leaves have a broadly elliptical or narrow to broadly ovate, 15 to 40 cm long and 10 to 15 cm wide leaf blade with a mostly clearly heart-shaped base, blunt to pointed tip and a smooth, flat to slightly wavy leaf edge. The stem leaves, which are increasingly smaller towards the top, have a shorter petiole and a narrow, egg-shaped leaf blade with a clipped to wedge-shaped base.

Generative characteristics

inflorescence

The large, broad, paniculate entire inflorescence has ascending to upright branches that are unbranched and straight. 10 to 25 flowers are arranged in loose, seemingly whorled partial inflorescences . These are distant at the base of the branches and sit in the axils of leaf-like bracts , towards the tip they are closer to one another and are leafless. The flower stalks are usually 2.5 to 8.5 (up to 10) mm long, thread-like and divided below half.

blossom

The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped. The bracts are without the teeth about 1.5 to twice as long as they are wide with a length of 3 to 6 mm and a width of 2 to 3.5 mm. The inner bracts enlarge until the fruit is ripe.

fruit

The fruit in the time rusty brown discoloring Valven are ovate-triangular, triangular, or sometimes a tongue shape without teeth 3 to 6 mm long and 2 to 3.5 mm wide, truncated at the bottom. They are usually clearly serrated at the edge, more rarely, however, also almost entire, at the tip blunt to pointed and straight. The teeth stand in pairs to five on both sides of the edge; they can be between 0.5 and 1.8 mm long and longer or shorter than half the width of the blades. Usually only one valve has a callus, more rarely they are present on all three valves and then one is significantly longer.

The dark brown to reddish brown, shiny nuts are 2 to 2.7 mm long and 1.2 to 1.7 mm wide and egg-shaped as well as sharp triangular.

Phenology

The flowering period ranges from May or June to July or September, depending on the location. The fruits ripen about a month after fertilization.

Chromosome number

The three subspecies detected from Central Europe are tetraploid with chromosome numbers of 2n = 40.

Occurrence

distribution

The blunt-leaved dock is widespread from the boreal to the sub-Mediterranean zone of Europe and is also found in the Mediterranean zone as far as Algeria , but becomes rarer there and is restricted to the mountains and areas with high levels of precipitation. It is also originally found in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, China, Japan and Taiwan. The blunt-leaved dock has been transported to climatically appropriate areas on the other continents ( neophyte ).

Location

The blunt-leaved dock colonizes rudimentary locations on the edges of ditches and roads and on rubble sites and fields, on river banks, on wooded areas and as overfertilization and sturgeon indicators on grasslands and pastures. He prefers fresh humus-rich or raw, nutrient-rich loam and clay soils in light to partially shaded, humid locations. In Central Europe, these locations correspond to the following units of the plant-sociological system , in which the stump-leaved dock has its main occurrence: Societies of the associations Agropyro-Rumicion, Arction lappae, Aegopodion podagrariae, Epilobion angustifolii and the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea.

Synecology

A single plant forms around 7,000 seeds that are carried by the wind and float on the water. They can survive in the soil for around 40 to 50 years and remain capable of germination. The blunt-leaved dock is a light germ .

The blunt-leaved dock is considered a “ weed ”, especially in grassland, as it displaces other plants as a competitive space robber and is only eaten by a few animal species due to its oxalic acid content. In arable farming, too, the plant reduces yields, especially in cereal crops, and is often controlled chemically or mechanically.

As a preventive measure , in addition to avoiding high levels of liquid manure , hot spots and stock gaps , the plants should never bloom or even let fruit. For manual control, you can use a piercer / blacken iron or pulling out the plant after "Midsummer" (June 24th).

The broadleaf dock is food plant of oligophagous caterpillars of the Great Fire moth ( Lycaena dispar Werneburg, 1864) and the small fire moth ( Lycaena phlaeas Linnaeus, 1761) and the polyphagous larvae of the dock moth ( Acronicta rumicis Linnaeus, 1758), the Gray-brown Seidenglanzeule ( Caradrina morpheus Hufnagel, 1766), the perennial brand owl ( Hydraecia micacea Esper, 1789), the rubble leaf owl ( Lacanobia suasa Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), the printing owl ( Naenia typica Linnaeus, 1758), the agate owl ( Phlogophorinna meticus , 1758 ) and the Raukenspanner ( Timandra griseata W. Petersen, 1902).

The leaves of the species are often attacked by the tubular fungus Cercospora rumicis . The rust fungi Puccinia phragmitis var. Phragmitis and Uromyces rumicis also occur on the stump-leaved dock.

Systematics

Rumex obtusifolius was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .

Of Rumex obtusifolius four subspecies are accepted:

  • Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius (Syn .: Rumex obtusifolius subsp. agrestis (Fries) Danser ): The 4.5 to 6 mm long, clearly annoying, egg-shaped to triangular-egg-shaped, blunt blades have teeth about as long as the blade width. Usually only the valve pointing outwards has a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the underside of the leaf are often papilo-rough. The distribution area of ​​this subspecies has its focus in Western Europe with occurrences without the other subspecies in the British Isles, in France, Spain and Italy. This is also the most common clan in western Central Europe. Towards the east it is increasingly replaced by subsp. silvestris replaced.
  • Rumex obtusifolius subsp. silvestris ( Wallr. ex Becker ) Čelak. (Syn. Rumex obtusifolius var. Silvestris Wallr. Ex Becker ( Basionym ), Rumex sylvestris Wallr. Non Campd. , Non Lapathum sylvestre Lam. ): The only 3 to 4 mm long, indistinctly annoying blades have entire margins or have short, teeth under 1 mm long. All three valves have a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the underside of the leaf are completely bare. The distribution area of ​​this subspecies extends over Eastern Europe (occurrence without the other subspecies eastwards from Poland and the Baltic countries) and reaches its western border in Central Europe. In Asia it occurs in the Caucasus region.
  • Rumex obtusifolius subsp. subalpinus ( Schur ) Rech.f. : The 5 mm long, clearly annoying, narrow triangular to tongue-shaped, pointed blades have short teeth, about half as long as the blade width. Usually only the valve pointing outwards has a callus. The petiole and the nerves of the underside of the leaf are usually smooth or not very rough. The distribution area of ​​this subspecies extends from the Balkan Peninsula and - without the other subspecies - over Anatolia to Iran. Transitional and approximation forms are only known from Austria; However, as in the rest of Central Europe, there is no unequivocal evidence here either.
  • Rumex obtusifolius subsp. transiens ( Simonk. ) Rech.f. : The 4 to 5 mm long, clearly annoying, egg-shaped to triangular-egg-shaped, blunt to pointed blades have short teeth, about half as long as the blade width. The three valves have uneven calluses. The petiole and the nerves of the underside of the leaf are usually bare, rarely rough. The distribution area of ​​this probably hybridogenic subspecies has its main focus in the overlap area of Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius and Rumex obtusifolius subsp. silvestris and ranges from southern Scandinavia through central Europe to the Balkan peninsula. It is much rarer in Central Europe than subsp. obtusifolius .

Food, medicinal and poisonous plant

The fresh leaves of the blunt-leaved ampfers are eaten by people, for example as part of a mixed salad, spinach portion, or in vegetable broth. The dried seeds are also used as a spice. The leaves have a relatively high proportion of oxalic acid , so consuming them can lead to intolerance or a lack of minerals , especially calcium , in humans and animals . The leaves serve as a food source for the larvae of the butterfly species Lycaena hyllus and Pyropteron siculum .

In hay and on the pasture the plant, like all Ampferarten is undesirable because of its oxalic acid content.

The plant is also used in folk medicine : a brew from the roots against constipation and skin ailments, the seeds for diarrhea, eczema and to cleanse the blood; the leaves should, when placed on wounds, accelerate their healing.

Common names

The broadleaf dock is among other things stump leaf sorrel , Scabious , Grind dock , Grind Wurz ( el ), Half horse , half Gäckle , Half Dock , Half Ross , half horse , Pferdts- or Pferdeampfer , horse-reporting , Ross-Mangold , Wilder Mangold , Wilder tobacco , Wilde Rhebarber , Rother Hederich , Blacke , Blackte , Popenpletsch , Docke herb , Bulldog -, Dock -, bucking -, smallpox - or rock music , rye sheet , toads leaves , Ohmbletter , butter leaves , butter rolls herb , Stripf , Stripf ( s ) - , Strupf ( s ) -, lining - or Streippertwurz ( el ), Frizzled salad , Frizzled -, Strupf -, stripping - or Schorflattich , Weyschwanz , oxtail , ox tongue , cow tongue , jitter root , Paartenwurtz , Barde root , lumbar root , Memwelwurz , marl root , defects root , Called jackwort , Lamstadl , Schlipfen or Lendenkraut .

swell

  • Li Anjen (李安仁), Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 338 (English). , Rumex obtusifolius - online.
  • Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 526 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). , Rumex obtusifolius - online. , limited preview in Google Book Search - USA
  • Blunt-leaved dock. In: FloraWeb.de.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Blunt-leaved dock. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 526 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). , Rumex obtusifolius - online. , limited preview in Google Book Search - USA
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Li Anjen, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Rumex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 338 (English). , Rumex obtusifolius - online.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gerhard Wagenitz (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, revised and expanded edition. Volume III. Part 1: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Juglandaceae - Polygonaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1981, ISBN 3-489-59020-1 (reprint of the 2nd edition from 1957/1958 with addendum).
  5. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  7. ^ A b c d Rumex in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  8. ↑ Helmut Döhler, Henning Eckel: Rule of thumb for agriculture . 14th edition. KTBL, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-939371-91-5 .
  9. ^ Mycobank, accessed January 25, 2014
  10. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 2000. online
  11. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 335, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D335%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Karl-Heinz Rechinger fil. 1932: Preparatory work for a monograph of the genus Rumex. I. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt, Department 2 49 (1): 1–132; R. obtusifolius : pp. 41-65 (online).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursions flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  14. ↑ Karl Peter Buttler , Uwe Schippmann: List of names for the flora of the fern and seed plants of Hesse. In: Botany and nature conservation in Hessen, supplement. Volume 6, 476 pages, Frankfurt am Main, electronic version, as of November 2001
  15. ↑ Johannes Becker: Flora of the area around Frankfurt am Main, part 1 : Reinherz, Frankfurt am Main, 1828, p. 166. Preview in the Google book search
  16. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth: Schedulae criticae de Plantis Florae Halensis selectis , Kümmelil, Halle, 1822, p. 161. Preview in the Google book search
  17. ^ Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck: Flore françoise Volume 3, p. 4, Imprimérie Royaleæ, Paris, 1779 (online) ; there is no reference to subsp. sylvestris can be seen.
  18. ↑ Plants For A Future : Rumex obtusifolius - L.
  19. ↑ www.funet.fi: Rumex obtusifolius L.
  20. ↑ Heinrich Marzell , Heinz Paul: Dictionary of German Plant Names III . Stuttgart / Wiesbaden 1977 (Cologne 2000, reprint), p. 1512 ff.

Web links

Commons : Blunt-leaved dock ( Rumex obtusifolius )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files