Haspelmoor (bog)
The Haspelmoor is a moor in the communities of Hattenhofen and Althegnenberg in the Fürstenfeldbruck district . After the end of the Ice Age, a large lake first formed there, which then silted up. Historical names of the moor are Fürchelmoos (1362), Fuhrmoos (1791), Hattenhofer Moos (around 1800) and Haspelmoos . Including the surrounding wet peat meadows, the area reaches a size of about 370 hectares. South of the Munich – Augsburg railway line is the part of the moor that has been a nature reserve since 1985 . In the northern part are the Rote Moos and the Biermösl . In the extreme south you come across the wet moss . The moor is drained to the east via the catchment area of the Maisach and to the west via the Finsterbach into the Paar .
Formation of the moor
This bog is the most northerly raised bog in the Bavarian Alpine foothills . It lies in a flat, cracked glacial dead ice basin (hollow terrain) of the old moraine landscape , created by the Isar-Loisach foreland glacier . The deposits of the glacier form the special soil shape of the affected district of Fürstenfeldbruck .
The formation of bog began after the Ice Ages in the Holocene , the thickness of the peat body can be up to three meters in the central area (peat growth max. 1 mm per year). The old moraines come from the Pleistocene , their rock / subsoil consists of sandy gravel to clayey material that was pushed up by the glacier . The top layers are heavily weathered . The Haspelmoor comprises low, intermediate and raised bog parts. The area is known as an archaeological find landscape with settlement remains from the Late Paleolithic , the Early Mesolithic , the Neolithic , the Bronze Age and the Latène Age .
Occurring bog types
- Low bog : This type of bog arises in depressions, river valleys, hollows, on slopes at source outlets or can also be silted up lake areas. They usually only grow slightly in height. They are interspersed with more or less nutrient-rich groundwater, spring water or seepage water up to the surface of the bog. Their vegetation is species-rich compared to the raised bog and consists mainly of reed grasses, rushes, sour grasses and mosses. Due to the great abundance of nutrients and the resulting high accumulation of dying plant matter, which is broken down more slowly than its growth, peat is formed when there is a lack of oxygen. The pH remains below the neutral limit of 7.0. The development of fens forms the basis for the surrounding litter meadows .
- Intermediate bog: Intermediate or transitional bogs denote transition stages from low to raised bogs. While the term transitional moor emphasizes the succession from low to high moor, the term intermediate moor rather describes the vegetation-ecological intermediate position. The vegetation consists of typical species of both types of bog and can in part be mixed like a mosaic.
- Bog : This type is also called marsh bog or ombrotrophes Moor. Raised moors are nutrient-poor, acidic and wet habitats with flora and fauna that are highly adapted to these extreme conditions. In contrast to fens, rain bogs are nourished exclusively from precipitation (ombrotrophy) and nutrients brought in from the air and thus represent a special type of bog , in the centuries to millennia of which peat mosses play a decisive role as peat formers. A lack of oxygen and a high degree of acidity in the constantly moist substrate inhibit the decomposition of dead plant parts and lead to the formation of peat. The raised bog grows very slowly above the level of the groundwater level of a low bog.
Usage history
Extensive finds from the Mesolithic confirm that people lived and hunted around the formerly existing lake more than 11,000 years ago. In the years 1838/39 parts for the construction of the Munich – Augsburg railway line were partially drained. It was the first railway line that was led through a bog. Haspelmoor station was built in 1853. After the train station, the Royal Peat Extraction Institute was established in Haspelmoor. From 1846 to 1875 large areas of peat were cut to run locomotives. In the years from 1888 to 1931, the Haspelmoor peat litter and mulch plant mined peat. It served as stable litter and insulating material for ice cellars and was sold throughout Europe.
In addition to the use of peat, the cultivation of the pitted areas had already begun in 1910 . The Royal Moorkulturanstalt cultivated 120 hectares of arable land, which it produced through drainage and amelioration . Further drainage work was carried out by the Reich Labor Service from 1933 and by prisoners of war from the start of the war. Until around 1958, peat was cut as fuel by local residents. The moor experimental farm next to the train station, which carried out the cultivation measures, was closed in 1972. Since 1990, the damming of the old drainage ditches has been rewetting the moor. The moor was only placed under nature protection in 1985 .
Biotope structure
Large parts of the bog areas are forested, it is mainly light pine-birch forests with transition to mixed forest areas. On the edge of the moor there are beech stands that are adapted to the nutrient-poor soil. In the impassable forest areas, one comes across flat swamps again and again; rare plant species like the round-leaved sundew have withdrawn here.
In large parts the area shows the character of an open landscape. There are extensive areas which, when viewed from the air, resemble elongated rectangles. These structures were created by peat extraction , these areas are mostly overgrown by a dominant plant species. The result is really similar to fields that z. B. have a pure cotton grass or heather vegetation. In some areas a bog heather has developed, which has a dry character. These areas are populated by numerous small sedge of different types. The year-round water areas also consist of oblong rectangles, with the largest reservoir reaching a length of 230 meters and a width of 30 meters.
Area information :
- Pure heather area: approx. 16,000 m²
- Cotton grass clean area: approx. 30,000 m²
- Open water: approx. 6,000 m²
- Length of the path: approx. 1,200 m
Nature reserve
The Haspelmoor nature reserve is 157 hectares in size and is located southwest of the Haspelmoor town of the same name . An excursion path leads through the eastern part of the moor. This is marked with a red arrow. The excursion path begins on the outskirts of Haspelmoor on the road from Haspelmoor to the west. It ends at the Augsburg – Munich railway line. This route is not shown on the current topographic maps.
The created path should not be left as raised bog areas are extremely sensitive to walking. "Unofficial" paths cause considerable damage to rare plants on the bog. The tiger beetle also uses open spaces as a nursery for its larvae . These lurk in their up to 50 cm deep living tubes passing insects. This stock can be endangered by soil compaction as a result of footsteps . The nature reserve is of great regional importance for flora, fauna and humans. This special habitat offers adapted animals and plants last retreats and is therefore absolutely worth protecting.
Attempts have recently been made to raise the water level in the moorland, and the measures created an idyllic lake. Such undertakings lead to a renaturation of the moor, but also displace certain grasses. A wanted and positive side effect is that trees and bushes on the raised bogs die off due to the increased water level. A botanical peculiarity of this moor area is the occurrence of rosemary heather . The spread of this rare plant in the greater Augsburg area is limited to this nature reserve. In addition, the extremely rare round-leaved sundew occurs. Even in the moor it only grows in certain places with special soil, light and a damp climate.
The Scheidige cottongrass forms a constant mass population on the raised bog, the plant is a relic of the Ice Age. The otherwise dreary moor also offers blooming aspects at some times of the year. Scheidige cottongrass shows its buttery yellow inflorescences from April and later in summer sets bright white "snowflakes" in the green moorland. The late summer bloom of the purple heather begins in September.
Special features in moor protection
The area was added to the list of Bavarian geotopes (geotope number 179R005). In the area around the moor there are still numerous moor-like wet meadows . As part of the protection of the moor (central moor and wet meadows) it was stipulated that these litter meadows may not be drained, fertilized, plowed up, grazed or afforested. Agricultural use is only planned as part of an annual mowing , which serves to keep trees free.
State of the moor
The moor is still in a phase of renaturation , the scars and traces of earlier degradation are still visible. Over time, trenches and depressions have filled with water and slowly "heal". The increasing encroachment is a big problem. A healthy bog should be largely free of trees, but bushes are spreading more and more on the raised bog areas. It consists mainly of buckthorn , pine, and birch . The Bavarian Forest Office tries to stop this development by clearing.
Such a moor area is, like our heaths , a cultural landscape . These were created over centuries through human intervention. If these landscapes are no longer maintained, they lose their cultural landscape character. In areas that are already completely covered with bushes, the specialized raised bog grasses die. The moor character is increasingly lost due to the increased input of nutrients due to dying plant parts (leaves and branches of trees).
Species lists
plants
Book
Cottongrass
Cottongrass in winter
Trees in winter
Animals
|
|
|
See also
literature
- Hejo Busley; Toni Drexler; Carl A. Hoffmann; Paul-E. Salzmann; Klaus Wollenberg (ed.): The district of Fürstenfeldbruck. Nature - history - culture. Fürstenfeldbruck District Office, Fürstenfeldbruck 1992, ISBN 3-9803189-0-7
- Siegfried Hagspiel: The Haspelmoor nature reserve ... In: Reports of the Natural Science Association for Swabia e. V. (95th Volume 1991 Issue 1)
- Toni Drexler; Angelika Fox (Ed.): Althegnenberg - Hörbach .
- Fritz Hiemeyer (ed.): Flora von Augsburg. (2 volumes & addendum), Natural Science Association for Swabia e. V., Augsburg 1978
- Toni Drexler: Archeology in and on moors, an interdisciplinary consideration - Haspelmoor and Wildmoos. In: Toni Drexler; Walter Irlinger; Rolf Marquardt (Ed.): Fürstenfeldbruck district. Archeology between Ammersee and Dachauer Moos . (Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany, vol. 48), Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 3-8062-2079-4
- Peter Bierl: Landscape tells history , article in the Süddeutsche Zeitung; Online version from August 16, 2017
Web links
- Website of the association "Habitat Haspelmoor"
- Winter pictures around Haspelmoor
- Bavarian geotopes, profile (PDF; 211 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Am Wasser - Stone Age people at Haspelsee ( Memento of the original from January 28, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.stadtmuseum-ffb.de, accessed on January 27, 2018
- ↑ Habitat Haspelmoor , accessed on January 27, 2018
- ↑ Older than expected , accessed on sueddeutsche.de on January 27, 2018
- ↑ Haspelmoor nature reserve at www.aelf-ff.bayern.de, accessed on January 27, 2018
Coordinates: 48 ° 13 ′ 19 ″ N , 11 ° 5 ′ 17 ″ E