Schwarzkopfrek

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Schwarzkopfrek
Black headedrek (Hemicentetes nigriceps)

Black headedrek ( Hemicentetes nigriceps )

Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia
Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida)
Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae)
Subfamily : Hedgehog treks (Tenrecinae)
Genre : Striped Ducks ( Hemicentetes )
Type : Schwarzkopfrek
Scientific name
Hemicentetes nigriceps
Günther , 1875

The black-headedrek ( Hemicentetes nigriceps ), sometimes also black-headed or black-headed streaked duck , is a species of mammal belonging to the genus of the streaked duck within the tenrek family (Tenrecidae). It is endemic to Madagascar and inhabits moist forest landscapes in the middle and higher mountains in the central and southeastern part of the island. Sometimes it also occurs above the tree line and can also be found in agricultural regions. In addition to the elongated snout and the striped pattern, the bristle-like to spiky hairs, which give the animals a hedgehog-like appearance, are characteristic. A group of particularly large spines on the abdomen form a stridulation organ that generates rattling sounds and is used for communication. The way of life of the Schwarzkopfreks is relatively well researched. He lives nocturnal and digs underground burrows. Its diet is based almost entirely on earthworms , which are searched for under leaf litter. However, hardly any information is available about the social system; it is probably less complex than the closely related striped tenrec . Females give birth to a litter with up to eight young animals. The individual development of the offspring takes place very quickly. The species was scientifically described in 1875. In the course of the 20th century it was partially considered a subspecies of the striped duck. The stock is classified as not endangered.

features

Habitus

The Schwarzkopfrek is a medium-sized representative of the Tenreks. It reaches a head-trunk length of 12.0 to 16.0 cm, in exceptional cases up to 18.0 cm, the tail only forms a short stub. The weight varies from 70 to 160 g. The species is thus somewhat smaller than the closely related striped duck trek ( Hemicentetes semispinosus ). Characteristic for the animals are a hedgehog-like external appearance, the elongated, pointed snout and the striped coat pattern. The fur of the Schwarzkopfrek consists of three white stripes on the back, which interrupt the black-brown basic color. The bristles and spines in the light stripes are on average larger and thicker than in the dark fur, they are particularly pronounced on the neck with a length of 22 to 30 mm and can be replaced over time. An exception is a close-knit group of 7 to 17, on average 11 spines in mostly three rows on the rear, which cover an area of ​​about 1 cm² and are known as the stridulation organ . The spines can be rubbed against each other by tensing the subdermal muscles and thus create a rattling noise that is used for communication. The black-headed rek has a significantly denser undercoat than the actual striped duck, which makes its coat appear softer overall and the spines on its back protrude from it. The fur on the underside is cream-colored to white and contains only a few bristles; a dark stripe runs along the center line. The head is completely black in color, which is what both the German trivial and the scientific species name refer to, a yellowish central stripe on the forehead is missing, which characterizes the actual Streifentenrek. There is no noticeable sexual dimorphism between the sexes in outward appearance .

Skull and dentition features

The skull is built very gracefully and has an elongated rostrum that is also clearly drawn in laterally. The central jawbone is very small, the nasal bone and the palatine bone are elongated. As with all tenreks, there is no closed zygomatic arch , the front arch attachment protrudes significantly further outwards compared to the actual striped tenrek and is noticeably shorter. The crown and the occipital ridge are only weakly developed, the entire occiput protrudes vertically. The lower jaw looks more robust than the actual Streifentenrek, in contrast to the hook-shaped crown process of this, that of the black-headed trek has a broad, triangular shape, the front edge also leads more steeply upwards. The dentition consists of 40 teeth, the dental formula is: . All teeth are greatly reduced in size compared to other tenreks, but they are still relatively larger than those of the actual striped tenrek. The front teeth, including the premolars (with the exception of the last two upper ones), are separated by wide diastemas , the extent of which increases backwards. Both the small tooth size and the numerous tooth gaps are interpreted as an adaptation to the specific diet of the black-headed trek. The first two upper incisors are about the same size and curved backwards in a hook shape, the third is significantly smaller. The upper canine tooth corresponds to the two front incisors. In the lower jaw, the incisors are about the same height and are shovel-shaped wide. They are surmounted by the canine, which, like the upper one, is curved like a hook. Often, additional cusps are formed on the crowns of the front teeth, which can sometimes appear weak. The molars have as the other tenrecs also a zalambdodontes Kauflächenmuster consisting of three main cusps.

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the Schwarzkopfreks

The black headed rek is endemic to Madagascar . Its distribution area is in the central and southeastern highlands of the island state. The animals can be found here in middle to higher mountain areas between 1200 and 2350 m above sea level. The habitat includes moist primary and secondary forests. As a cultural successor , the species is often found in agricultural areas and gardens, and individual animals also penetrate settlements that are further away from the nearest forest. Significant verification points can be found in the forest areas of Andranomay in the Antananarivo province and of Ankazomivady in the Fianarantsoa province . In the Andringitra Mountains and in the mountainous areas around Ivohibe, both also belong to the province of Fianarantsoa, ​​the black-headed rek occurs together with the actual striped duck. As a rule, there is an allopatric distribution ratio , as the former mostly lives in higher locations up to above the tree line, while the latter prefers lowlands. However, both species could be observed in direct sympathy in the forest area of ​​Mahatsìnjo southeast of Tsinjoarivo in the province of Antananarivo at an altitude of 1550 m . The Schwarzkopftenrek lives here in primary forests, forest edges and valley floors in agricultural areas.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

The Schwarzkopfrek is strictly nocturnal with activity times between 6.30 p.m. and 6 a.m. Most of the activities take place in the early hours of the night. He lives underground in burrows he has dug himself; the animals are adapted to digging in the ground with relatively broad hands and long claws. On the basis of 60 investigated shelters in the region of Manandroy north of Fianarantsoa , the burrows are only around 7.5 cm deep and around 45 cm long, so there are not as complex tunnel systems as in the actual striped duck trek. They are often located on the edges of fields and have only one entrance, which is covered with leaves. In the building there is a single nest chamber lined with grass and leaves. Mother animals that raise offspring may dig deeper nests. The buildings have a stable climate with temperatures of 20.5 to 26.5 ° C, which means that they are not only used for protection, but also for acclimatization. New burrows are usually dug in the course of the year within a radius of 15 to 260 m. On the surface of the earth, the animals move forward in a cloister , they can reach 1.8 km per hour. The Schwarzkopfrek is not able to jump, but can climb trees and swim. Under laboratory conditions, the animals generated clicking noises with their tongues, which are presumably used for echolocation in confusing terrain. In unfamiliar areas, the animals orientate themselves primarily with their sense of smell ; they then only move slowly forwards and constantly sniff on the ground and in the air. The comfort behavior includes scratching and biting the nails, the typical “face washing” of other tenreks with both front paws is less ritualized and is mostly done with only one paw.

Little is known about the social structure of the black-headed trek, but it does not seem to be as complex as that of the actual streaked tenrek. Most of the animals have so far been found individually, in mother-young groups or as mixed-sex couples; same-sex groups were very rare. When several same-sex individuals meet, there is intensive sniffing at different parts of the body, followed by offensive or defensive behavior. Defense and threatening gestures consist in erecting the spines in the neck area and in upward and downward head movements, through which the animals try to hit the opponent with the spines. Fights are carried out with the front legs, and bites are occasionally used. However, due to the small tooth sizes, these are not very effective. An open mouth, which is often observed in tenreks as a threatening gesture, probably does not occur for similar reasons. The individual individuals mark the entrances to their burrows, they often dig a hollow at a preferred location and then bury their excrement there with kicking movements of the hind legs. In addition to the sense of smell, intra-species communication also takes place via numerous sounds. These consist of grunting, squeaking and chirping noises during social contacts, a crunch that is emitted when threatened and a "putt-putt" -like sound when an animal is disturbed in its nest. Particularly noteworthy are the rattling noises that the black-headed trek makes by means of the spines of its stridulation organ. These reach frequencies of 2 to 200  kHz , with the animals mainly perceiving the lower frequency range of 10 to 15 kHz. This suggests a transmission distance of around 4 m. The tones last mostly very short with 7 to 40 milliseconds, in contrast to the actual streaked tenrec with its longer tone sequences. The stridulation is probably also used for intra-species communication, possibly between the sexes or between mother and young animals.

Diet and energy balance

The Schwarzkopfrek feeds mainly on invertebrates . The main food is earthworms , especially the dewworm , which prefers undisturbed, moist soils. To a lesser extent, the animals also eat the larvae of beetles , while grasshoppers but avoid. Two of the stomach contents examined from the area around Manandroy contained earthworms as well as spiders and soil, the latter being to be regarded as bycatch when the earthworms were captured. Isotope studies on individuals from Tsinjoarivo revealed a high nitrogen content, which indicates the increased consumption of secondary consumers . The high carbon values also documented indicate the preference for forest edge locations or open terrain. The animals hunt for their prey with their noses under grass or fallen leaves. They grab worms with their mouths and try to remove earth from them with scratching movements with their front paws. The worm is then pulled out of the earth with the help of the neck muscles. Depending on age and weight, an animal can ingest between 4.2 and 13.0 g of food within 15 to 20 minutes. Since the Schwarzkopfrek eats several times a day, it consumes around 100 g within 24 hours, which is roughly its body weight. Noteworthy when eating is an occasional stamping of the feet on the bottom, which may stimulate the earthworms.

The body temperature of the Schwarzkopfreks shows a cyclical course, which adapts daily and seasonally to the ambient conditions. In the mornings, with outside temperatures of 23.0 to 24.2 ° C, it is between 25.0 and 27.4 ° C. Until the late afternoon, shortly before the start of the actual activity phase, it increases with measured outside temperatures of 21.3 to 24.3 ° C to 26.0 to 31.5 ° C. During the course of the year, the body temperature during the southern summer from November to April is around 3.6 ° C above the ambient conditions, while the difference is only around 1.5 ° C during the southern winter from May to October. In this part of the year, the animals also fall into a torpor , which is much more intense than the actual striped duck, which may be related to the generally higher distribution of the black-headed trek. The metabolic rate reaches an average of 69% of the value that can be expected for a similarly sized animal. It rises significantly in southern summer and falls again in southern winter during the torpor phase. The rise and fall correspond roughly to the fluctuations in body temperature during the course of the year, the highest and lowest values ​​are in February and July or August. Cyclical changes in body weight are also associated with them, animals have an average weight of 154 g in summer and 78 g in winter. However, the maximum and minimum values ​​are reached later (April and January). The metabolic rate can increase significantly in phases of higher stress, such as during reproduction.

Reproduction

The reproduction of the black-headed trek has been relatively well studied by field and laboratory studies in the 1960s and 1980s. It generally takes place in the southern summer or in the rainy season between November and April. The pair advertising is ritualized, the male sniffs the female starting from the nose on the rear, on the sides, behind the ears and on the neck and then mounts it. The sexual act lasts up to 20 minutes. At 55 to 63 days, the gestation period is relatively long for small mammals, but it corresponds to that of other tenreks. The females give birth to one to eight young animals per litter, but the upper limit is usually three to five newborns. They are born as a nestling and are naked, blind and deaf, the average birth weight is 8.3 g. They spend the early days in a nest under construction. The individual development is extremely fast. Immediately after birth, the young can crawl, make squeaking noises and move their heads back and forth in search of the teats. The first hairs and spines begin to grow within 24 hours. At the age of four days, the cubs explore the burrow for the first time, but are pushed back by the mother when they leave the shelter. The first tooth erupts on the fifth day. The eyes and ears open after eight to ten days, which is much earlier than with other tenreks. Likewise, around this time the young can vibrate with the spikes on their abdomen and lift their torso off the ground. They are also leaving the den for the first time, which reduces the daily care and attention of the mother. However, the young follow the mother in loose succession. Young animals eat their first solid food when they are two to two and a half weeks old, then they dig holes to hide the droppings or build nests. It is estimated that the suckling phase ends after 18 to 25 days; females have their first oestrus at 32 days . During the growth phase, a cub gains an average of 0.71 g in weight per day, after 40 days with an average length of 14 cm it ends. The father animal does not take part in the rearing of the offspring. No data are available on life expectancy in the wild; individual specimens survived for up to three years in human captivity.

Predators and parasites

The black headed trek is mainly preyed on by Malagasy predators such as the Fanaloka and the Fossa . In the case of the latter predator , studies of stomach contents from the high altitudes of the Andringitra Mountains revealed only a small proportion of biomass and individuals in the prey spectrum; the value was 5% in each case. If an enemy approaches, the animals erect the spines in the neck, and in the case of intense disturbances also those of the abdomen. Endangered animals flee or move their heads up and down to hit the enemy with the spines. Often they also perform turning movements that give the impression of short hops. Fleas of the Paractenopsyllus genus , mites from the Gamasidae and Laelapidae families , including Andreacarus , and ticks are known to be external parasites . The plague bacterium was isolated from an individual of the black headed trek from the Andringitra Mountains .

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Tenreks according to Everson et al. 2016
 Tenrecidae  
  Tenrecinae  


 Echinops


   

 Setifer



   
  Hemicentetes  

 Hemicentetes nigriceps


   

 Hemicentetes semispinosus



   

 Tenrec




   
  Geogalinae  

 Geogals


  Oryzorictinae  

 Oryzorictes 


   

 Nesogale


   

 Microgale






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The black headed trek is a species from the genus of the striped duck trek ( Hemicentetes ), to which the actual striped duck trek ( Hemicentetes semispinosus ) is also counted. The striped tenreks in turn belong to the family of Tenreks (Tenrecidae) within which they are placed among the hedgehog tenreks ( Tenrecinae), one of the three main lines of the Tenreks. The hedgehog tenreks are characterized by a spiky coat of hair, which gives them a hedgehog-like appearance, but they have a significantly shorter tail. The striped tenreks are characterized by their distinctive fur pattern and the stridulation organ on the abdomen. According to molecular genetic studies, the Great Tenrek ( Tenrec ) is the closest relative. While the Tenrecinae split off from the other lines of development of the Tenreks in the Upper Eocene around 35 million years ago, the genera Tenrec and Hemicentetes separated in the Middle Miocene around 16 years ago Millions of years. The splitting of the genus Hemicentetes into the two current species occurred in the Pliocene about 4.75 million years ago.

The first scientific description of the Schwarzkopfreks comes from Albert Günther and was written by him in 1875. Günther referred to several adult and young individuals who may have come from the vicinity of Fianarantsoa (Günther referred to the location as "Fienrentova"). He did not specify a holotype , he stated the average length of the animals as 17.8 cm, and he also noticed that one animal had replaced the whitish stripe color with a more pinkish one. The two types of striped duck can be distinguished externally by the different color of their fur. As early as 1883, George Edward Dobson presented evident skeletal features that could be used to differentiate the two species. This was followed in 1941 by Percy M. Butler with studies of the skull and teeth of the striped duck. Nevertheless, beginning in the 1970s, the black-headed trek was partially regarded as a subspecies of the real striped duck. Other researchers such as Henri Heim de Balsac or John F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould , however, saw both forms as separate species during the same period. The discovery of the sympathetic appearance of the two strip duck representatives near Tsinjoarivo in the province of Antananarivo at the end of the 1990s reinforced this view. From fredericus anna jentink the description of the species comes Hemicentetes buffoni which he published 1879th Jentink was referring to a full-grown individual of an undisclosed origin. The specific epithet is a reference to Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon , who depicted striped tenreks in two additional volumes of his work Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière published in 1776 and 1789 . Due to their size, these obviously represented young animals, but Jentink was of the opinion that at least the second illustration is a younger specimen of his newly described species (young individuals of the Great Tenreks are, however, striped). As a rule, Hemicentetes buffoni is now considered a synonym of Hemicentetes nigriceps .

Threat and protection

There are no significant threats to the population of the species. The island population occasionally catches the striped duck for meat. There are two protected areas in the distribution area, the Andringitra National Park and the Ranomafana National Park , and the species also tolerates anthropogenic changes in the landscape. The IUCN therefore lists the Schwarzkopfrek as "not endangered" ( least concern ).

In Germany, the Schwarzkopftenrek is held in the Donnersberg Zoo in Rockenhausen , and there has been a breeding program at Sparsholt College in Sparsholt in England since 2012 .

literature

  • JF Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  • Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  • Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
  • Albert Günther: Notice of two new species of mammals (Propithecus and Hemicentetes) from Madagascar. Annales and Magazine of Natural History 4, 1875, pp. 125–126 ( [10] )
  • Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (p. 165) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  • Christopher D. Marshall and John F. Eisenberg: Hemicentetes semispinosus. Mammalian Species 541, 1996, pp. 1-4
  • Peter J. Stephenson: Streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes. Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 1-3

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Olga V. Zherebtsova: Morphofunctional interpretation of the quills stridulating in tenrecs (Lipotyphla, Tenrecidae). Russian Journal of Theriology 5 (1), 2006, pp. 1-11
  2. ^ Edwin Gould and John F. Eisenberg: Notes on the biology of the Tenrecidae. Journal of Mammalogy 47 (4), 1966, pp. 660-686
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
  4. ^ A b Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
  5. ^ A b Peter J. Stephenson: Streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes. Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 1-3
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (p. 165) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
  7. ^ A b George Edward Dobson: A Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part I. London, 1883, pp. 70–71 and 72–77 ( [1] )
  8. ↑ St. George Mivart: On Hemicentetes, a new Genus of Insectivora, with some additional remarks on the osteology of that order. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, pp. 58-79 ( [2] )
  9. ^ Wilhelm Leche: On the history of the development of the mammalian tooth system, at the same time a contribution to the tribal history of this group of animals. Part two: phylogeny. Second booklet: Families of the Centetidae, Solenodontidae and Chrysochloridae. Zoologica 20, 1906/1908, pp. 1–157 ( [3] )
  10. ^ A b Percy M. Butler: A Comparison of the Skulls and Teeth of the Two Species of Hemicentetes. Journal of Mammalogy 22 (1), 1941, pp. 65-81
  11. ↑ a b P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Hemicentetes nigriceps. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T62011A97189172 ( [4] ); last accessed on February 11, 2017
  12. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Pierre Jules Rakotomalaza, Achille Philippe Raselimalala, Rodin Rasoloarinson, Mamy Ravokatra, Voahangy Soarimalala and Lucienne Wilmé: Inventaire biologique de la Forêt d'Ankazomivady, Ambositra. Akon'ny Ala 24, 1998, pp. 19-32
  13. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Christopher J. Raxworthy and Paulina D. Jenkins: Insectivore ecology in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 85, 1996, pp. 218-231
  14. ^ A b Steven M. Goodman, O. Langrand and BPN Rasolonandrasana: The food habits of Cryptoprocta ferox in the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar (Carnivore, Viverridae). Mammalia 61 (2), 1997, pp. 185-192
  15. ^ A b Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Voahangy Soarimalala, JB Duchemin and J.-M. Duplantier: Syntopic occurrence of Hemicentetes semispinosus and H. nigriceps (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) on the central highlands of Madagascar. Mammalia 64, 2000, pp. 113-116
  16. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
  17. ^ Edwin Gould: Evidence for echolocation in the Tenrecidae of Madagascar. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 109 (6), 1965, pp. 352-360
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h Christopher D. Marshall and John F. Eisenberg: Hemicentetes semispinosus. Mammalian Species 541, 1996, pp. 1-4
  19. ^ A b Peter J. Stephenson, Paul A. Racey and Félix Rakotondraparany: Maintenance and reproduction of tenrecs (Tenrecidae) at Parc Tsimbazaza, Madagascar. International Zoo Yearbook 33, 1994, pp. 194-201
  20. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
  21. ↑ Peter J. Stephenson and Paul A. Racey: Seasonal variation in resting metabolic rate and body temperature of streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes nigriceps and H. semispinosus (Insectivora: Tenrecidae). Journal of Zoology 232, 1994, pp. 285-29
  22. ↑ Walter Poduschka: Hyperthelia, litter size and gestation period in the subfamily Tenrecinae Cabrera, 1925 (Mammalia: Insectivora: Tenrecidae), together with remarks on the longitudinal striations of the genus Hemicentetes. Contributions to Zoology 66 (2), 1996, pp. 119-128
  23. ↑ J.-B. Duchemin: Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): Description of five new species of Paractenopsyllus Wagner, (1938). Parasite 11, 2004, pp. 59-70
  24. ↑ Michael W. Hastriter and Carl W. Dick: A description of Paractenopsyllus madagascarensis sp. n. and the female of Paractenopsyllus raxworthyi Duchemin & Ratovonjato, 2004 (Siphonaptera, Leptopsyllidae) from Madagascar with a key to the species of Paractenopsyllus. ZooKeys 13, 2009, pp. 43-55
  25. ↑ Ashley PG Dowling, Andre V. Bochkov and Barry M. Oconnor: Revision of the genus Andreacarus (Acari: Laelapidae) with description of seven new species and a new genus for Australian species formerly placed in Andrreacarus. Journal of Medical Entomology 44 (3), 2007, pp. 405-421
  26. ↑ Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Suzanne Chanteau and Elisabeth Carniel: From the recent lessons of the Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence. Veterinary Research 36, 2005, pp. 437-453
  27. ↑ a b Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
  28. ^ A b Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 ( [5] )
  29. ^ Albert Günther: Notice of two new species of mammals (Propithecus and Hemicentetes) from Madagascar. Annales and Magazine of Natural History 4, 1875, pp. 125-126
  30. ^ Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
  31. ↑ Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon: Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. here supplément, tome troisième. Paris, 1776, plate 37 ( [6] ) and supplément, Tome Septième. Paris, 1789, plate 76 ( [7] )
  32. ^ Fredericus Anna Jentink: On the hedgehogs from Madagascar. Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum at Leyden 1879, pp. 137–151 ( [8] )
  33. ↑ Zoo animal list ( [9] ), last accessed on March 10, 2017

Web links

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