Actual streaked duck

Actual streaked duck
True striped duck ( Hemicentetes semispinosus )
Systematics
without rank: Afroinsectiphilia Order : Tenrecus (Afrosoricida) Family : Tenreks (Tenrecidae) Subfamily : Hedgehog treks (Tenrecinae) Genre : Striped Ducks ( Hemicentetes ) Type : Actual streaked duck
Scientific name
Hemicentetes semispinosus
( G. Cuvier , 1798)

The actual Streifentenrek ( Hemicentetes semispinosus ), also common Streifentenrek , Streifentanrek or Yellowstreifentanrek , is a mammal from the genus of the Streifentenreks within the family of the Tenreks (Tenrecidae). It is endemic to Madagascar , where it is distributed over large areas of the eastern part of the island state. The preferred habitats include tropical rainforests of the low and middle mountain ranges. The animals can also be found in open landscapes and in areas overgrown by humans. It is named after the black and yellow stripe pattern on the back, and the actual Streifentenrek has a characteristic elongated snout. The fur consists of bristles and spines that can be set up as a defense reaction, especially in the neck area. A group of particularly strong spines grows on the rear, forming an organ of stridulation that the animals can use to generate rattling noises for communication.

The way of life of the striped duck proper has been well researched. The animals are diurnal and nocturnal and largely live on the ground, where they dig underground burrows. The social structure is extremely developed, during the reproductive phase large family groups or colonies are formed, which inhabit complex tunnel systems. At the end of the reproduction period, however, these group formations disintegrate again. The diet consists of invertebrates , mainly earthworms , of which an individual can consume almost the same amount of body weight every day. As with many tenreks, body temperature is also not stable. During the dry season , which is not very productive , the animals fall into a torpor . Females give birth to up to eleven young animals per litter. The individual development of the offspring takes place very quickly, so that the young are sexually mature after just over a month.

The first scientific description of the actual striped tenreks dates back to 1798. It was based on an older drawing of a striped tenrek. The same drawing served as the basis for the establishment of two other scientific species names over the next five years, but these are no longer valid today. Due to its wide distribution and relative adaptability, the population of the actual striped duck is not endangered.

features

Habitus

The real Streifentenrek is a medium-sized representative of the Tenreks, it is slightly larger than the closely related black-headed trek ( Hemicentetes nigriceps ). Its head-trunk length is 13.0 to 19.0 cm, the tail is only designed as a short stub. Body weight varies from 90 to 220 g with an average of 130 g. There are no differences between male and female animals. In their external appearance, the animals resemble hedgehogs , the snout is long and tapering in front. A characteristic feature is the coat pattern. This consists of three light, yellowish stripes on the back on a blackish brown background. The neck also has a yellowish hue, the head is black, but this basic color is interrupted in the middle on the upper side from the forehead to the nose by another yellowish stripe. A similar banding on the head is missing in the black-headed trek. The coat consists of bristles and spines, an undercoat is also developed, but occurs largely only in young animals and disappears with increasing age of the animals. As a result, the actual striped duck rek looks significantly more prickly than the black-headed rek. The spines in the light stripes are markedly larger than those in the dark colored sections. The longest occur on the neck, where they measure between 22 and 30 mm and are interchangeable. Real hair only exists on the underside, where it is tinted auburn, and there are also two dark stripes. There is a special feature on the rear. Here there are 14 to 18, but on average mostly 14 particularly wide spines, which stand in three rows on an area of ​​about 1 cm². They do not regenerate when they are lost and can be rubbed against each other when the subdermal muscles are tensed, producing a rattling noise. The spines act as a stridulation organ , it also occurs in the black-headed trek, but consists of fewer spines on average.

Skull and dentition features

Skull of the striped duck proper

The skull is extremely graceful, one measured specimen is 41.6 mm long. The rostrum is long and narrow, with the narrowing beginning approximately at the level of the penultimate and last premolars and thus further back in relation to the position of the teeth than in the Schwarzkopfrek. The nasal and palatine bones are elongated, the central jawbone is small. The crest of the apex is only weakly developed, and the bulge on the occiput protrudes less prominently, making the entire posterior skull appear even steeper than in the black-headed trek. The zygomatic arch is like not closed at all tenrecs. In contrast to the Schwarzkopfrek, the front arch attachment is closer to the skull and is longer. The lower jaw has a lighter structure than the Schwarzkopfrek, in contrast to these, the crown process has a hook-shaped shape, its front edge does not lead up quite so steeply. The dentition consists of 40 teeth together, the following dental formula form: . The entire lower row of teeth is offset further forward compared to the Schwarzkopfrek, so that more space is created between the ascending articular branch of the lower jaw and the last molar . This also shifts the position of the mental foramen , which is under the first molar in the actual streaked tenrek, but under the last premolar in the case of the black headed recumbent. Overall, the teeth are greatly reduced in size and again 30% smaller than in the Schwarzkopfrek. There are broad diastemas between the front teeth and the premolars, and their extent increases significantly towards the back. Both the small tooth size and the wide gaps between the teeth are considered to be an adaptation to the specific diet of the striped duck. In the upper dentition, the two front incisors are about the same size and point backwards like a hook. The third incisor is rather small; the size and appearance of the canine largely correspond to the anterior incisors. The lower jaw incisors are all about the same size and have a scoop-like shape. The canine here protrudes over the incisors and resembles its upper counterpart. The crowns of the front teeth are mostly equipped with additional, but sometimes poorly developed cusps. Like the other tenreks, the molars have a zalambdodontic chewing surface pattern consisting of three main tubercles. ${\displaystyle {\frac {3.1.3.3}{3.1.3.3}}}$

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the actual striped duck

The striped duck proper is endemic to Madagascar . Its distribution area is in the eastern part of the island state, where it extends in a more or less wide strip from north to south. The animals inhabit lowlands and middle mountain ranges. As a rule, the height distribution extends up to about 1550 m above sea level. The preferred habitats consist of primary and secondary tropical rainforests , in addition, the actual striped duck can also be found on agricultural areas, in gardens or on man-made meadows or open land areas (“pseudo-steppes”), individual animals also penetrate settlements. Because of this, the species is considered to be relatively common. Significant find regions in the north can be found in the mountain massifs of Marojejy and Anjanaharibe , in the forest area of ​​Makira to the south and on the Masoala peninsula to the east , all belonging to the Antsiranana province . Apart from this, a population was also found on the Tsaratanana massif in the province of Mahajanga , with the highest finding points here at 2050 m. In the central parts of the country, the animals are occupied from the forest area of ​​Ambatovy-Analamay-Tsorotorofotsy in the province of Toamasina and from the forest corridor of Anjozorobe-Angavo in the border area of ​​the provinces Toamasina and Antananarivo , in addition also from the forest area of ​​Mahatsìnjo southeast of Tsinjoarivo and south of the capital Antananarivo in the province of the same name. Find regions further south are the Ranomafana National Park , the Andringitra Mountains and the mountainous areas around Ivohibe in the Fianarantsoa province . In the last two places mentioned, the actual Streifentenrek occurs together with the Schwarzkopfrek, which however generally prefers higher mountain locations up to above the tree line. Only at Tsinjoarivo at an altitude of 1550 m have both species been detected in direct sympatry . The actual Streifentenrek lives here on the edges of the forest and valley floors in agricultural areas. In the forest area of ​​Ankilahila only 6 km away, the altitude of which is around 150 m lower, only the actual striped duck has been recorded so far.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

Actual streaked duck

The way of life of the actual striped duck has been researched relatively well, this concerns both field studies and observations in captivity. In contrast to the black-headed trek, the real striped duck trek is less strictly nocturnal, but can also appear during the day. The activities usually begin around 5 p.m. and peak between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m., after which they decrease continuously, but form various smaller maxima during the course of the night. Sporadic activities prevail from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., while these come to a standstill around 2 p.m. On the ground, the animals move forward in a cloister and reach a speed of 1.7 to 2.9 km / h. They are also able to climb and swim, but they cannot jump. In unfamiliar areas, the animals move slowly forward, pause frequently and sniff constantly in the air and on the ground. In confusing terrain, they emit clicks with their tongues with a frequency of 11 to 16  kHz and a duration of 0.2 to 0.7 milliseconds, which are used for simple echolocation . For comfort behavior are scratching with the hind feet and the Bekauen nails. The typical “face washing” of other tenreks with both front paws is less ritualized and is mostly done with only one paw.

The striped duck proper lives during the breeding season in family groups or colonies that include several generations, but disintegrate again at the end of the phase. The species has one of the most complex social structures within the Afrotheria group . Large groups can include up to two dozen individuals with adults of both sexes, as well as pups and newborns. They then inhabit complex, self-dug tunnel systems, one of which was explored in the Ranomafana area in the 1960s. It housed a group of 18 animals each consisting of two males and two females as well as 14 young animals. The tunnel system was dug into a steep, south-facing slope and consisted of three units: an approximately 300 cm long corridor with a nest chamber 225 cm from the entrance and on which another tunnel followed. At a distance of half a meter and about 19 m there was another corridor with a length of 71 and 180 cm and a nest chamber at the end. The three units had no direct connection to each other, but the individual individuals of the colony alternated between the corridors. Smaller groups or individual animals, on the other hand, use smaller burrows that are often 30 to 60 cm long and 5 to 7.5 cm below the surface of the earth. As a rule, they are buried in the hillside and follow the course of the slope or wind around tree roots. They basically contain a nest lined with plants, the material is transported and deposited by the animals with their mouths while digging. Most of the tunnels have only one entrance, which is also covered with plants. The entrances are often marked with feces . To do this, the animals dig small hollows and deposit the droppings. A ritualized covering by scratching with the hind legs is less developed in the actual striped duck trek than in the black-headed trek. The animals change their burrows in a period of 10 to 15 days.

Actual streaked tenrec with erect neck spines

Communication within the family group is complex. The stridulation with the spines of the abdomen may play an important role in this, producing tones in the frequency range from 2 to 200 kHz. Half of the rattling tones produced are made up of short tones lasting only 7 to 40 milliseconds and half of longer sequences lasting up to 100 milliseconds. The hearing of the actual striped duck can best perceive tones of 10 to 15 kHz, which is why the effective distance of perception is probably around 4 m. In addition, several vocalizations are known, which consist of different grunts, squeaks and chirps during social contacts. A crunch is emitted when threatened, while a "putt-putt" -like sound is emitted when an animal is disturbed in its nest. Encounters between conspecifics are not very aggressive. Mostly they consist of sniffing at each other on certain parts of the body such as the nose, buttocks or ears. In antagonistic behavior, the animals set up the spines of the neck, the degree of straightening indicates the intensity of the excitement. Any fights are fought with the front legs. In addition, the animals try to hit the opponent with the spines with typical up and down movements of the head. Occasionally bites are also used, an open mouth as a threatening gesture, often used in tenreks, is not known from the actual striped tenrek. Both the bites and the open mouth are probably not very effective due to the small tooth sizes.

Diet and energy balance

The main food of the striped duck proper consists of invertebrates . Isotope studies on animals from Tsinjoarivo have shown values ​​that are typical for other burrowing tenreks, such as some representatives of the small tenreks ( Microgale ) or the actual rice burrower ( Oryzorictes hova ). The most important food resource is earthworms ; in captivity, the animals also ate larvae of beetles and meat. According to observations on an individual in human care, he ate a total of 99.4 g of food within one day, half of which consisted of meat and half of earthworms (130 pieces), which was almost the body weight of the animal. This is comparable to wild animals which, according to studies in the Perinet area near Andasibe in the province of Fianarantsoa, ​​consumed between 85.5 and 104.4 g of earthworms in the 1960s. Simultaneous estimates of the number of earthworms in the observation area showed approximately 83 kg on an area of ​​approximately 4050 m² (1 acre ), which is sufficient to feed ten animals for 83 days (without taking into account the reproduction of the earthworms). The animals search for their prey with their noses on the ground under leaf waste and grab them with their mouths. They pull the worm out of the ground by moving backwards or shaking the head or by stepping backwards. With their forefeet they clean the earthworm from the earth, whereby the animal determines at the same time the size of the prey. As a rule, the worm is swallowed completely, the small teeth are not very suitable for chewing. Only when a specimen is too big does the actual striped tenrek tear it into several parts by trampling it with its feet and claws and repeat the procedure. During the reproductive period, the animals often feed in their family groups, the individual individuals turning while eating or swinging their bodies sideways, which may prevent others from snatching the prey. If two animals eat the same worm from different ends, it is usually the larger individual that claims it. It has been observed that captured animals vomit some of their food and swallow it again. The meaning is not entirely clear, it may clear the prey of excessive mucus. Likewise, animals drink in human care and keep their long noses slightly bent upwards. It is unclear whether the real striped duck also drinks in the wild or meets its water needs from the earthworms.

Like many other tenreks, the real striped tenrek has a varying body temperature that adapts to the conditions of the environment. In the daily rhythm, the body temperature fluctuates with two high values ​​around 30 ° C at noon and at midnight, after which it falls to around 26.8 to 28.2 ° C in each case. The cycle roughly corresponds to the activity behavior, but is not always synchronous. The activity of the animals increases at ambient temperatures of 18 to 19 ° C, which probably promotes the regulation of body temperature. At lower outside temperatures, torpor often occurs , which is particularly characteristic of the months of southern winter. It varies from person to person and depends on the body condition and fat reserves of an animal and the general external conditions. As a result, it is not as strict and long-lasting as the Schwarzkopftenrek, which lives in significantly higher mountain regions. The variation in body temperature is also noticeable over the course of the year, in the southern summer (November to April) it is on average 2.5 ° C above the ambient temperature, in the southern winter (May to October) the difference is only 1.7 ° C. The metabolic rate is very low, reaching around 49% of what would be expected for a similarly sized mammal. It decreases again significantly in winter, in phases of physical stress such as during reproduction it increases significantly. The fluctuation in body temperature and metabolism is associated with fluctuations in body weight, but the maximum and minimum values ​​are slightly offset. The highest values ​​are achieved in March with an average of 147.5 g, in December the animals are the lightest with 98.5 g.

Reproduction

The reproduction of the striped duck proper has been well studied by field and laboratory studies in the 1960s to 1980s. It mainly takes place during the southern summer or the rainy season from November to around May, depending on local conditions it can fluctuate locally by around a month. During the reproductive phase, the animals come together in their family groups. Males woo females in a certain ritual that mainly consists of sniffing different parts of the body, for example starting from the neck over the nose to the rump, to the ears - here sometimes connected with bites - and to the side of the body. This is followed by the male sitting on the female with the sexual act , which can last up to 20 minutes.

The gestation period amounts to 58 to 63 days, it is thus in the variation of other tenreks, but is extremely long compared to similarly sized mammals. Between one and eleven young animals are born in one litter, the average values ​​vary between 6.2 and 8.8 young animals per litter depending on the region. The newborns weigh about 8.3 g to 12.9 g and are 6 to 7 cm in length. (According to other information, the length of the newborn is around 2.5 cm.) As a nestling , the eyes and ears are closed and the body is hairless with the exception of the vibrissae , which already measure around 6 mm. However, the trunk shows conspicuous pigmentation with three light stripes on a darker background, which reflect the later hairiness. The middle light stripe widens on the neck and shows the place where the strong neck bristles will later grow. It also expands slightly on the buttocks, where the stridulation organ arises. The spines and bristles of the median grow first and become visible on the day of birth. Immediately after birth, the young can crawl and make low-frequency sounds. The young initially remain in a nest made of plant material that is brought by both the mother and the father animal. If they leave the nest, they are pushed back by both parent animals with the tip of the nose, sometimes the mother also carries it in its mouth. Individual development progresses very quickly. At four days the young animals are stable on their feet and start to walk. One day later, all spines are visible and around 4 mm long on the neck, they can already be straightened as a defensive position. The spines of the stridulation organ can already be rubbed against each other, but they are still too short to produce sounds. The eyes and ears open after eight to ten days, which is significantly earlier than with other tenreks. At this point the young leave the nest for the first time and prefer to stay near the entrance or follow the mother. However, the care of the mother, such as licking and cleaning the young with the tongue, slowly declines. From the 16th day of life the stridulation organ is fully developed and produces sounds. Young animals eat their first solid food at around 18 days, and they are weaned after 25 days at the latest. In females, the first oestrus sets in after 35 to 40 days. Then growth also slows down, the animals are then on average 14 to 15 cm long. Life expectancy in the wild is unknown, animals can survive up to two and a half years in human care.

Predators and parasites

The most important predators are some Madagascan predators such as the ring-tailed mongoose , the fossa and the fanaloka . However, according to examinations of excrement residues in the Ranomafana National Park, the latter has only a minor influence on the population . The striped duck species reacts particularly strongly to the smell of the ring-tailed mongoose. Defensive behavior consists mostly in fleeing, in the case of distress in straightening the neck spines. With the typical upward and downward movements of the head, it then tries to hit the predator with the spines, sometimes performing rotations that are reminiscent of small jumps. External parasites form fleas, mites from the Gamasidae family and ticks . As internal parasites of the unicellular were Eimeria and nematodes from the group of Ascaroidea detected.

Systematics

Internal systematics of the Tenreks according to Everson et al. 2016  Tenrecidae     Tenrecinae    Echinops      Setifer       Hemicentetes    Hemicentetes nigriceps      Hemicentetes semispinosus      Tenrec       Geogalinae    Geogals   Oryzorictinae    Oryzorictes       Nesogale      Microgale

The actual Streifentenrek is a species from the genus of the Streifentenreks ( Hemicentetes ), which also includes the Black-headed Rek ( Hemicentetes nigriceps ). The striped tenrec, in turn, form part of the Tenrek family (Tenrecidae). Within this they are classified as the hedgehog tenreks (Tenrecinae), one of the three main lines of the tenreks. The hedgehog tenreks are characterized by a prickly coat, which gives them a hedgehog-like appearance, but they have a significantly shorter tail. Characteristic of the striped duck is their striking coat pattern and the stridulation organ on the abdomen. According to molecular genetic studies, the Great Tenrek ( Tenrec ) is the closest relative. While the Tenrecinae split off from the other lines of development of the Tenreks in the Upper Eocene around 35 million years ago, the genera Tenrec and Hemicentetes separated in the Middle Miocene around 16 years ago Millions of years. The genus Hemicentetes split into the two lines of today in the Pliocene about 4.75 million years ago.

Georges Cuvier

Buffon's depiction of the actual striped duck from 1776

The first scientific description comes from Georges Cuvier from the year 1798, Cuvier named the actual striped duck in it with Erinaceus semispinosus and referred him to the hedgehogs . He also referred to Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon , who in 1776 in the third additional volume of his work Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière depicted a striped tenrek and viewed it as a young animal ( le jeune tanrec ). According to later information from Fredericus Anna Jentink , the detailed illustration was based on an individual about 11 cm in length; Madagascar is generally given as terra typica . Only two years after Cuvier, George Shaw named the actual striped duck with Erinaceus madagascariensis , also citing Buffon . In addition, Shaw quoted the French explorer Pierre Sonnerat , who had obviously seen the animals during his visit to Madagascar during his expeditions from 1774 to 1781 and who described them in his travelogue published in 1782. Again, only a short time later, in 1803, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire created the scientific name Setiger variegatus , for which he was also guided by Buffon's illustration. Both Erinaceus madagascariensis and Setiger variegatus are now synonymous with Hemicentetes semispinosus , but the former species name was used very often for the striped duck trek , especially in the 19th century. The genus name Hemicentetes was first introduced by St. George Mivart in 1871, when he also raised Hemicentetes madagascariensis to the nominate form . The black-headed trek was established in 1875 by Albert Günther as the second clear representative of the striped duck trek, it was partially considered a subspecies of the actual striped duck trek during the 20th century. However, George Edward Dobson in the 1880s and Percy M. Butler in the 1940s had already identified striking differences in skeletal and dental anatomy between the two forms, so that this view was not generally accepted. Because of this, both are now listed as separate species.

Threat and protection

The striped duck proper is widespread and occurs relatively frequently; in addition, it tolerates anthropogenic changes in the landscape. No major threats to the stock are known; locally, logging and agriculture have a certain influence. The animals are also hunted locally as a food resource. The IUCN classifies the species in the category “not endangered” ( least concern ). It occurs in several nature reserves, such as the Marojejy National Park , the Masoala National Park , the Mantadia Andasibe National Park , the Ranomafana National Park and the Andringitra National Park .

The only owner in Germany is the Donnersberg zoo in Rockenhausen , otherwise the species in Europe is only cared for by a Dutch zoo, although not publicly accessible.

literature

• Georges Cuvier: Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris, 1798, pp. 1–710 (p. 108) ( [12] )
• JF Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
• Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
• Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
• Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 164–165) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
• Christopher D. Marshall and John F. Eisenberg: Hemicentetes semispinosus. Mammalian Species 541, 1996, pp. 1-4
• Peter J. Stephenson: Streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes. Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 1-3

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Olga V. Zherebtsova: Morphofunctional interpretation of the quills stridulating in tenrecs (Lipotyphla, Tenrecidae). Russian Journal of Theriology 5 (1), 2006, pp. 1-11
2. ^ ^{A b} Ernest Glen Wever and Paul N. Herman: Stridulation and Hearing in the Tenrec. Journal of Auditory Research 8, 1968, pp. 39-42
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Edwin Gould and John F. Eisenberg: Notes on the biology of the Tenrecidae. Journal of Mammalogy 47 (4), 1966, pp. 660-686
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} J. F. Eisenberg and Edwin Gould: The Tenrecs: A Study in Mammalian Behavior and Evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970, pp. 1-138
5. ↑ Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A complete guide. Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 1–304 (pp. 32–56)
6. ^ ^{A b} Peter J. Stephenson: Streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes. Afrotherian Conservation 5, 2007, pp. 1-3
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecidae (Tenrecs and Shrew tenrecs). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 134–172 (pp. 164–165) ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Christopher D. Marshall and John F. Eisenberg: Hemicentetes semispinosus. Mammalian Species 541, 1996, pp. 1-4
9. ^ ^{A b} George Edward Dobson: A Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part I. London, 1883, SS 70–71 and 72–77 ( [1] )
10. ↑ ^{a b} St. George Mivart: On Hemicentetes, a new Genus of Insectivora, with some additional remarks on the osteology of that order. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, pp. 58-79 ( [2] )
11. ^ Wilhelm Leche: On the history of the development of the mammalian tooth system, at the same time a contribution to the tribal history of this group of animals. Part two: phylogeny. Second booklet: Families of the Centetidae, Solenodontidae and Chrysochloridae. Zoologica 20, 1906/1908, pp. 1–157 ( [3] )
12. ^ ^{A b} Percy M. Butler: A Comparison of the Skulls and Teeth of the Two Species of Hemicentetes. Journal of Mammalogy 22 (1), 1941, pp. 65-81
13. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: Tenrecs (Lipotyphla; Tenrecidae) of the Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar. Fieldana Zoology 97, 2000, pp. 201-229
14. ↑ Steven M. Goodman and Paulina D. Jenkins: The Insectivores of the Réserve Spéciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 90, 1998, pp. 139-161
15. ^ Franco Andreone, Jasmin E. Randrianirina, Paula D. Jenkins and Gennaro Aprea: Species diversity of Amphibia, Reptilia and Lipotyphla (Mammalia) at Ambolokopatrika, a rainforest between the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Marojejy massifs, NE Madagascar. Biodiversity and Conservation 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1622
16. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Diversité biologique the micromammifères non volants (Lipotyphla et Rodentia) dans le complexe Marojejy Anjanaharibe-sud. In: Steven M. Goodman and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Nouveaux résultats faisant référence à l'altitude dans la région des massifs montagneux de Marojejy et d'Anjanaharibe-sud. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 19, 2003, pp. 231-276
17. ↑ Zafimahery Rakotomalala, Vonjy Andrianjakarivelo, Volatiana Rasataharilala and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non volant de la forêt de Makira, Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 132, 2007, pp. 205-221
18. ↑ Vonjy Andrianjiakarivelo, Emilienne Razafimahatratra, Yvette Razafindrakoto and Steven M. Goodman: The terrestrial small mammals of the Parc National de Masoala, northeastern Madagascar. Acta Theriologica 50 (4), 2005, pp. 537-549
19. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala: Exploitation des bois à précieux Masoala, Madagascar: quel impact sur les tenrecs? Afrotherian Conservation 14, 2018, pp. 20–32
20. ↑ Claudette Patricia Maminirina, Steven M. Goodman and Christopher J. Raxworthy: Les microammifères (Mammalia, Rodentia, Afrosoricida et Soricomorpha) du du massif Tsaratanana et biogeography of Forests de montagne de Madagascar. Zoosystema 30 (3), 2008, pp. 695-721
21. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala and Martin Raheriarisena: The non-volant and non-primate mammals of the Ambatovy Analamay forest. In: Steven. M. Goodman and V. Mass (Eds.): Biodiversity, exploration, and conservation of the natural habitats associated with the Ambatovy project. Malagasy Nature 3, 2010, pp. 153-177
22. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Landryh T. Ramanana, José M. Ralison and Steven M. Goodman: Les petits mammifères non-volants du “Couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo”. In: Steven M. Goodman, Achille P. Raselimanana and Lucienne Wilmé (eds.): Inventaires de la faune et de la flore du couloir forestier d'Anjozorobe - Angavo. Recherche pour le développement, Série Sciences biologiques, Center d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique 24, 2007, pp. 141-182
23. ^ ^{A b} Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Voahangy Soarimalala, JB Duchemin and J.-M. Duplantier: Syntopic occurrence of Hemicentetes semispinosus and H. nigriceps (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) on the central highlands of Madagascar. Mammalia 64, 2000, pp. 113-116
24. ^ ^{A b} Steven M. Goodman, Daniel Rakotondravony, Marie Jeanne Raherilalao, Domoina Rakotomalala, Achille P. Raselimanana, Voahangy Soarimalala, Jean-Marc Duplantier, Jean-Bernard Duchemin and J. Rafanomezantsoa: Inventaire biologique de la Foret de Tsinjoamparivo, Ambatol. Akon'ny Ala 27, 2000, pp. 18-27
25. ↑ Voahangy Soarimalala, Stephen M. Goodman, H. Ramiaranjanahary, LL Fenohery and W. Rakotonirina: Les micromammifères non-volants du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui le relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. Dans Inventaire biologique du Parc National de Ranomafana et du couloir forestier qui la relie au Parc National d'Andringitra. In: Stephen M. Goodman and VR Razafindratsita (eds.): Recherches pour le Développement. Série Sciences Biologiques 17, 2001, pp. 199-229
26. ^ ^{A b} P. J. Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Hemicentetes semispinosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T40593A97189434 ( [4] ); last accessed on February 19, 2017
27. ↑ ^{a b c} Konrad Herter: About the hedgehogs of Madagascar (Tenrecinae). Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin NF 2, 1962, pp. 5-37
28. ^ Edwin Gould: Evidence for echolocation in the Tenrecidae of Madagascar. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 109 (6), 1965, pp. 352-360
29. ↑ ^{a b c d} Konrad Herter: Investigations on living hedgehogs (Tenrecinae), 3: On the behavior and way of life of the striped tanreks (Hemicentetes semispinosus G. Cuvier) in captivity. Zoological Contributions 9 (2), 1963, pp. 237-274
30. ↑ Melanie Dammhahn, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman: Trophic Niche Differentiation and Microhabitat Utilization in a Species-rich Montane Forest Small Mammal Community of Eastern Madagascar. Biotropica 45 (1), 2013, pp. 111-118
31. ^ ^{A b} Heinrich Francke: Captivity observations on Hemicentetes semispinosus. Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin NF 1, 1961, pp. 118–123
32. ↑ Peter J. Stephenson and Paul A. Racey: Seasonal variation in resting metabolic rate and body temperature of streaked tenrecs, Hemicentetes nigriceps and H. semispinosus (Insectivora: Tenrecidae). Journal of Zoology 232, 1994, pp. 285-29
33. ^ ^{A b} John F. Eisenberg: Tenrecs and solenodons in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 15, 1975, pp. 6-12
34. ^ ^{A b} Walter Poduschka: Hyperthelia, litter size and gestation duration in the subfamily Tenrecinae Cabrera, 1925 (Mammalia: Insectivora: Tenrecidae), together with remarks on the longitudinal striations of the genus Hemicentetes. Contributions to Zoology 66 (2), 1996, pp. 119-128
35. ^ ^{A b} Peter J. Stephenson, Paul A. Racey and Félix Rakotondraparany: Maintenance and reproduction of tenrecs (Tenrecidae) at Parc Tsimbazaza, Madagascar. International Zoo Yearbook 33, 1994, pp. 194-201
36. ↑ Richard Weigl: Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the Living Collections of the world A list of mammalian longevity in captivity. Kleine Senckenberg series, Volume 48, 2005, pp. 1–214 (p. 34)
37. ↑ Steven M. Goodman, FJ Kerridge and RC Ralisomalala: A note on the diet of Fossa fossana (Carnivora) in the central eastern humid forests of Madagascar. Mammalia 67 (4), 2003, pp. 595-598
38. ↑ Lee Couch, Juha Laakkonen, Steven Goodman, and Donald W. Duszynski: Two New Eimerians (Apicomplexa) from Insectivorous Mammals in Madagascar. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2), 2011, pp. 293-296
39. ↑ ^{a b} Kathryn M. Everson, Voahangy Soarimalala, Steven M. Goodman and Link E. Olson: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests. Systematic Biology 65 (5), 2016, pp. 890-909 doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syw034
40. ↑ Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon: Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. , Supplément, Tome troisième. Paris, 1776, plate 37 ( [5] )
41. ↑ Georges Cuvier: Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris, 1798, pp. 1–710 (p. 108)
42. ^ Fredericus Anna Jentink: On the hedgehogs from Madagascar. Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum at Leyden 1879, pp. 137–151 ( [6] )
43. ↑ ^{a b c} Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 ( [7] )
44. ^ Pierre Sonnerat: Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine. here tome second. Paris, 1782, pp. 146–147 and plate 93 ( [8] )
45. ↑ George Shaw: General Zoology. Vol. 1 London, 1800, pp. 1–552 (p. 548) ( [9] )
46. ↑ Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: Catalog des mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 1803, pp. 1–272 (p. 72) ( [10] )
47. ^ Henri Heim de Balsac: Insectivores. In: R. Battistini and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.): Biogeography and ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, 1972, pp. 629-660
48. ↑ Zoo animal list ( [11] ), last accessed on March 10, 2017

Web links

Commons : True striped ducklings ( Hemicentetes semispinosus )  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Hemicentetes semispinosus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2017 Posted by: PJ Stephenson, Voahangy Soarimalala and Steven M. Goodman, 2014. Accessed on 19/02/2017.