Shōtōkan

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Tora no maki - The tiger scroll , symbol of the style

Shōtōkan [ ʃoːtoːkan ] ( Japanese 松濤 館 "House of the Pine Rush") is a style in the Japanese martial art Karate- do.

Features of style

The Shōtōkan style is the most widespread style in karate-do. A distinction is made between the sporting branch and the martial art. Characteristic for this style is a low stance that enables dynamic and powerful movements. The deep stance is primarily practiced in the training of the Kihon elementary school and the Kata as well as in the basic forms of Kumite (Kihon-Kumite). The reason for this is that the muscles and ligaments are always stretched in order to achieve a high range in combat. In Kumite- Shiai and Jiyu-Kumite, karateka is loose and a lot higher. The main feature of the sporty Shōtōkan style is the fight as far as possible from the opponent (sport kumite), whereby the role of close combat is in no way neglected in the Shōtōkan either. In martial arts, on the other hand, the distance is taken as far as possible in order to be able to fight with the whole body and to use throws more effectively. Each Shōtōkan technique can be used either as an attack technique or as a defense technique. Expressions of the stalls (Japanese 回 り , mawari ; command: 回 っ て! , Mawatte! ) Are used in contrast to z. B. Gōjū-ryū or Shitō-ryū predominantly initiated from the rear foot. A few punching, thrusting and blocking techniques in Shōtōkan differ only slightly from those of other styles due to the backward movements in the basic form of execution, whereby the hit surfaces are the same. The kicks do not differ from those of other styles, whereby in Shōtōkan (sporty) more kicks are performed to the head, but not in martial arts.

history

Funakoshi Gichin (1868–1957), born in Shuri on Okinawa and originally working as a secondary school teacher, is now regarded as the founder of Shōtōkan karate. His style is based on Matsumura's Shōrin-ryū . Shōtō was Funakoshi's stage name and means pine rustling - his first own training hall (inaugurated in Tōkyō in the spring of 1935) was called Shōtōkan ("House of Shōtō") for this reason . This name was later adopted for his style of karate. Funakoshi's objective was:

  • Training of mind, character and attitude. "Before you defeat your opponent, you have to defeat yourself."
  • “You can train for a very long time, but if you only move your hands and feet and jump around like a puppet, then karate is no different from learning to dance. The main thing will be missed. It will not be possible to grasp the quintessence of karate-do in this way. " - Funakoshi Gichin, J. Hyams (1979, 87)
  • The self-defense aspect of karate was also important to him. Funakoshi wrote the maxim, which is hardly considered in today's competitive karate: "In karate there is no first hand." (That is, a karateka should never attack first, not even preventively.)

Funakoshi's third son Yoshitaka Gigō developed 1938-1945 as the main teacher in the Shōtōkan-Dōjō deeper and longer positions and from 1943 Gohon-Kumite, Sanbon-Kumite and Ippon-Kumite. Overall a more dynamic and combative style. Also the Mawashi-Geri, Yoko-Kekomi, Yoko-Keage, Ura-Mawashi-Geri and Fumi-Komi. As a student of Yoshitaka, Kase Taiji developed the Ushiro-Geri and the Kaiten-Geri (Japanese 回 天 , kaiten , "return to heaven").

Professor Nakayama Masatoshi (1913–1987), student of Funakoshi Gichin, studied martial arts in China from 1937–1946, among other places . In 1949 he founded the Japan Karate Association (JKA) ( Japanese 日本 空手 協会 , Nihon Karate Kyōkai ) with Nishiyama and Takagi at Takushoku University in Tokyo . Nakayama developed the Jiyū-Kumite, which later represented the basis for the competition in Shōtōkan karate. The special shape of the kumite enabled a more realistic combat simulation and a good basis for strategic analysis, which also led to an improvement in self-assessment. Correct execution of the techniques was checked by the referees. After the war, Nakayama was director of the sports science faculty at Takushoku University. This was the first time that karate was scientifically reviewed. Standard works such as the richly illustrated “Dynamic Karate” and the multi-volume book series “Karate-Perfect” were created. In addition, a sports science collaboration with Okazaki Teruyuki (1931-2020) took place at the JKA, at the University of Long Island in New York . Competition rules were finally developed in 1951 at Waseda University with Oshima.

Members of the JKA included Kase Taiji, Hirokazu Kanazawa , Enoeda Keinosuke , Tsuyama Katsunori , Shirai Hiroshi , Yahara Mikio, Kawasoe Masao , Tanaka Masahiko, Keigo Abe , Asai Tetsuhiko . After Funakoshi's death, his followers split into two groups. One is the Japan Karate Kyōkai, the other the Shōtōkai by Egami Shigeru (1912–1981). Egami, a student of Funakoshi and more of a mystic , rejected Nakayama's path as too sporty and in 1958 founded the Shōtōkai karate. Shōtōkai karate does not hold any competitions. The katas are largely identical to the Shōtōkan katas. After the JKA split off, Egami changed his karate concept, which was previously based on Funakoshi Yoshitaka's view, whereby he was influenced by Aikidō , Taijiquan and Qigong . Here the Shōtōkai differs from the karate of the JKA under Nakayama, which today tries to return to its roots.

Hirokazu Kanazawa (1931-2019) founded the Shōtōkan Karate International (SKI) in 1974 with the masters Asano Shiro , Miura Masuru , Nagai Akio , Kawasoe Masao and Koga Rikuta .

Professor Kase Taiji (1929-2004) founded the World Shōtōkan Karate Association (WKSA) in Milan in 1989 with Master Shirai Hiroshi , which in 1999 became the Shōtōkan-Ryū-Kase Ha Instructor Academy . After Nakayama's death, he could no longer identify with the ever-increasing sporting of karate-do within the JKA.

Associations

Shōtōkan karate is organized in numerous different associations. For example, an Internet platform from Berlin listed 28 associations worldwide under the keyword "karate scene" at the beginning of 2009, 18 nationwide for Germany and 11 for Switzerland, most of which can be assigned to the Shōtōkan or represented as one of several styles.

In the organization of Shōtōkan karate, efforts to create uniform structures on a national, continental and global level are repeatedly opposed to the tendency to create new associations for special schools and styles that do not feel sufficiently represented in existing associations. For example, new foundations have also come about in Germany in recent times, although the German Karate Association (DKV) was able to successfully establish itself as a uniform national professional association for karate under the umbrella of the former German Sports Association (DSB) in the 1980s . In addition, in 1993 Hideo Ochi founded the German JKA offshoot, the German JKA-Karate Association (DJKB for short). The trigger for the establishment of the DJKB and the associated split from the German Karate Association (DKV) were disagreements among the members regarding the interpretation of the traditional values ​​of Shōtōkan karate. Karate was seen reluctantly in the GDR and was only approved in the spring of 1989 under the umbrella of the Judo Association. The Finnish trainer and karateka Risto Kiiskilä built Shōtōkan afterwards and completely after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Parallel to this, the World Union of Karate Do Organizations (WUKO), founded in 1970, and the IAKF International Amateur Karate Federation, founded in 1974 (renamed ITKF in 1986), formed a confederation in 1991, which was established in 1993 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the only world association for Karate was recognized as existed as the World Karate Federation (WKF). The WKF is also a member of Sportaccord ( GAISF until 2009 ). Nonetheless, there are also other internationally active associations, for example the Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation (SKIF) founded in Tokyo in 1978 , the World Shotokan Karate-Do Association (WSKA) founded in Ferrara in 1990 and one of the most recent new foundations (1996 in Frankfurt) World Karate Confederation (WKC).

One of the main reasons for this diversity is the latent contrast between a goal setting based more on origin and tradition on the one hand and a (competition) sport-oriented goal on the other. The latter leads to the need to create uniform association structures in order to be able to act as recognized professional associations under the umbrella of the general national (DSB or DOSB) and international sports associations (GAISF and IOC) and ultimately to be able to participate in the most important sporting event of the present Summer Olympics .

Kata

The following kata are trained in Shōtōkan:

Taikyoku shodan ( 大 極 初段 ) Bassai dai ( 抜 塞 大 ) Gankaku ( 岩 鶴 )
Heian shodan ( 平安 初段 ) Bassai shō ( 抜 塞 小 ) Nijūshiho ( 二十 四 歩 )
Heian nidan ( 平安 二段 ) Empi ( 燕飛 ) Chinte ( 珍 手 )
Heian sandan ( 平安 三 段 ) Jion ( 慈恩 ) Sōchin ( 壮 鎮 )
Heian yondan ( 平安 四段 ) Hangetsu ( 半月 ) Wankan ( 王冠 )
Heian godan ( 平安 五 段 ) Kanku dai ( 観 空 大 ) Meikyo ( 明鏡 )
Tekki shodan ( 鉄 騎 初段 ) Kanku shō ( 観 空 小 ) Gojūshiho dai ( 五十 四 歩 大 )
Tekki nidan ( 鉄 騎 二段 ) Jitte ( 十 手 ) Gojūshiho shō ( 五十 四 歩 小 )
Tekki sandan ( 鉄 騎 三 段 ) Ji'in ( 慈 蔭 ) Unsu ( ウ ン ス )
Ten no Kata ( 天 の 形 )

An overview of the Kata of different styles can be found under Kata (Karate) .

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://karate-kampfkunst.de/Grundlagen/karate_selbstverteidigung.htm
  2. ↑ Portrait Tsuyama Katsunori  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.shotokan-berlin.de  
  3. ↑ Portrait of Yahara Mikio ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shotokan-berlin.de
  4. ↑ Portrait Kawasoe Masao ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shotokan-berlin.de
  5. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kusunoki.de
  6. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 17, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.original-karate.de
  7. ↑ http://www.deutscher-jka-karate-bund.de/
  8. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.karate.de
  9. ^ Risto Kiiskilä | DJKB, Deutscher JKA-Karate Bund eV In: www.djkb.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015 .
  10. ↑ http://www.eurokarate.eu/02recogn/0211e.htm
Japanese name: As is common in Japan, the family name comes before the first name in this article . So Funakoshi is the family name, Gichin the first name.