Spanish-Portuguese War (1735-1737)

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Spanish-Portuguese War
Depiction of a Portuguese colonial soldier in the 18th century; contemporary watercolor
Depiction of a Portuguese colonial soldier in the 18th century; contemporary watercolor
date July 29, 1735 to August 15, 1737
place Banda Oriental (today: Uruguay )
output Contractual agreement
Peace treaty Treaty of Paris
Parties to the conflict

Spain 1506Spain Spain

Portugal 1816Portugal Portugal

The Spanish-Portuguese War was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal in the years 1735 to 1737. The operations of formally undeclared war were limited almost exclusively to the South American colonies, where the two countries to their influence in the Banda Oriental on Río de la Plata (present-day Uruguay ) fought. The mediation of Great Britain and France ultimately resulted in a contractual agreement between the warring parties and the restoration of the status quo ante .

While the actual course of the conflict in South America was largely shaped by the initiative of those responsible on site, in Europe there were only diplomatic disputes. Due to the great distances to the theater of war and the associated problems in communication, they were very slow. According to the historian Heinz Duchhardt , this conflict is a valid example, at least for the first half of the 18th century, of “the endeavor to exclude colonial conflicts and not to let them become a burden on European relations”. Only later did the tendency emerge to classify conflicts from overseas as central to European conditions.

prehistory

Colonial backgrounds

Foundation of Colonia del Sacramento
Representation of the founding of Colonia del Sacramento in the local Museum of City History

Since the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal colonized the South American continent and established colonies there . An unpopulated area, the so-called Banda Oriental, remained between the Portuguese Villa da Laguna and the Spanish Buenos Aires , to which both sides claimed. Prince Dom Pedro , regent from 1667 and from 1682 as Pedro II. King of Portugal, took the initiative in 1678 and ordered the occupation of the disputed area. To protect it from Spain, the fortified Nova Colônia do Sacramento ( New Colony of the Holy Sacrament ) was laid out in 1680 on the Río de la Plata opposite Buenos Aires . The Spaniards reacted immediately with a military attack on the alleged violation of their rights in this region and destroyed the Portuguese settlement in the same year, but the international situation ultimately tipped the balance in Portugal's favor. Spain was at war with France (→ Reunion War ) and relied on good, or at least not hostile, relations with Portugal. On May 7, 1681 it was agreed that the area should remain open to both sides for the time being and that the Sacramento Colony should be restored.

The Colônia do Sacramento, newly established on February 24, 1682, was important due to its geostrategic location, even if it had hardly any connections to the rest of the Brazilian colonies. It partially dominated the Río de la Plata and set limits to the advance of the Spaniards into the Banda Oriental. In addition, Sacramento soon formed an important economic factor for the intermediate trade and thus entered into direct competition with Buenos Aires. Already after about 20 years the place had developed into one of the most important transshipment points, especially for smuggled goods in the South American colonies, and although the Spanish crown urgently wanted to change the situation, its hands were tied due to the continued tense situation in Europe. After the Bourbon Philip V ascended the Spanish throne, he immediately tried to establish a good relationship with Portugal by guaranteeing Portuguese possessions on June 18, 1701 by contract. However, the Lisbon court joined the anti-Bourbon coalition in 1703, and thus the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) expanded to include South America. Colônia do Sacramento was captured by Spanish troops in March 1705. It was not until the Peace of Utrecht on February 6, 1715 that both sides settled their disputes; Spain returned Colônia do Sacramento to Portugal under pressure from England and France.

It remained unclear exactly what size the colony should have. The Portuguese understood this to mean the entire area up to the northern bank of the Río de la Plata, while the Spanish assumed that only the city of Colônia do Sacramento itself was meant and the area that their guns could control (cannon range). To the north of this distance, therefore, Spanish cavalry posts took up positions and prevented any advance by Portuguese settlers northwards to the Río Uruguay . The Portuguese protested, but could not prevail. Instead, they oriented themselves south to the coastal region, where a small military expedition established a new base on November 27, 1723 at the mouth of the Río de la Plata. The Spaniards reacted again with a blockade and drove out the Portuguese contingent. However, they took over the base, now called San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo , and expanded it into a flourishing colony by 1726. Thus Colônia do Sacramento was surrounded north and south by Spanish territories and only connected to the other Portuguese colonies by sea. The subsequent friction and protests by the Portuguese led to nothing. However, at that time all European powers were so focused on the simultaneous crises in Europe (→ Anglo-Spanish War ) that an open outbreak of war on the Iberian Peninsula was avoided for the time being.

Outbreak of hostilities

The Kingdom of Portugal with its 2.1 million inhabitants in Europe belonged to the small powers without a large military and with only a small fleet of never more than 25 ships of the line . King João V was hardly interested in foreign policy anyway and concentrated almost exclusively on the internal affairs of his country or limited his interest to the Iberian Peninsula . The country's closest ally had been the Kingdom of Great Britain since 1654 , with which close economic ties and an alliance agreement had existed at the latest since the Methuen Treaty (December 27, 1703). Since the Peace of Utrecht, the territorial situation in South America had remained unresolved and became a constant point of contention in Portuguese-Spanish relations. Even a beneficial trade agreement aimed at by both sides failed because of this open conflict. On his departure in 1733, the new governor of the Río de la Plata, Miguel de Salcedo y Sierralta (1689–1765), received from the Spanish Foreign and War Minister José de Patiño y Morales therefore the order to control the movements of the Portuguese in the Banda Oriental to restrict, to exert pressure and to clarify the territorial questions that have remained open since 1716 with the Governor of Sacramento.

Portrait of José de Patiño y Morales
José de Patiño y Morales (1666-1736); Painting by Jean Ranc

In 1734 after the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession , in which King Philip V was also militarily involved, an increasingly anti-Spanish mood spread at the Lisbon court. Rumors arose that there were plans to intervene in Spain, to drive out Queen Elisabetta Farnese and to help Crown Prince Ferdinand (married to a Portuguese princess since 1729) to the throne. At the same time, King João V of Portugal made claims on territories in Galicia . In this sense he tried to win the British government for a war against Spain, which was supported by the British ambassador Baron Tyrawley . But senior minister Robert Walpole did not think of getting drawn into the current continental war, seeing the British advantage only in overseas trade.

However, tensions between Madrid and Lisbon soon resulted in a trade war, and eventually an incident in Madrid led to the open rift. In February 1735, some Portuguese diplomatic representatives were arrested in Spain. Now the Portuguese government in London and The Hague reminded of the assistance pact of 1703. The Dutch did not react to the Portuguese ideas, but in Great Britain the public was also anti-Spanish. The traders complained about Spain's obstruction in the Caribbean and feared Spanish attacks on the Portuguese Brazilian fleet. The latter would have had very negative economic effects. So Walpole and the director of the "Southern Department" of the State Department, the Duke of Newcastle , decided to send a fleet. This poorly equipped and poorly supplied fleet was under the command of Admiral John Norris and reached the mouth of the Tagus on June 9, 1735. Norris had orders, however, not to get involved in a war against Spain under any circumstances, except Portugal would be attacked directly. His only task was to protect the Portuguese coasts and merchant ships - a circumstance that embittered King João V.

Under the impression of the break between Portugal and Spain and the impending Anglo-Portuguese actions, the Madrid government also became active. On April 18, 1735, Foreign Minister José de Patiño sent the order to Governor Salcedo not to wait for a formal declaration of war, but to attack and take Colonia del Sacramento by surprise. This order was to arrive in Buenos Aires in August / September 1735 and herald the start of an open war there.

Course of war

Map of the theater of war
Map of the theater of war 1735–1737

Even without instructions from Europe, the conflict in the Banda Oriental quickly turned into an armed conflict. Miguel de Salcedo y Sierralta, the Spanish governor of Buenos Aires, had increased the pressure on the Portuguese since 1734. In anticipation of an imminent confrontation, Brigadier General Antonio Pedro de Vasconcelos also set out in Colonia del Sacramento to strengthen the city with the two bastions "San Pedro de Alcántara" and "Santa Rita". In the summer, Salcedo finally provided the corsair Francisco de Alzaybar with a letter of security and set him on the Portuguese trade with his ship San Bruno . As the first Portuguese ship, he fell into his hands on July 29, 1735, the Nossa Senhora del Rosario e Animas , which had recently left the port of Colonia del Sacramento. On September 15, the Nuestra Señora de la Encina followed , who was brought to Buenos Aires as a prize .

Siege of Colonia del Sacramento

But this was only the beginning of a comprehensive campaign that Salcedo pursued without waiting for the promised reinforcement by two frigates from the motherland. By October 3, 1735, under Don Francisco de Alzaybar, he had gathered 400 soldiers who, supported by the armed merchant ship San Bruno (36 cannons), proceeded against Colonia del Sacramento. They were followed by an armed galley and two transport ships with another 650 soldiers. The Portuguese governor Vasconcelos was only able to counter this with a recruited English merchant ship under Captain William Kelly (30 cannons) as well as 200 soldiers and 500 mounted men. For the time being, these only shadowed the movements of the Spaniards. Meanwhile, the Spaniards brought in Indian Guarani auxiliary troops from the surrounding area. In the first days, the Spaniards devastated the area around the Portuguese colony and captured many residents.

On October 20th, the Spanish armed forces faced Sacramento. They moved into quarters near the town of Vedras and attempted a first attack on the city on November 5, but it failed. Then Salcedo began a regular siege on November 9, 1735 . However, this had little chance of success right from the start, as Salcedo could only deploy 500 soldiers and 4,500 Indians permanently and only 36 cannons were available to him to bombard the Portuguese. In contrast, Vasconcelos had 935 soldiers and 80 guns in Sacramento, supplemented in the port by the galley Nossa Senhora da Penha de França and the smaller Camaragipe . The English merchant ship under Captain William Kelly had meanwhile managed to leave the La Plata estuary and to inform the Portuguese governor in Rio de Janeiro of the events in the Banda Oriental.

The Portuguese had used the previous days to arm the inhabitants and repair the fortifications. They only had to leave the Isla San Gabriel upstream to the Spanish. Salcedo finally began a twelve-day bombardment on November 28th and then attempted to storm the city on December 10th. However, the attack was repulsed, so the Spanish continued their bombardment in the days that followed. Portuguese reinforcements arrived on January 6, 1736 and broke the Spanish blockade. At the request for help that Vasconcelos had sent to Rio de Janeiro , the viceroy André de Melo e Castro there were the frigates Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (50 cannons) and Bom Jesús de Vila Nova (20 cannons) with 370 sailors and 460 soldiers sent under Tomaz da Gonçalvez da Silva. This made it impossible to starve Sacramento, and Salcedo led the bulk of his troops back to Buenos Aires by February 10th. In the vicinity of the Portuguese settlements only 200 infantrymen and 500 cavalrymen remained to continue to exert pressure.

Portuguese counter-offensives

Two uniforms from Portuguese officers
Uniforms of Portuguese colonial officers; contemporary watercolor

Since the outnumbered Portuguese troops were weakened by an epidemic of dysentery , they were unable to take advantage of this situation. But by April 5, 1736, the Portuguese brought in another 270 soldiers and deployed them offensively against the Spaniards together with the ships Nossa Senhora de Nazaré , Bom Jesús da Confiança and the English merchant ship of Captain Kelly. On April 18, they raided the Spanish settlements on the Río de la Plata and, on April 24, defeated the Spanish troops remaining in front of Sacramento for the first time.

The initiative clearly passed to Portugal after the Spanish attacks were fended off. In Rio de Janeiro, a powerful small fleet of two ships of the line (74 cannons each), a frigate, a galley, a brigantine and two hired merchant ships was put together under Commodore Luiz de Abreu Prego . With 600 soldiers under Brigadier General José da Silva Pais , the association launched on June 25, 1736 and reinforced the Portuguese troops in the Banda Oriental. In the mouth of the Río de la Plata, at the end of August, there were several sea battles with the Spanish frigates Hermonia (52 cannons) and San Esteban (50 cannons), who had arrived from Spain as reinforcements. The Spanish ships managed to make their way to Buenos Aires and on the way to drop some soldiers to reinforce the blockade troops off Sacramento. But when the Portuguese naval association reached Sacramento on September 26, 1736 and brought its soldiers ashore, the military preponderance of the Portuguese had become so great that on October 4th they were able to drive all Spanish associations behind the San Juan River. Despite further Portuguese reinforcements in November, trench warfare broke out here. Only on December 9, 1736 did a Portuguese advance on the San Juan River lead to a battle in which the attackers lost 134 of 180 men.

Brigadier General da Silva Pais and Commodore Abreu Prego decided to launch their own offensive against Montevideo, which began on December 24, 1736. However, the five ships and more than 1200 soldiers did not succeed in overpowering the 800-strong Spanish crew, which was supported by a frigate in the port. After about two weeks, the Portuguese finally withdrew to Brazil, but not without setting up a base at Punta del Este , north of Montevideo, on January 13, 1737 . The city of Maldonado later developed from this . Another foundation of da Silva Pais' on his return journey north was the fort "Jesus Maria e José", the cornerstone of which was laid on February 17, 1737 and from which the city of Rio Grande later developed.

The Spaniards reacted to the increased military presence of the Portuguese with their own reinforcements. In March 1737 the two warships Galga (56 cannons) and Paloma (52 cannons) arrived near Buenos Aires , which had accompanied the troop transport Rosario . On the way they had captured a total of five Portuguese ships. Governor Salcedo felt strong enough now to go on the offensive again. On May 15 he appeared with four frigates, two brigantines and numerous other transport ships off Sacramento. However, he was unable to overcome the garrison, which had now grown to 1,000 men, and in the following days there were only fruitless battles with the five Portuguese brigantines in these waters. On May 27, however, the Spaniards suffered a defeat at Isla Martín García , which made it possible for the Portuguese to supply Sacramento by sea. So this Spanish attempt at blockade had also failed. It was not until August 15 that the Portuguese frigate Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem of Captain Duarte Pereira arrived at the Maldonado base and brought the news that an agreement had been reached between Portugal and Spain on March 16, 1737 in Paris . This ended the fighting in the Banda Oriental.

Negotiations in Europe

Portrait of King João V of Portugal
King João V of Portugal (1689–1750); Painting by Pompeo Batoni

Admiral Norris and Ambassador Tyrawly were soon convinced that the Spanish side did not pose a serious threat to Portugal, although King João V continued to press for joint action. In response to the news of the arrival of the English fleet, France and Sardinia , Spain's allies, had also moved ships into Spanish waters. However, the leading minister of France, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury , wanted to limit the current war of the Polish Succession. He was about to conclude an advantageous preliminary peace with Emperor Charles VI. (which could not be completed until October 3, 1735) and therefore wanted to avoid a confrontation with Great Britain. Instead, this side also offered to mediate between Portugal and Spain.

As early as the summer of 1735, Dom Manoel José, the brother of the Portuguese king, made contact with the French consul Jacques de Montagnac , which resulted in an agreement to send a Jesuit named Louis Gonçalves to Paris to discuss the proposed solutions. Meanwhile, Admiral Norris, Ambassador Tyrawly, Montagnac, the Dutch resident Van Thiel, King João V and his first minister Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real were negotiating with each other in Lisbon . These negotiations were delayed mainly due to the contradicting reports from South America. The diplomats only learned of the direct Spanish attack on Colonia del Sacramento and the sea battles on the Río de la Plata on February 19, 1736. Pointing out that Sacramento imports more English wool than all of the rest of Brazil, Mendonça demanded that English ships be sent to South America. Admiral Norris refused on the grounds that the English fleet was needed in Europe to protect Portugal from direct attacks. Mendonça died shortly afterwards on May 9, 1736, and it was months before his successor was determined.

The Portuguese did not immediately present the news from South America to the other diplomats, so that they only found out in September 1736 that Portuguese ships had launched a counter-offensive and that Colonia del Sacramento had not yet fallen. In addition, Dom Manoel José went to the Madrid court on his own during this time to reach an agreement, but without success. In the meantime, King João V learned of the unsuccessful Portuguese operations in the Banda Oriental and decided to pursue the negotiation path more consistently. He ordered the ambassador Luis da Cunha from The Hague to Paris, where since July 1736 the representatives of Great Britain, France and the Netherlands had agreed to persuade Portugal and Spain to make concessions through joint pressure. Only then did real progress in the negotiations begin. Admiral Norris and Tyrawly then informed King João V that the three mediators would submit a proposal for a solution to the conflict and, if this were accepted by him, the mediating powers would also induce Spain to accept it.

Luis da Cunha represented Portuguese interests in Paris and an agreement was reached in January 1737. The Treaty of Paris was signed on March 16 . In essence, the treaty stipulated that the crowns of Portugal and Spain reserved the right to fully resolve the South American border disputes at a later date. Until then, the status quo , the pre-fighting acquis, should be restored. The Treaty of Paris was therefore more like an armistice . The signing of the contract was announced on April 11th. Diplomatic relations between Lisbon and Madrid were restored to normal and the British fleet under Admiral Norris left Portugal on April 16, 1737.

consequences

Statue of General José da Silva Pais
Monument to General José da Silva Pais in Rio Grande (Brazil)

After the treaty agreement between the mother countries became known throughout the entire La Plata area in the course of September 1737 and the fighting had ceased, an economic boom began in the region. Colonia del Sacramento returned to smuggling and raising livestock, but agriculture in the surrounding area was virtually destroyed by the devastation and would never recover. The consequence for the Portuguese settlers was also that they had to change their concept. Originally they had planned to settle eastwards from Sacramento along the coast and thus someday make contact with Brazil. But this had become impossible simply because of the new limitation by Montevideo. Instead, the settlement movement now ran inland against the Río de la Plata. The extent of this settlement never reached the planned extent, but a new fort called Fortaleza do Sul was built and the island of Santa Catarina was settled . Many of the new settlers came from the Azores and focused primarily on agriculture rather than trade as before.

However, the conflict primarily fueled Portuguese interest in its South American colonies. The governors were asked to send expeditions, make maps and monitor the borders. The new fortifications of Sacramento partially consumed a third of the royal household. However, it soon turned out that Sacramento and a large part of the Brazilian territories were west of the line of Tordesillas and therefore actually belonged to Spain. The Spanish cartographers had not yet found this out, and so it remained at the status quo for the time being.

Map of the territorial distribution in South America around 1754
Distribution of the Spanish (red) and Portuguese (green) colonies in South America around the middle of the 18th century

However, it did not remain entirely peaceful in the region, as both sides were preparing for new clashes. In addition to building fortifications, the Portuguese began occupying the strategically important island of Santa Catarina (August 1738) by Brigadier General da Silva Pais the following year. He remained governor of the island in the following years. In return, the Spaniards turned Montevideo into a fortress and naval base. The reign of King Fernando VI. of Spain from 1746 onwards was shaped by internal reforms and foreign policy balancing, including with Portugal, whereby it certainly played a role that the new king maintained good relations with the neighboring country through his wife Maria Bárbara de Bragança . Under the leadership of the Minister José de Carvajal y Lancaster , the Treaty of Madrid was concluded in 1750 , which contained the following provisions: Colonia del Sacramento was to be handed over to Spain, which in return ceded the Jesuit reductions east of the Rio Uruguay and the rest of the Portuguese Settlements in the Amazon and Mato Grosso recognized. In South America itself, these changes met with fierce resistance, especially from the Jesuits and the Guaraní (1754/55). Ultimately, for this reason, Sacramento was not handed over to the Spaniards, and the treaty remained largely a theoretical construct.

The Banda Oriental, however, remained a political bone of contention. Ferdinand's successor, King Carlos III. rejected the treaty provisions in 1760 during the Seven Years' War . The then incumbent Spanish governor of Río de la Plata, Pedro de Cevallos , imposed unacceptable conditions on the Portuguese settlers and finally went on the attack. He not only conquered Colonia del Sacramento, but also took up the entire area which today includes the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and which had been settled by the Portuguese in the previous decades. In Europe, too, both mother countries were at war with one another. In the Peace of Paris (1763), the return of Colonia del Sacramento to Portugal was again determined, and four years later the conquered Brazilian territory also fell back to the Portuguese. Only in 1777 did another conflict (→ Spanish-Portuguese War (1776–1777) ) lead to the final conquest of Colonia del Sacramento and the Banda Oriental by Spanish troops. The First Treaty of San Ildefonso (October 1, 1777) essentially returned to the 1750 unification. Spain then claimed the area of ​​the Río de la Plata until the beginning of the South American Wars of Independence .

literature

  • Heinz Duchhardt: Balance of Power and Pentarchy - International Relations 1700–1785. Schöningh, Paderborn 1997 (=  Handbook of the History of International Relations , Vol. 4), ISBN 3-506-73724-4 .
  • Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715–1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats and Traders. Tamesis Books Ltd., London 1985, ISBN 0-7293-0190-7 .
  • Heinrich Handelmann: History of Brazil. Julius Springer, Berlin 1860.
  • David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara 1999, ISBN 0-87436-837-5 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Balance of Power and Pentarchy - International Relations 1700–1785. Paderborn / Munich 1997, p. 85
  2. ^ A b Heinrich Handelmann: History of Brazil. Berlin 1860, pp. 626-630
  3. ↑ a b Joao Capistrano de Abreu: Chapters of Brazil's Colonial History 1500-1800. Oxford / New York 1997, p. 169
  4. ^ Heinrich Handelmann: History of Brazil. Berlin 1860, pp. 631-633
  5. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Balance of Power and Pentarchy - International Relations 1700–1785. Paderborn / Munich 1997, pp. 201-203
  6. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 49
  7. ↑ Fernando Jumar: El precio de la fidelidad - La guerra de Sucesión en el Río de la Plata, los intereses locales y el bando Borbón. In: Annie Molinié-Bertrand / Alexandra Merle: L'Espagne et ses guerres - De la fin de la reconquête aux guerres d'indépendance. Paris 2004, p. 206, fn. 12
  8. ^ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715–1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats and Traders. London 1985, p. 64 f.
  9. ↑ Cf. Heinz Duchhardt: Balance of Power and Pentarchie - International Relations 1700–1785. Paderborn / Munich 1997, p. 293 f.
  10. ↑ Fernando Jumar: El precio de la fidelidad - La guerra de Sucesión en el Río de la Plata, los intereses locales y el bando Borbón. In: Annie Molinié-Bertrand / Alexandra Merle: L'Espagne et ses guerres - De la fin de la reconquête aux guerres d'indépendance , Paris 2004, p. 206, fn. 12
  11. ^ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715–1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats and Traders. London 1985, p. 66 f.
  12. ↑ For details on this royal order cf. Aníbal Riverós Tula: Historia de la Colonia del Sacramento 1680-1830. In: Revista del Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay. Montevideo 1955, p. 622
  13. ↑ a b Santiago Gómez: Guerras entre España y Portugal en la cuenca del Río de la Plata. On todoababor.es (as of July 15, 2013)
  14. ^ A b David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara 1999, p. 378 f.
  15. ^ A b Heinrich Handelmann: History of Brazil. Berlin 1860, p. 634
  16. ^ A b David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara 1999, p. 379
  17. ^ David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara 1999, p. 380
  18. ^ David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara 1999, p. 380 f.
  19. ^ A b David Marley: Wars of the Americas - A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara 1999, p. 381
  20. ^ A b c Heinrich Handelmann: History of Brazil. Berlin 1860, p. 635
  21. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 67 f.
  22. ↑ On Montagnac, cf. Anne Mézin: Les consuls de France au siècle des lumières (1715–1792). Paris 1997, p. 447
  23. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, pp. 71, 73-75
  24. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 77 f.
  25. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 81
  26. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 83
  27. ↑ Alan David Francis: Portugal 1715-1808 - Joanine, Pombaline And Rococo Portugal As Seen by British Diplomats And Traders. London 1985, p. 82 f.
  28. ^ Charles Ralph Boxer: The Golden Age of Brazil 1695-1750 - Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. London 1962, p. 251
  29. ↑ Renate Pieper: Ferdinand VI. (1746-1759). In: Walther L. Bernecker / Carlos Collado Seidel / Paul Hoser (eds.): The Spanish Kings - 18 historical portraits from the Middle Ages to the present. Munich 1997, p. 155
  30. ^ Max Savelle: Empires to Nations - Expansion in America 1713-1824. London 1974, pp. 132-134
  31. ↑ Fernando Jumar: El precio de la fidelidad - La guerra de Sucesión en el Río de la Plata, los intereses locales y el bando Borbón. In: Annie Molinié-Bertrand / Alexandra Merle: L'Espagne et ses guerres - De la fin de la reconquête aux guerres d'indépendance. Paris 2004, pp. 206 f., Fn. 13
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on August 7, 2013 in this version .