Prickly poppies
| Prickly poppies | ||||||||||||
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Broad-horned prickly poppy ( Argemone platyceras ) |
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| Argemone | ||||||||||||
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Prickly poppy ( Argemone ) is a genus of plants from the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The 32 or so species are widely distributed in the New World , including one in Hawaii .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Argemone species grow as annual or biennial, monocarpic or perennial herbaceous plants , some species are subshrubs . The parts of the plant produce a white, yellow to orange, bitter milky sap . There are taproots formed. Stems and leaves can be frosted. The mostly upright and squat stems are branched and leafy.
The alternate and helically distributed on the stem and / or arranged in a basal rosette leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blade can be lobed or weakly to deeply lobed. The leaf margins are serrated and each leaf tooth ends in a spike tip. The leaf surfaces are often frosted, often speckled over the leaf veins and bristly hairy or bald; they can be prickly. Stipules are missing.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are solitary or in terminal zymose inflorescences . There are bracts present, sometimes they are deciduous leaf-like. The flower buds are erect.
The relatively large, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The flower base is narrowly conical. The two or three free sepals have a horn-like tip, can be studded with spines and fall off when the flower opens. The (rarely four to) usually six petals are in two circles. The color of the petals can often be orange or yellow to yellow-white or white, sometimes pink to mauve, depending on the species. In the flower buds, the petals overlap like roof tiles or they are twisted. The many (20 to 250 or more) free, fertile stamens are formed centripetally. The stamens are thread-like or sub-like in the upper area. The anthers are often elongated, two columns near the base, bent outward and curved when opened. Most three to five, rarely up to seven carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown, which is egg-shaped conical-ovoid or almost elliptical. There are many ovules . On the ovary there are as many styles as carpels, the styles are short to barely recognizable, free and end in radial lobes.
Pollination occurs by insects ( entomophilia ).
Fruits and seeds
The upright, mostly prickly or rarely bare, ellipsoidal capsule fruits usually have three to five, rarely up to seven fruit fans, the segments of which are slightly lobed or they open from the upper end towards the base to usually a third of their length, rarely further into a kind of skeleton, the individual elements of which remain connected with the pistils and stigmas and contain many seeds. The almost spherical seeds are tiny grained. There is an aril .
Chromosome number
The basic chromosome number is n = 14. Most herbaceous species can form hybrids, but the F1 generation is sterile if the parents differ in the degree of ploidy .
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Systematics and distribution
The genus Argemone was established in 1753 by L. in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 508-509. Argemone mexicana L. was introduced as a lectotype species in 1913 by NL Britton and A. Brown in Ill. Fl. NUS , 2nd edition, 2, p. 138. Synonyms for Argemone are Echtrus Lour. and Enomegra A.Nelson .
The genus Argemone belongs to the tribe Papavereae in the subfamily of Papaveroideae within the family of Papaveraceae .
There are about 32 species in the genus Argemone found in the New World and Hawaii (one species):
- Argemone aenea G.B. Ownbey : It thrives on dry plains and low hills, along roads and fields at altitudes between 0 and 1500 meters in Texas . In Mexico it occurs in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.
- White prickly poppy ( Argemone albiflora Hornem. ): It occurs with two subspecies in the USA
- Argemone arida rose
- Argemone arizonica G.B. Ownbey : The species thrives on steep slopes at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 meters only in Arizona .
- Argemone aurantiaca G.B. Ownbey : The species thrives in fields as well as on pastures and hills at altitudes between 150 and 500 meters in Texas.
- Argemone brevicornuta G.B. Ownbey
- Argemone burkartii Sorarú , home: Argentina
- Argemone chisosensis G.B. Ownbey , home: Mexico
- Argemone corymbosa Greene , native to western North America
- Argemone crassifolia G.B. Ownbey
- Argemone echinata G.B. Ownbey
- Argemone fruticosa Thurber ex A. Gray
- Argemone glauca (Nutt. Ex Prain) Pope
- Argemone gracilenta Greene , native to: Arizona, Mexico
- Large-flowered prickly poppy ( Argemone grandiflora Sweet ), native to Mexico
- Argemone hispida A. Gray , native to: Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming
- Argemone hunnemannii Otto
- Mexican prickly poppy or common prickly poppy ( Argemone mexicana L. ): It occurs naturally from Canada via the USA and Mexico, in Central America and on the Caribbean islands as well as in western South America in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. He is a neophyte in many areas of the world .
- Argemone munita Durand & Hilg. , Home: Western North America
- Pale prickly poppy ( Argemone ochroleuca Sweet ): The home is Mexico. It is a neophyte in some tropical to subtropical areas of the world.
- Argemone ownbeyana M.C. Johnst .
- Broad-horned prickly poppy or giant-flowered prickly poppy ( Argemone platyceras Link & Otto ): The home is southern Mexico.
- Argemone pleiacantha Greene , native to: Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
- Horned prickly poppy or multi-flowered prickly poppy ( Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) GBOwnbey ), home: USA (from Texas and Colorado to North Dakota and Wyoming)
- Argemone rosea hook.
- Reddish-white prickly poppy ( Argemone sanguinea Greene ), native to: northeastern Mexico , southern Texas, on coastal dunes and in the chaparral at altitudes of up to 1500 meters
- Argemone squarrosa Greene , native to western North America
- Argemone subalpina A. McDonald
- Argemone subfusiformis G.B.Ownbey : Your homeland is South America.
- Argemone subintegrifolia G.B. Ownbey
- Argemone superba G.B. Ownbey
- Argemone turnerae A.M.Powell .
use
Some varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.
An oil is extracted from the seeds of Argemone mexicana , which is used, for example, in the manufacture of soap. The medicinal effects of Argemone albiflora and Argemone mexicana have been studied.
swell
- Gerald B. Ownbey: Argemone in der Flora of North America , Volume 3: same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 (section description, distribution and systematics)
- Mingli Zhang & Christopher Gray-Wilson: Argemone , p. 262 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, December 2, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 (Description section)
- Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold : The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany . Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Mingli Zhang & Christopher Gray-Wilson: Argemone , p. 262 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, December 2, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Gerald B. Ownbey: Argemone in der Flora of North America , Volume 3: same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9
- ^ Entry in the Flora of Pakistan
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ Entry in Tropicos . Accessed January 2012
- ↑ a b c Entry at GRIN. Accessed May 2015
- ↑ a b Argemone mexicana entry in Plants for A Future . Accessed January 2012
- ↑ Argemone albiflora entry in Plants for A Future . Accessed January 2012
further reading
- AE Schwarzbach & JW Kadereit: Phylogeny of prickly poppies, Argemone (Papaveraceae), and the evolution of morphological and alkaloid characters based on ITS nrDNA sequence variation , In: Pl. Syst. Evol. , Volume 218, 1999, pp. 257-279.
