Urban redevelopment
Urban redevelopment - sometimes also referred to as urban renewal - aims to eliminate urban development deficiencies and, not infrequently, social grievances in urban areas, which are then declared as redevelopment areas. Accordingly, the term old town renovation or district renovation means the implementation of comprehensive planning and building regulations measures to improve the quality of an urban area. The basis for this type of renovation is the renovation law in the building code . A more comprehensive planning also includes traffic planning . On the other hand, traffic planning projects can give rise to urban redevelopment.
Consequences of restructuring
The renovation of such neighborhoods is often accompanied by the social displacement of entire population groups due to the significant rent increase. If this happens on a large scale and without compensation, there is a risk of slum formation or ghettoization in suburban areas with lower structural standards .
Since the standard of the redeveloped quarters increases significantly as a result of the measures (redevelopment goal), the cold rents also increase (on the other hand, heating costs decrease as a result of energetic refurbishment ). Higher warm rents can result in a higher social status of the resident structure and lead to exemplary or noble quarters (see also gentrification ).
Redevelopment area
Since 1971, a redevelopment area can be formally established by the municipality in accordance with the Building Code , if the deficiencies of a district described in the Building Code have been identified. In the context of urban redevelopment measures , the measures of private builders are sometimes also funded or, conversely, the city tries to give them a financial share in the costs.
Up until the 1950s, the term “redevelopment” was not in use in Germany as an alternative to “demolition”. The destruction after the Second World War initially inevitably led to a repair or reuse of the still usable substance. The increased demand for housing then led to the construction of "satellite towns" in the urban fringes.
The Hansaviertel was built in Berlin from 1955 to 1960 . As a result, new buildings concentrated on the outskirts from the end of the 1950s. In 1963–1974, the Märkisches Viertel and 1962–1975 the Gropiusstadt were created .
But the cost increases in the sixties in the construction of new building complexes in the outdoor areas - the complete transport and supply networks had to be built as well - led to the idea of moving forward more cheaply by demolishing old districts. The areas there were declared “redevelopment areas” and: “In 1963, the first urban renewal program was announced in West Berlin. Renewal meant almost exclusively demolition and new construction. ”Arguments from the turn of the century were also taken up:
“The ' tenement city ' was vilified like no other type of city in the history of architecture, it embodied the un-city par excellence in the optics of urban modernism, the barbaric amalgamation of human contempt and ugliness. [...] From the 1960s this picture served as an argumentative basis for the renovation of the area : the "practical implementation of the criticism."
“This needed a tabula rasa: the old city had to give way completely. Entire parts of the city were torn down and replaced by completely new structures. [...] Existing buildings - also of good quality - were deliberately left to decay in order to be replaced by high-rise office buildings (e.g. Frankfurt-Westend ). The urban development of the 1960s and 1970s was characterized by extensive ignorance of the historical situation. "
But the criticism of the method, which is also known as deforestation , gradually spread in planning and politics and in 1971 the urban development law (StBauFG) came into force as a general legal basis : "Considerably expanded demands were made on the quality of the preparatory investigations and the entire planning" For the first time, “those affected” are no longer just used to refer to owners and “federal funds for funding” were made possible - but there were still “considerable uncertainties regarding the possibilities of repair and modernization.”
Redevelopment policy
In its original logic, the designation of redevelopment areas meant the application of area redevelopment , which could only tolerate the preservation of the existing building structure in exceptional cases . Historic city centers were also partially destroyed. Towards the end of the 1970s, however, the clashes came to a head, as the destruction in blocks continued. In the early 1980s, resistance not only resulted in squatting in Berlin, and the concept of cautious urban renewal , newly developed by architects and planners, led to the halt of “clear-cut renovation” (H.-W. Hämer).
Early, cautious approaches
In Bremen, for example, in the 1960s, traffic policy planning began to build an approximately 120 meter wide aisle along Mozartstrasse with connections to the Rembertikreisel on one side and to a new bridge to Neustadt on the other: the "Mozarttrasse". With these plans, the Bremen city center was to be kept largely free of motorized traffic and the expected increase in traffic volume was to be passed through quickly. A high building with up to 28 floors was planned along the tangents. These considerations were given concrete form in 1971 through a renovation concept for the Ostertorviertel . Only after a long discussion did the majority of the Bremen citizens vote against the project at the end of 1973. In 2009 the alternative Ostertorsanierung working group received an award to honor people "who have made a name for themselves through their commitment to the historical cityscape, to urban and architectural development and to conveying architectural values - especially in Bremen". Citizens' initiatives in Regensburg also followed the example of Bremen, where between 1960 and 1980 the implementation of large-scale inner-city transport policy plans was prevented and the preservation of the medieval old town of Regensburg , which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006, was ensured.
"Unlike in the 1960s, there has been a broad urban opposition to the urban renewal policy since 1973, which was accompanied by a cultural re-evaluation of the quarters of the imperial era ."
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Another example was the “ New Kreuzberg Center ” (NKZ) at Kottbusser Tor in 1974 -; in addition there were overflowing motorway construction plans (abandoned in 1976) and through the practice of long-term "renting out" ...
“Thousands of apartments were empty in West Berlin, while 80,000 households with a residence permit were urgently looking for an apartment. This obvious discrepancy caused individual groups - first in Kreuzberg - to occupy vacant houses and make them habitable again. [...] In May 1981, 168 houses in Berlin were occupied, 86 of them in Kreuzberg "
Careful urban redevelopment
The comprehensive principle could only be replaced by renovation measures, which had to be based on a differentiated assessment of the structure of each individual building in connection with the correspondingly treated buildings in the area. The social aspects had to be regulated accordingly and work organization carried out. The counter-arguments were derived from this: Processes that were too complicated = long duration ("because the talk about voting takes time ...") and much higher costs.
Hardt-Waltherr Hämer - since 1979 planning director of the International Building Exhibition (IBA) in the center of the Kreuzberg redevelopment area with 12,000 'tenants' and several hundred dismissed businesses - succeeded in developing (and also calculating) a new concept against area redevelopment: The cautious Urban renewal . His co-author U. Kohlbrenner saw the development and political implementation of the concept in a new reflection by planners and architects, the commitment of the residents and also of employees in the authorities involved: It “only succeeded after the contradictions [ ... after] the fundamental questioning of the previous urban renewal practice had spectacularly discharged into squatting. The changed form of urban renewal had to be fought for. ”(Kohlbrenner, p. 54)
The Twelve Principles of Gentle Urban Renewal were published in 1981; in the spring of 1982 [...] succeeded in gaining political approval from the Kreuzberg district. In March 1983 the House of Representatives finally took note of these principles as a guideline.
Hämer succeeded in proving in a comprehensive balance sheet that the renovation took seven years from the decision about letting, demolition and new construction to the (re-) moving in of the residents, - with the new concept, “the renewal still needs to be done long, about two years ... ".
On the occasion of the International Building Exhibition 1984/87 results were shown in Berlin. The front buildings of the Berlin perimeter block development were preserved and the rear buildings could only be demolished in the case of unreasonable living conditions with regard to light, air and sun .
In 1990, the publication of Urban Renewal Berlin - Experiences, Examples, Perspectives , was changed with justified hopes, but also with a certain skepticism about the continuation of the concept of cautious urban renewal “among the new challenges [...] caused by the removal of the wall Urban structure ”. However, the new concept was carried over to East Berlin and continues to shape methods and public participation in projects to this day.
Schweinfurt model
The old town renovation based on the so-called Schweinfurt model is being imitated nationwide. The city of Schweinfurt has been buying the "hopeless cases" in old town redevelopment areas since the 1980s , making them attractive with property regulations, the demolition of outbuildings, basic or partial renovations and verified usage suggestions and ensures a manageable risk when buying.
Historical
From around 1830 (when cholera came to Western Europe from Russia), many cities were rehabilitated after cholera epidemics . Sewage pipe systems were built and the drinking water supply was improved. The cholera epidemic in Hamburg in 1892 was the last major cholera outbreak in Germany.
literature
- Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin (Ed.): Urban renewal Berlin , Berlin October 1990. (Cited authors: Harald Bodenschatz, Urs Kohlbrenner, Hardt-Waltherr Hämer).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Harald Bodenschatz: The "tenement city" in the criticism of the 20th century , in: Stadternerung Berlin, Ed .: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 22 f.
- ↑ IBA 1984 Berlin, in: archivINFORM ( accessed : September 24, 2019).
- ↑ Urs Kohlbrenner: Upheaval in the Seventies - Fundamentals and models for conservative urban renewal in: Urban renewal Berlin, Ed .: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 46.
- ↑ On January 16, 2009, the "Bremen Award for Building Culture" was awarded for the second time in the Bremen Upper Town Hall.
- ↑ Hardt-Waltherr Hämer: Cautionary urban renewal in: Urban renewal Berlin, Ed .: Senate Department for Building and Housing Berlin, October 1990, p. 67.
- ↑ H.-W. Hämer: Careful urban renewal , p. 64.
- ↑ Matthias Bernt: Rüber folded. The “careful urban renewal” in Berlin in the 90s . Schelzky & Jeep, 2003, ISBN 3-89541-163-9 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Nagel, Senator for Building and Housing, in the foreword to Urban Renewal Berlin, p. 4.
- ↑ Schweinfurter Tagblatt: Full throttle with the old town renovation , March 1, 2012