Pounder
| Pounder | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pitcher ( Emex spinosa ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Emex | ||||||||||||
| Neck. ex Campd. |
Stechampfer ( Emex ) is a genus of plants in the knotweed family (Polygonaceae). The genus contains only two species , both of which are invasive plants and dreaded weeds .
description
Appearance and leaves
Pitcher species are annual herbaceous plants that develop a taproot . The plant parts are bare, the stems prostrate to upright.
The alternate arranged on the stem leaves are seasonal green and pedunculated. The Ochrea is membranous to paper-like and often falls off. The simple leaf blade is almost spike-shaped, triangular, ovate or ovate-oblong. The leaf margin is smooth to indistinctly notched or serrated, sometimes wavy.
Inflorescences and flowers
The Stechampfer-kinds are monoecious, separated sexes ( monoecious ). They can bloom all year round. The grape-like inflorescences are terminal or lateral and stalked.
The unisexual flowers are on separate inflorescences on one specimen. The male flowers are stalked, the female flowers have no or almost no stem. The inflorescence consists of rarely five or usually six greenish, sepal-like bracts, which are free in the male flowers and bell-shaped in the female flowers at their base, and especially in the female flowers have two different shapes. A bunch of one to eight male flowers stands above an ochrea. The male flowers contain four to six free stamens with yellowish to reddish, elliptical to egg-shaped anthers. A bunch of one to seven female flowers stands above an ochrea. The female flowers contain three upright styles .
Fruits and seeds
The achenes, which are surrounded by the durable, hardened and thorny flower cover, are bare, brown, triangular (not three-winged) and shiny. The seeds contain a curved embryo .
Sets of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 10.
Systematics and distribution
Noël Martin Joseph de Necker published the genus name Emex in his work Elementa botanica in 1790 and separated it from the genus Rumex (derivation of Emex from " E x" Ru mex ). This publication is invalid as this book is one of the works suppressed by the ICBN . The name Emex only became valid in 1819 through the publication of Francisco Campderá . He had to fight against the synonym Vibo Medik, which actually had priority . which had already been published in 1789.
Campderá placed Emex spinosa in the genus as the only species and, in contrast to the masculine Rumex, determined the gender of the genus name to be feminine. The orthographic variant " Emex spinosus " that can sometimes be found is therefore incorrect. In 1838 described Adolph Steinheil a second type, Emex australis. Both Emex species also form hybrids , which were first reported in 1980.
The genus Emex belongs to the tribe Rumiceae in the subfamily Polygonoideae within the family Polygonaceae . It contains only two types:
- Stechampfer ( Emex spinosa ( L. ) Campd. ) The original distribution area is in the Mediterranean and the Orient . It occurs in Portugal , Spain , Corsica , Italy , Greece , Turkey , Cyprus , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Israel , Lebanon , Jordan and the Arabian Peninsula .
- Emex australis Steinh. : It is common in southern Africa : Namibia , Swaziland , Lesotho and the South African provinces of Free State , KwaZulu-Natal , Limpopo, Mpumalanga , Gauteng , Eastern, Western and Western Cape. australis means "south", but not "Australia", so the common name "Southern Stechampfer" would be correct.
Both plant species have invasively spread over the entire tropical , subtropical and temperate area of the earth. They displace other plant species and cause great damage to agriculture , so that they are considered an "agricultural pest".
swell
- Craig C. Freeman: Emex . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 5: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-522211-3 , pp. 487–488 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (Sections Description and Systematics).
- Mohammad Qaiser: Flora of Pakistan 205: Polygonaceae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany / Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi / St. Louis 2001, online (section description).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Noel Martin Joseph de Necker: Elementa botanica, genera genuina, species naturales omnium vegetabilium detectorum eorumque characteres diagnosticos ac peculiares exhibentia secundum systema omologicum seu naturale, evulgata. Societas Typographica, Neuwied am Rhein 1790, p. 214, preview in the Google book search.
- ↑ John McNeill et al. a .: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) (= Regnum Vegetabile. Volume 146). Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 2006, ISBN 3-906166-48-1 , Appendix VI, Opera utique oppressa (online) .
- ↑ a b Francisco Campderá: Monograph of Rumex, précédée de quelques vues générales sur la famille of polygonées. Treuttel et Würtz, Paris 1819, p. 56, digitized .
- ↑ John McNeill et al. a .: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) (= Regnum Vegetabile. Volume 146). Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 2006, ISBN 3-906166-48-1 , Appendix IIIA, Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda. (online) .
- ↑ John McNeill et al. a .: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) (= Regnum Vegetabile. Volume 146). Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein 2006, ISBN 3-906166-48-1 , Article 62.3 (online) .
- ^ Adolph Steinheil: Matériaux pour servir à la Flore de Barbarie (Quatrième article). In: Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique. sér. 2, Volume 9 No. 4, pp. 193-211, plates 7, 8, (PDF file) .
- ↑ E. Putievsky, PW White, DR Marshall: Inter Specific hybridization between Emex australis and E. spinosa. In: Australian Journal of Botany. Volume 28, 1980, pp. 323-328 (not seen).
- ^ A b c Emex in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Werner Greuter , Hervé-Maurice Burdet , Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 1: Pteridophyta (ed. 2), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae - Cneoraceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1984, ISBN 2-8277-0151-0 . (Entry for Emex spinosa )
- ↑ David Heller, Chaia Clara Heyn: Conspectus Florae orientalis. An Annotated Catalog of the Flora of the Middle East. Fascicle 9. Lycopodiaceae - Sarraceniales. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem 1994, ISBN 965-208-109-4 , p. 38.
