Stillingia
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Stillingia is a genus of plants withinthe milkweed family (Euphorbiaceae). The 30 or so species occur in temperate to tropical areas, mainly in the New World . Stillingia sylvatica was used in folk medicine .
description
Appearance and leaves
Stillingia species are usually upright, annual to perennial herbaceous plants that can reach heights of up to 2 meters. More rarely there are half-shrubs or bushes , only Stillingia acutifolia and Stillingia oppositifolia grow as small trees . The milky juice is clear or milky. The plant parts are bare.
The leaves are mostly alternate and relatively far apart on the stem axis or rarely opposite to whorled arranged leaves are petiolate. The simple, thin to membranous or leathery (only with Stillingia diphtherina ) to fleshy leaf blades , depending on the species, have a smooth or toothed leaf edge and two glands at the base of the leaf. The tiny stipules are thread-like and glandular.
Inflorescences and flowers
Stillingia species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The flowers stand together in lateral or terminal, total inflorescences . In a zymous partial inflorescence there is only one male, but different numbers of female flowers. The bracts have glands. The unisexual flowers are more or less radial symmetry . There are no petals . The sepals are mostly free. The male flowers have a bilobed calyx and two stamens . The dust bags open with a longitudinal slit. The female flowers have three sepals overlapping in the bud or they are reduced or absent. The upper ovary is rarely two, mostly three-chambered. There is only one hanging, anatropic ovule per ovary chamber . The three styluses are almost free.
Fruits and seeds
The rarely two, mostly three-lobed, septicidal capsule fruits disintegrate into rarely two, mostly three single-seeded partial fruits. The seeds are spotted. The embryo has two broad and flattened cotyledons ( cotyledons ).
Systematics and distribution
The genus Stillingia was treated in 1767 by Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae , 12th edition, volume 2, pages 611 and 637 and in Carl von Linné, which appeared as an independent appendix to this work at the same time: Mantissa Plantarum , volume 1, p the authorship of Alexander Garden first described . A synonym for Stillingia Garden ex L. is Gymnostillingia garbage. Arg. The genus name Stillingia honors the English botanist Benjamin Stillingfleet (1702–1771).
Johann Friedrich Klotzsch placed this genus in the Hippomaneae tribe. The closely related genus Sapium ( Sapium species are woody plants in which the sepals are always fused) was placed by some authors in the genus Stillingia and then not. Rogers (1951) divided this genus into several sub-genres.
The genus Stillingia belongs to the subtribe Hippomaninae from the tribe Hippomaneae in the subfamily Euphorbioideae within the family of Euphorbiaceae .
The approximately 26 species occur in temperate, warm, subtropical to tropical areas, mainly in the New World . The exceptions are: three species are native to Madagascar and one species is native to Réunion , Mauritius , Fiji and Malesia . The species whose areas are closest to the equator only thrive at higher altitudes. The distribution area extends north to the 38th parallel in southern Kansas and south to the Sierra de Cordoba in Argentina.
There are around 26 species of Stillingia :
- Stillingia acutifolia (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Hemsl. (Syn .: Stillingia pietatis McVaugh ): They are small trees. The species occurs from Mexico to Honduras .
- Stillingia aquatica Chapm. : It is native to Georgia and Florida .
- Stillingia argutedentata Jabl. : It occurs only in the eastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais .
- Stillingia bicarpellaris S. Watson : It occurs only in northeastern Mexico.
- Stillingia bodenbenderi (Kuntze) DJRogers (Syn .: Stillingia dusenii Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It occurs from southern and southeastern Brazil to Argentina.
- Stillingia dichotoma Garbage. Arg. : It occurs only in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
- Stillingia diphtherina D.J. Rogers : It occurs from southern Mexico to Honduras.
- Stillingia linearifolia S.Watson : The range extends from southern California, western Arizona and southern Nevada to the island of Guadalupe and the Mexican states of Baja California and Sonora.
- Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Müll.Arg. : There are two subspecies. It occurs in Réunion , Mauritius , Fiji and in Malesia .
- Stillingia oppositifolia Baill. ex Müll.Arg. : They are small trees. It occurs in southern Brazil.
- Stillingia parvifolia Sánchez Vega, Sagást. & Huft : It is from Peru.
- Stillingia patagonica (Speg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. : It is native to southern Argentina. It is also referred to as Spegazziniophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Esser in the genus Spaegazziniophytum .
- Stillingia paucidentata S. Watson : It occurs from southeastern California to Arizona.
- Stillingia peruviana D.J. Rogers : It is native to Peru. The fruit is edible.
- Stillingia querceticola McVaugh : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Nayarit .
- Stillingia salpingadenia (Müll.Arg.) Huber (Syn .: Stillingia scutellifera D.J.Rogers ): It occurs from Bolivia to north-eastern Argentina.
- Stillingia sanguinolenta Garbage. Arg. : It occurs from Mexico to Honduras.
- Stillingia saxatilis Garbage. Arg. : It occurs in the eastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais .
- It occurs from Paraguay to northeastern Argentina (Misiones).
- Stillingia spinulosa Torr. : It occurs from southern Nevada, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona to the Mexican states of Baja California del Norte and Sonora.
- Stillingia sylvatica L. (Syn .: Stillingia tenuis Small ): It occurs with two subspecies in the central and southeastern USA.
- Stillingia tenella (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Esser : It occurs from Bolivia to Argentina (Jujuy).
- Stillingia terminalis Baill. : It occurs in Madagascar .
- Stillingia texana I.M.Johnst. : It occurs from Oklahoma , New Mexico and Texas to the Mexican state of Coahuila .
- Stillingia trapezoidea Ule : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Piauí .
- Stillingia treculiana (Müll.Arg.) IMJohnst. : It occurs from southern Texas to northeastern Mexico.
- Stillingia uleana Pax & K. Hoffm. : It occurs in the eastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
- Stillingia zelayensis (Kunth) Müll.Arg. : It occurs from Mexico to western Panama.
swell
- Stillingia in the Jepson Flora Project . (Number of species, distribution and description)
- David James Rogers: A revision of Stillingia in the new world . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . tape 38 , no. 3 , 1951, pp. 207-243 ( (online at biodiversitylibrary.org) ). (Systematics, distribution and description)
Individual evidence
- ^ Native American Ethnobotany . ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Stillingia in the Jepson Flora Project .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m David James Rogers: A revision of Stillingia in the new world . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . tape 38 , no. 3 , 1951, pp. 207-243 ( (online at biodiversitylibrary.org) ).
- ^ Frans Antonie Stafleu , Richard S. Cowan: Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Second edition. Volume III: Lh-O. In: Regnum Vegetabile. Volume 105, 1981, p. 107 online at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ A b Stillingia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Entry in Tropicos .
- ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Stillingia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 21, 2020.
