Stinkhorn relatives

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Stinkhorn relatives
Common stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus)

Common stinkhorn ( Phallus impudicus )

Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Phallomycetidae
Order : Stinkhorns (Phallales)
Family : Stinkhorn relatives
Scientific name
Phallaceae
Corda

The stinkhorn relatives (Phallaceae) are a family of mushrooms within the order of the stinkhorn-like (Phallales).

features

Cut witch egg ( Phallus impudicus )

The stinkhorn relatives are gasteroid ; so have spores that develop inside the fruiting bodies. The fruit bodies emerge from gelatinous, spherical or egg-shaped structures, so-called " witch eggs ", which are completely or partially buried in the ground. The peridia , the outer shell of the witch's egg, is white-purple or reddish in color and consists of 2–3 layers. The outer layer is thin, membranous and elastic, while the inner layer is thick, gelatinous and firm in texture. When ripe, the peridia opens at the apex and remains as a volva at the base of the receptacle .

The fertile part of the receptacle is often located at the end of a fleshy or spongy stem , which can be cylindrical, star-shaped or grid-shaped. The receptacle is often brightly colored and sometimes consists of a lattice or reticulate membrane that encloses and protects the spores. The spore mass ( gleba ) is olive-green, gelatinous , smelly in most species and dissolves over time. The gleba develops either on the surface of a hat or on the upper part of the receptacle.

The basidia are narrow-club-shaped or spindle-shaped, short-lived and consist of 4–8  sterigmata . The spores are usually elliptical or cylindrical in shape, hyaline or pale brown, smooth, more or less smooth-walled, and have a blunt base.

Genera

The following genera are described:

  • Aporophallus Möller (1895): This monotypical genus includes a species, Aporophallus subtilis , which was found in Brazil. The fruiting bodies are similar to those of the genus Phallus , but differ in the lack of an opening at the apex of the pileus and its gelatinous nature.
Aseroe rubra
  • Aseroe Labill. (1800): Ripe fruiting bodies consist of a rough, cylindrical, white or pink colored stalk that is about 6 × 2 cm in size and has a volva at the base. At the top there is a light red disc surrounded by a variable number of arms, typically 3–7 cm long. The gleba, which is located on the disc and the inner surfaces of the arms, is slimy, foul-smelling and green in color. The spores are hyaline and are 4–6 × 1.5–2 µm in size. Aseroe rubra , an Australian and Pacific species, has also spread to Europe and North America.
  • Blumenavia Möller (1895): The receptacle consists of 3–6 white or orange columns that are fused at the top but free at the base. The gleba is located on spore slime structures, "glebiferen", which cover the inner surfaces of the columns. The genus includes three species that are common in South America and Africa.
Clathrus ruber
  • Clathrus P.Micheli ex L .: The fruiting bodies are barred and consist of hollow, tubular arms which emerge from basal tissue within the volva. The spores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline and are 4–6 × 1.5–2.5 µm in size. The best-known species include Clathrus ruber , the red lattice , Clathrus archeri , the squid mushroom and Clathrus columnatus , the columnar lattice.
Colus hirudinosus
  • Colus Cavalier & Séchier (1835): A genus with four species. The receptacle consists of a short stem from which six pillars extend, which in turn unite at the top to form a red grid sphere. The gleba is smeared on the inside of the receptacle.
  • Echinophallus Henn. (1898): This monotypical genus from New Guinea includes a species, Echinophallus lauterbachii , which is reminiscent of Indusium-bearing species of the genus Phallus . It differs from these by the smooth, wrinkled pileus, from the underside of which a shorter indusium hangs down. The exoperidia of the witch's egg or the volva is covered by spiky or wart-like elevations.
  • Endophallus Zang & Petersen (1989): This genus includes a species, Endophallus yunnanensis , which was found in China and externally resembles species of the genus Phallus . It differs from these in the peridia, which is not connected to the base of the stem and therefore does not persist as a volva when ripe.
  • Ileodictyon Tul. ex M.Raoul (1844): The fruiting bodies are latticed and consist of gelatinous branches whichextendfrom the volva . The spores are elliptical and are 4–6 × 1.5–2.5 µm in size. The "basket mushroom" native to New Zealand, Ileodictyon cibarium , is reminiscent of a round or oval ball, which is composed of interwoven or barred branches.
Itajahya galericulata
  • Itajahya Möller (1895): Characters of this genus include a white calyptra (tissue that covers the tip of the fruiting body and to which the gleba is attached) with lamellar plates that are covered by the gleba. The gleba has a white speckled surface and the pileus appears like a wig after removing the gleba. The thick, sturdy stem consists of several, chambered walls.
Laternea pusilla
  • Laternea Turpin (1822): The receptacle consists of 2–4 pink or orange arms that are fused at the top but free at the base. At the top, where the arms are fused, they form a bulge, from the underside of which a reddish-orange spore slime structure, a "glebiferum", hangs down. The genus includes two species that are native to tropical America.
  • Ligiella JA Sáenz (1980): The fruiting bodies are 4.5–6.5 cm long and 2.2–5 cm wide and have four to five thick, white and chambered arms that are connected at the tip, but free at the base are. The monotypical species Ligiella rodrigueziana , which is only known from Costa Rica ,belongs to this genus.
Lysurus periphragmoides
  • Lysurus Fr. (1823): The fruiting bodies consist of a long stem that ends in 3 to 4 short arms. These arms, which are initially connected but usually separate when ripe, are covered by the brownish-olive gleba. The spores are ellipsoidal and are 4–5 × 1.5–2 µm in size.
  • Mutinus ( Huds. ) Fr. (1849): Ripe fruiting bodies have a spongy, cylindrical-hollow stem that ends in a “head” that is becoming slimmer and covered by the dark olive gleba. In older specimens, the gleba may have been washed off or worn away so that the red or orange color of the head can be seen. Mutinus caninus , the common dog's tail, is one of the best-known species.
  • Neolysurus Orson K. Miller , Ovrebo & Burk (1991): The species Neolysurus archipulvinus , which was described from Costa Rica,belongs to this monotypical genus. As with species of the genus Lysurus , the stem consists of a tubular construction. Neolysurus is the only genus of rod fungus whose long stalk ends in pillars or arms that branch and join together to support the pillow-shaped, olive-green gleba. The gel cushion is divided into polygonal sections by narrow, whitish to pink colored meshes. The hymenium is located between the meshes.
  • Pseudoclathrus B. Liu & YS Bau (1980): A genus from China that includes five species. The receptacle consists of several arms of the same diameter, which are fused together at their tips. The spores are cylindrical in shape and are 4.5 x 2.2 µm in size.
Pseudcolous schellenbergiae
  • Pseudocolus Lloyd (1907): In this tropical genus, the receptacle consists of 3–4 thin arms that touch at the tips and are fused to a short stalk at the base. The best-known species include Pseudocolus fusiformis and Pseudocolus garciae .
  • Staheliomyces E. Fischer (1921): The fruiting bodies of this monotypical genus from tropical America consist of a hollow, white and cylindrical structure that becomes 12-16 cm high and has conspicuous holes and cavities. The tip is tapered or has a pinched appearance. Between the tip and the center of the fruiting body is a belt-like band that carries the olive-green gleba.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Walter Jülich: Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes . In: Bibliotheca Mycologia . tape 85 . J. Cramer, Vaduz 1982 (485 pages).
  2. ^ Paul F. Cannon, Paul M. Kirk: Fungal families of the world . CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2007, ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5 , pp. 270-271 (456 pages).
  3. ↑ a b JU Lloyd, G. Lloyd: Phallus subtilis . In: Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica . Cincinnati (USA) 1902, p. 18 ( available online ).
  4. ↑ Ellis and Ellis, p. 219.
  5. ^ A b c David Norman Pegler, Luis Diego Gómez: An unusual member of the cage fungus family . In: Mycologist . tape 8 , no. 2 , p. 54-59 , doi : 10.1016 / S0269-915X (09) 80124-9 ( PDF; 784 KB ).
  6. ↑ a b c d e Orson K. Miller Jr, Clark L. Ovrebo, William R. Burk: Neolysurus : a new genus in the Clathraceae . In: Mycological Research . tape 95 , no. 10 , 1991, pp. 1230-1234 , doi : 10.1016 / S0953-7562 (09) 80016-6 .
  7. ^ A b WH Long, DJ Stouffer: Studies in the Gasteromycetes: IX. The genus, Itajahya , in North America . In: Mycologia . tape 35 , no. 6 , 1943, pp. 620-628 .
  8. ^ José Alberto Saenz: Ligiella , a new genus for the Clathraceae . In: Mycologia . tape 72 , no. 2 , 1980, p. 338-349 ( available online ).
  9. ^ Wei Zhou, Keqin Zhang: A new species of genus Pseudoclathrus from Yunnan, China . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 16 , 2004, pp. 227-230 ( PDF; 335 KB ).
  10. ↑ Michael Kuo: Staheliomyces cinctus . In: MushroomExpert.com . March 2009, accessed July 27, 2012 .

Web links

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