Stink morels

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Reason: Origin of the name "Stink ...", olfactory active components of the Gleba and information on the spreading strategy of the spores by animals are missing. - Ak ccm ( discussion ) 03:15, 16 Feb. 2014 (CET)
Stink morels
Common stinkhorn (Phallus impudicus)

Common stinkhorn ( Phallus impudicus )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Phallomycetidae
Order : Stinkhorns (Phallales)
Family : Stinkhorn relatives (Phallaceae)
Genre : Stink morels
Scientific name
phallus
Junius ex L.

The stinkhorn ( phallus ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of the stinkhorn relatives (Phallaceae).

The type species is the common stinkhorn ( Phallus impudicus ).

features

The fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn are initially spherical to egg-shaped (so-called witch's egg with a membranous outer and gelatinous inner shell), are located underground and later emerge half out of the ground as they grow. During the ripening of the fruiting bodies, the peridia tears open , the unbranched, hollow and chambered receptaculum , which at its end bears the moist gleba , stretches. The slimy dark green or olive colored gleba sits on the stem-shaped receptacle in a bell-shaped manner. A coarse-meshed veil can appear between the hat and the stem, but this does not occur in all species of the genus.

ecology

The species of the genus are soil saprobionts or root parasites .

Class-internal systematics

In 1996 the mycologist Hanns Kreisel attempted to classify the genus:

Classification according to roundabout

1. Phallus subgenus Aporophallus
Pileus bell-shaped, imperforate, smooth surface. No indusium. Receptaculum without pigments.

  • Phallus subtilis

2. Phallus subgenus Itajahya
Pileus, bell-shaped or wig-like, with a flat and angular tip, imperforate. No indusium. Receptaculum with pink or without pigments.

  • Phallus glutinolens
  • Phallus galericulatus
  • Phallus roseus

3. Phallus subgenus Endophallus
Pileus bell-shaped, tip perforated, surface reticulate. Indusium rudimentary. Receptaculum with basal disc, hardly protruding. No pigments.

  • Phallus yunnanensis

4. Phallus subgenus Satyrus
Small species with a mutinus habit. Pileus bell-shaped, pointed or blunt or cut off, granular or wrinkled. No indusium. Receptaculum with yellow, orange or red pigments.

  • Phallus rugulosus
  • Phallus nanchangensis
  • Phallus taibeiensis
  • Phallus rubicundus
  • Phallus novae-hollandiae
  • Phallus caliendricus

5. Phallus subgenus Phallus
pileus bell-shaped to conical with a perforated tip. Indusium absent or present. Pigments pink to purple or yellow / orange / red or absent.

5a. Phallus sect. Granophallus
pileus surface granular. No indusium. Receptaculum with basal disc. Pink to purple pigments in the mycelial strand.

  • Phallus ravenelii

5b. Phallus sect. Clautriavia
pileus surface wrinkled. Indusium present or absent. Volva can be provided with spiky elevations. Receptaculum not pigmented.

  • Phallus Lauterbachii
  • Phallus echinovolvatus
  • Phallus merulinus

5c. Phallus sect. Flavophallus
pileus surface reticulate. Indusium present or absent. Yellow, orange or red pigments in the receptaculum and / or indusium.

  • Phallus flavocostatus
  • Phallus tenuis
  • Phallus formosanus
  • Phallus callichrous
  • Phallus multicolor
  • Phallus cinnabarinus
  • Phallus sp. (now phallus luteus )

5d. Phallus sect. Dictyophora
Pileus surface reticulate. Indusium absent or present. Pink or purple pigments in the volva, mycelium cord and partly in the receptaculum.

  • Phallus hadriani
  • Phallus macrosporus
  • Phallus duplicatus
  • Phallus indusiatus
    • Phallus indusiatus var. Roseus
  • Phallus rubrovolvatus

5e. Phallus sect. Phallus
pileus surface reticulate. Indusium absent or present. Receptaculum, volva and mycelial cord pigmentless.

  • Phallus impudicus
    • Phallus impudicus var. Obliteratus
    • Phallus impudicus var. Pseudoduplicatus
  • Phallus amurensis
  • Phallus fragrans
  • Phallus favosus
  • Phallus moelleri

species

In 1996 Kreisel recognized 33 species. As a result, 3 species are restricted to the New World and 18 to the Old World , while 10 more are found in both hemispheres. In 2005 the Spanish mycologist Francisco D. Calonge reduced the number of species to 25. The 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi , published in 2008, only gives a number of 18 species. Since then, some species have been re-described. According to an estimate made in 2009, the actual number should be around 30 species.

Species in Europe

The common stinkhorn ( Phallus impudicus ) and the dune stinkhorn ( Phallus hadriani ) occur in Central Europe . Whether the European lady veil is a form of the common stinkhorn or belongs to the American species Phallus duplicatus is controversial in the literature.

German name Scientific name Author quote
Real veil lady Phallus duplicatus Bosc 1811
Dune stinkhorn Phallus hadriani Ventenat 1798: Persoon 1801
Common stinkhorn Phallus impudicus Linnaeus 1753: Persoon 1801
European veil lady Phallus impudicus var.  Pseudoduplicatus O. Andersson 1989
Magnificent veil lady Phallus multicolor (Berkeley & Broome 1883) Lloyd 1907
Orange-red stinkhorn Phallus rubicundus (Bosc 1811) Frieze 1823

Species worldwide

The list provided is based on the previously mentioned study by Calonge. Phallus favosus and Phallus fragrans were named there as dubious species. P. megacephalus , described in 1995, was not mentioned by either Kreisel or Calonge. P. galericulatus & P. roseus have been included in the genus Itajahya again since 2012 . P. pygmaeus was recognized as a synonym of Xylophallus xylogenus in the same year . Species not listed by Calonge that have since been newly or rediscovered are provided with corresponding individual records.

Stinkhorns ( Phallus ) worldwide
  1. Phallus anamudii
  2. Phallus atrovolvatus
  3. Phallus caliendricus
  4. Phallus calongei
  5. Phallus cinnabarinus
  6. Phallus coronatus
  7. Phallus drewesii
  8. Phallus duplicatus
  9. Phallus echinovolvatus
  10. Phallus flavidus
  11. Phallus flavocostatus
  12. Phallus formosanus
  13. Phallus glutinolens
  14. Phallus granulosodenticulatus
  15. Phallus hadriani
  16. Phallus haitangensis
  17. Phallus impudicus
  18. Phallus indusiatus
  19. Phallus luteus
  20. Phallus macrosporus
  21. Phallus maderensis
  22. Phallus megacephalus
  23. Phallus mengsongensis
  24. Phallus merulinus
  25. Phallus minusculus
  26. Phallus multicolor
  27. Phallus nanchangensis
  28. Phallus ravenelii
  29. Phallus rubicundus
  30. Phallus rubrovolvatus
  31. Phallus serrata
  32. Phallus sulphureus
  33. Phallus taibeiensis
  34. Phallus tenuis
  35. Phallus tenuissimus
  36. Phallus ultraduplicatus

Origin of name

The scientific name is derived from the Greek word phallos for male member and refers to the shape of the fruiting body.

swell

literature

  • German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
  • Heinrich Dörfelt : The Earth Stars. Geastracea and Astraeaceae . 2nd Edition. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1989, ISBN 978-3-7403-0230-6 (120 pages).
  • Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. Volume 2. Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN  0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Carl Linnaeus: Species Plantarum . Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 1178 .
  2. ↑ a b Hanns Kreisel: A preliminary survey of the genus Phallus sensu lato . In: Czech Mycology . tape 48 (4) , 1996, pp. 273–281 ( available online [PDF]).
  3. ^ A b FD Calonge: A tentative Key to identify the Species of Phallus . In: Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid . tape 29 , 2005, pp. 9–17 ( available online as a PDF document ).
  4. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. P. 520. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 .
  5. ↑ Larissa Trierveiler-Pereira, Clarice Loguercio-Leite, Francisco D. Calonge, Iuri G. Baseia: An emendation of Phallus glutinolens . In: Mycological Progress . tape 8 , no. 4 , 2009, p. 377-380 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-009-0603-7 .
  6. ↑ M. Zang (1995). Acta Micologica Sinica . 14 (4). P. 251.
  7. ↑ TS Cabral et al. (2012). Abrachium , a new genus in the Clathraceae , and Itajahya reassessed. Mycotaxon . 119. pp. 419-429.
  8. ↑ L. Trierveiler-Pereira et al. (2012). Notes on Xylophallus xylogenus ( Phallaceae , Agaricomycetes ) based on Brazilian specimens. Mycotaxon . 120. pp. 309-316.
  9. ↑ C. Mohanan: Macrofungi of Kerala . Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India 2011, ISBN 81-85041-73-3 .
  10. ^ G. Moreno, AN Khalid, P. Alvarado: A new species of Phallus from Pakistan . In: Mycotaxon . tape 108 , 2009, p. 457-462 .
  11. ↑ Rebriev, Yury A .; Pham, Thi Ha Giang; Alexandrova, Alina V. (2014): Phallus coronatus sp. nov. from Vietnam. Mycotaxon 127. pp. 93-96.
  12. ↑ DE Desjardin, BA Perry: A new species of Phallus from São Tomé, Africa . In: Mycologia . tape 101 , no. 4 , 2009, p. 545-547 .
  13. ^ Hanns Kreisel, Anton Hausknecht: The Gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 3. Some recent Records . In: Austrian journal for mushroom science . tape 18 , 2009, p. 149-159 .
  14. ^ Vagner G. Cortez, Iuri Baseia, Rosa Mara B. da Silveira: Two noteworthy Phallus from southern Brazil Mycoscience 52 (6)
  15. ↑ HUILI LI, XUELAN MA, PETER E. MORTIMER, SAMANTHA C. KARUNARATHNA, JIANCHU XU & KEVIN D. HYDE: Phallus haitangensis, a new species of stinkhorn from Yunnan Province, China Phytotaxa 280 (2): 116–128 Online doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.280.2.2
  16. ↑ T. Kasuya: Phallus luteus comb. nov., a new taxonomic treatment of a tropical phalloid fungus . In: Mycotaxon . tape 106 , 2008, p. 7-13 .
  17. ↑ FD Calonge, MM de Sequeira, T. Freitas, E. Rocha, L. Franquinho: Phallus maderensis sp. nov., found in Madeira, Portugal . In: Boletin de la Sociedad Micologica de Madrid . tape 32 , 2008, p. 101–104 ( available online as a PDF document ).
  18. ↑ a b HUILI LI, ETER E. MORTIMER, SAMANTHA C. KARUNARATHNA, JIANCHU XU, KEVIN D. HYDE: New species of Phallus from a subtropical forest in Xishuangbanna, China . In: Phytotaxa . tape 163 (2) , 2014, pp. 91–103 ( available online as a PDF document ).
  19. ^ Li, TR, Song B. & Liu B. (2002). Three taxa of Phallaceae in HMAS, China. Fungal Diversity 11: 123-127.
  20. Jump up ↑ Li TH, Liu B, Song B, Deng WQ, Zhou TX: A new species of Phallus from China and P. formosianus , new to the mainland . In: Mycotaxon . tape 91 , 2005, p. 309-314 ( org.uk ).
  21. ↑ Adamčík, S; Cai, L; Chakraborty, D; Chen, XH et al. 2015. Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 1-10. Cryptogamy mycology. 36 (2): 121-166
  22. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).

Web links

Commons : Phallus  - collection of images, videos and audio files