Beach rye
| Beach rye | ||||||||||||
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Beach rye ( Leymus arenarius ) |
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| Leymus arenarius | ||||||||||||
| ( L. ) Hochst. |
The beach rye ( Leymus arenarius ), also known as the blue helmet , is a species of the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It is often planted to fortify dunes , mostly rhizome parts are used for this.
description
Vegetative characteristics
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The beach rye is a perennial herbaceous plant and forms large, gray-green to blue-gray colored clumps with long subterranean runners and many renewal shoots . These sometimes grow up within the lowest leaf sheaths , but mostly they break through the leaf sheaths with their buds. The stalks are 60 to 120, rarely up to 200 cm high, are erect and bare. The leaf sheaths are grooved, glabrous and open to the base. The ligule is a membranous border up to one millimeter in length. The leaf blades are 20 to 60 cm long and 8 to 12, rarely up to 20 mm wide. They are spread out flat, and even rolled up when dry. They are rolled in the bud position . The leaves are stiff and piercing, on the upper side there are several rows of long spiky hairs on the ribs, which makes the surface appear rough. The underside is smooth. The leaf has two sickle-shaped, bald ears, which are often bent upwards.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescence is a 15 to 30 cm long, dense and upright spike . The spikelets are sessile and usually stand in pairs on the spindle, in the middle of the ear also in threes. The spikelets contain three to four (rarely six) flowers and are 20 to 30 mm long. The glumes are similar, three-veined, 20 to 30 mm long, lanceolate, pointed shape. They are coarse-skinned and have a keel that is distantly ciliate. The lemmas have seven nerves and are 15 to 25 mm long, the upper ones being shorter than the lower ones. Their shape is pointed broadly lanceolate, they are coarse-skinned and densely hairy. The palea are two-veined and as long as the lemma. They are lanceolate and hairy on the keels. The anthers are 7 to 8 mm long. The flowering period extends from June to August.
The caryopses are 6 to 8 mm long and hairy at the top. They are fused with cover and palea. At maturity the spikelets disintegrate above the glumes and between the florets, the glumes remain standing.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 56.
ecology
The beach rye is a rhizome - Geophyt and cyan by wax coating, very massive, long streamers forming grass. Vegetative reproduction occurs abundantly due to the runners, which are up to several meters long . The stiff, pungent, rolled up leaves are well adapted to drought, so xeromorphic ; their coarseness also prevents them from being eaten away by ungulates .
The pollination is carried by the wind.
Diaspores (unit of spread) are the caryopses enclosed by the permanent husks . They spread as rain drifts, or they are subject to swimming in the sea; in addition, processing spread by birds and wind spread .
Occurrence
The beach rye is native to the coasts of western and north-western Europe. It was introduced into many other areas.
In Germany, beach rye is widespread on the coasts of the North and Baltic Seas. It is sometimes planted inland.
It grows on the coasts in the area of the upper flushing fringes, at the foot of steep banks, on beach walls, on dunes and foredunes. It is also naturalized on the stone packings of the dikes, on inland dunes and in the places of the Geest Islands. It usually grows on loose dune sand. He loves nitrogen slightly and tolerates salt. He is a runners pioneer and a light plant. It grows high with the dunes, thereby fixing the sand.
In terms of plant sociology, the beach rye is a weak association character of the beach grass white dune societies (Elymo-Ammophiletum arenariae) from the Elymo-Honkenyion peploidis association, but also occurs in societies of the Ammophilion arenariae association.
Diseases
The beach rye is often attacked by the smut fungus Ustilago hypodytes . Spikes are no longer formed on the stalks; thick layers of black fungal spores appear in their place.
Common names
The other German-speaking common names exist or existed for the beach rye : Haargras, Helm ( Ostfriesland ), Helmt (Ostfriesland), Klittag ( Saxony ), Rotwettel ( Wangerooge ), beach grass and beach rye ( Mark Brandenburg ).
swell
- HJ Conert: Parey's book of grasses. Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin, Vienna 2000, p. 84. ISBN 3-8263-3327-6
- Beach rye. In: FloraWeb.de.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Beach rye. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 233 .
- ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- ^ A b CE Hubbard: Grasses. A Guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles . Penguin, London 1992, p. 269, ISBN 0-14-013227-9
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 139. ( online ).
Web links
- Beach rye . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Distribution map according to Hultén (the subsp. Mollis of the map is now listed as a separate species Leymus mollis )
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
