Surami pass

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Surami pass
Surami pass at the end of the 19th century

Surami pass at the end of the 19th century

Compass direction east west
Pass height 949  m
region Inner Cartlia Imereti
Watershed Suramula Chkerimela
Valley locations Chumateleti Pona
expansion Road შ 55, Transcaucasian Railroad , Pipeline Road შ 55, Transcaucasian Railroad , Pipeline
Built Antiquity (road), 1872 (railroad), 1903 (pipeline)
Mountains Lichi Mountains
Map (Georgia)
Suramipass (Georgia)
Surami pass
Coordinates 42 ° 1 '37 "  N , 43 ° 30' 1"  E Coordinates: 42 ° 1 '37 "  N , 43 ° 30' 1"  E
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The Suramipass ( Georgian სურამის უღელტეხილი , Suramis ugheltechili; Russian Сурамский перевал , Suramski perewal ) is a mountain pass in the Lichi Mountains in Georgia .

Historical map of the area around the Suramipass

geography

With a pass height of 949 m, the Surami Pass is the lowest crossing over the Lichi Mountains, which connects the Greater Caucasus in the north with the Lesser Caucasus in the south and separates the Colchian Plain from the Transcaucasian Depression . It represents a climatic divide between a humid subtropical climate in the west and a dry continental climate in the east, but also a historical-cultural dividing line between the east and west of Georgia. The pass is crossed by the road შ 55 between Surami and Charagauli . The Transcaucasian Railway also crosses the mountains in a tunnel nearby . The trunk road ს -1 crosses under the mountain ridge about 2 km north of the Suramipass under the slightly higher Rikoti pass, through the 1.7 km long Rikoti tunnel opened in 1982; In its original course, the road continues to this day under the number Alternativ 56 as an alternative route over the Rikotipass.

Surami pass with the old railway line, painting by Alexander Kisseljow (1891)

history

A trade route between India and Poti has led over the Surami Pass since ancient times , as is documented in the writings of Aristotle , Patrokles and Eratosthenes , as well as Strabo and Pliny .

In 1872 the Transcaucasian Railway was opened, which initially overcame the mountains with gradients of up to 46 ‰ and curve radii down to 100 m. First, Fairlie locomotives of the series Ф were used. At the end of the 1880s, the line was rebuilt and led through the 4 km long Surami Tunnel, opened in 1890, between the Lichi and Zipa stations, which reduced the maximum gradient to 28 ‰ and increased the minimum curve radius to 150 m. The old route between Surami and Pona is still partially accessible.

From the 1880s onwards, the Branobel company had a pipeline for crude oil built from Baku to Batumi over the Surami pass, which was mostly done by hand and was not completed until 1903. It had a capacity of 900,000 tons of oil per year.

Fierce fighting between Georgian and Soviet troops took place on the Surami Pass in March 1921, which, after the withdrawal of the Georgian left flank, ended in a Soviet victory that ushered in the collapse of the First Republic of Georgia .

Railway tunnel and Tschkerimela river (2014)

In 1928, the construction of hydropower plants on the Kura and Rioni rivers , high-voltage lines , substations and the overhead line for the railway line to be electrified began. At the same time, their superstructure was reinforced for an axle load of 22 tons. On August 16, 1932, electrical operation began with locomotives for 3000 V DC that were specially procured for the route . These first electric locomotives in the Soviet Union (until then there were only electric multiple units there) were equipped with regenerative brakes. The first series С С and ВЛ19 electric locomotives built in series in the Soviet Union were also used on the route through the Surami Tunnel from 1933.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Surami Range . In: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1979.
  2. ^ Surami Administrative Unit . Khashuri Municipality. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  3. ↑ Otar Lordkipanidze: Vani: An Ancient City of Colchis . In: Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies . 32.2, 1991, pp. 151-195.
  4. ↑ T. Churadze: Construction of Surami pass railway and tunnel . In: Transport Construction . No. 10, 2005, pp. 29-32.
  5. ↑ Л. Ф. Жуков: Была ли трагедия? . In: Вокруг света , January 1, 1983. Retrieved May 3, 2015. 
  6. ↑ Виталий Николаевич Тестов: Ключевые проблемы обходной линии Сурамского перевала Закавказской железной дороги в середине 80-х - начале 90-х годов XIX в Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и искусствоведение. Вопросы теории и практики . No. 8-4, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cyberleninka.ru
  7. ↑ Emil Avdaliani: Nobels, Rothschilds and Rock Fellers . Center for Business History. 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  8. ↑ Andrew Andersen, George Partskhaladze: Soviet-Georgian War and Sovietization of Georgia, II-III. 1921. Struggle for Eastern Georgia, Abkhazia and Racha . In: Revue historique des Armées . No. 254, 2009.
  9. ^ History of the Railway . Georgian Railway. 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  10. ↑ Direct current (DC) electrification system . rusrail.net. Retrieved May 4, 2016.