Tactics (soccer)

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In football, the tactic is the fixed style of play of a team or individual players. The use of the right tactics is usually determined by the coach . It can be decisive for the game and depends on many factors: the skills of the individual available players (such as their football technique, agility, speed, endurance, etc.), the team structure, their team development and their level of training, etc. and especially on the adaptation to the respective opponent and in certain situations (attack / defense, home game / away, ...).

Since soccer is a team sport , it is much more complicated to find and use a successful tactic than in an individual sport .

Areas of soccer tactics

Tactics is the study of the management and organization of sporting competition . It is the art of using your own technical and physical abilities and skills as successfully as possible. Your goal is to have scored at least one goal more than your opponent and thus to win - or at least not to lose - and to use all permitted means. In football, too, success depends on the interaction of all performance-determining factors; only technically and physically perfect players turn a tactical plan into a successful action.

The multitude of tactical findings in football is classified according to Bauer as follows:

  • General Tactics: This area of ​​tactics is divided into:
  • Individual tactics; the tactics related to the individual player
  • Group tactics; related to several participants
  • Team tactics; concerning the whole team
  • Tactics of the game positions; like goalkeeper defender, center forward etc.
  • Special tactics; depending on the conditions of the game day, the opponent, the score, the game situation

Sepp Herberger summarized some of his tactical experiences as follows - whereby, as with every rule, exceptions are possible:

  • Body between man and ball when dribbling
  • You also have to be able to stay away (= open space)
  • Don't let a ball bounce (if possible, always assume)
  • Start against the ball
  • Don't let a ball pass

The following are examples of possible tactics.

General tactics

Individual tactics

These are individual tactical considerations and measures of individual players :

  • general:
    • The use as an attacker or defender is basically dependent on which team is in possession of the ball ("The attack begins in the defense, the defense begins in the storm").
    • Fints are supposed to deceive the opponent; before a shot; before or while dribbling; by letting the ball through, with free kicks, etc.
  • Individual tactics of players when attacking (examples):
    • With free running ("game without ball") the player wants to evade the opposing cover and offer himself to the other player for a pass or to open the room to another player.
    • When dribbling : it can be used to get into the shooting position; to secure the ball in the absence of a play option; to gain time; if a play is not possible because of the offside position
    • When shooting at goal : surprising shots; Long-range shot; Spin balls depending on goalkeeper position; Fake shot direction and time;
    • Playback "against the running direction" of the opponent, ...
  • Individual tactics of players in defense (examples):
    • In tackling (a playing technique), the tactical considerations relate particularly to the time of execution and the behavior of the opponent (counter-start);
    • Even the striker can attack the opponent, e.g. B. attack after a kick to provoke mistakes in the opponent;
    • Standing play, positional play

Group tactics

For example, certain team groups or several players involved practice tactical considerations as follows:

  • Collective tactics when attacking:
    • Pass (pass) in many variations such as one-two, steep pass; Fake pass and continue the game with dribbling, one-touch soccer , tiki-taka ; Variety in the feed (steep / cross, flat / high, ...);
    • Change of position of the strikers and shift of the game
    • Wing play - with the intention of forcing the defense onto the wings and creating free space in midfield - or to successfully hit a flank;
    • Counter play; when the ball is won in defense, when many opposing players have moved into their own half of the game;
    • Baseline game
    • Power play
    • Kick and Rush
    • Game about the third man
    • Ball handover from dribbling

Team tactics

  • Defensive tactics, e.g. B. with a clearly superior opponent
  • Offensive tactics, e.g. B. if the storm is stronger than the defense including the goalkeeper; at home game
  • Game for time (depending on the score, "save game over time")
  • Change of pace as a surprise element

This area of ​​tactics also includes the use of a suitable game system .

Tactics of the game positions

Tactics related to special game positions:

  • Goalkeeper: positional play, interaction with the team, on penalty kick

Other position-related tactics are known e.g. B.

  • for the center forward,
  • the winger,
  • the inside and outside defenders, etc.

Special tactics

The use of specific tactics may depend on the following circumstances:

  • The conditions of the day of the match: weather (wind, rain, cold, heat, position of the sun, ...), lighting, size of the playing field, ground conditions, own / other place;
  • How your opponent plays: is he technically / physically superior? is he playing hard? what tactics does he use? Are there key players who can be taken out of the game through consistent cover?
  • Score: is the team still complete? does she lead? Should be played "for time"?

There are also tactical considerations in the following standard situations:

Game systems

The best known form of tactical alignment is the game system . A game system ideally describes where the players of a team have to position themselves on the playing field. These different line-ups are essentially chosen according to whether a team wants to play offensively or defensively in a certain situation.

Tactical wisdom

With regard to soccer tactics, some general rules can be presented that have emerged from various game and tactical systems.

Statistical analysis

The sports scientist Roland Loy made statistical considerations on the basis of 3000 game analyzes. Among other things, he stated - in relation to 'common' prejudices:

  • Attacks through the wings are no more effective than attacks through the middle.
  • Only in a good 40% of the games does the team that has won more duels wins.
  • Only a third of the games are won by the team that has had the ball more often than the opposing team.
  • The success rate for the penalty kick is 77%, regardless of whether the fouled shoots the penalty kick or another player.
  • In the case of a penalty kick, it is irrelevant whether the player shoots in a corner or in the middle. It is promising to shoot the ball into the upper half of the goal.
  • After corner kicks that are played on the short (near) post, significantly more goals are scored than after corner kicks on the long (wide) post.

However, the purely quantitative-statistical analysis of soccer games is viewed very critically by many soccer experts.

During the European Championship 2016, a new means of statistical analysis, the so-called “packing”, was presented. In this analysis i. W. determines how many opposing players have been 'taken out of the game' by successful passes. As an example, the 2014 World Cup semi-final between Germany and Brazil (result 7: 1) was given, in which according to the “packing rate” - in contrast to other, conventional statistics - the German team was the superior team.

General

Teams that have a “stable central axis” are considered to function particularly well. This consists of the goalkeeper , two central defenders , two central midfielders and a target player in the attack . Young players are preferred initially in the outer positions, for example as wingers , where they can be instructed by an experienced player from the center and where mistakes do not have the same direct impact on goals as in the center.

In addition to ball safety and a high level of technical skill, the attacking team must also be willing to run. This style of play is based on the idea of ​​constricting the opponent in one's own half of the game or near the penalty area and forcing them to make mistakes in order to score a goal. There are visual similarities to field handball or ice hockey, since all players of the defending team participate in the defense and the attacking team includes almost all available players in the attack.

Other tactical elements

literature

  • Christoph Biermann and Ulrich Fuchs: The ball is round so that the game can change direction: how modern football works . 5th edition. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2006. ISBN 3-462-03124-4
  • Jonathan Wilson : Revolutions on the Turf: A History of Football Tactics . Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2011. ISBN 978-3-89533-769-7
  • Original edition: Jonathan Wilson: Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics . Orion Books Ltd., London 2008. ISBN 0-7528-8995-8
  • Roland Loy: The Lexicon of Football Errors . Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2010. ISBN 3-442-15598-3
  • Harald Dierkes: Success with the diamond . Book on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt 2012. ISBN 978-3-8482-0765-7

Web links

Commons : Team lineups  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Gerhard Bauer "Football perfect" BLV-Verlagsgemeinschaft mbH Munich, 1978
  2. ↑ Dr. Interview with Roland Loy. 11Freunde magazine for football culture, October 11, 2007
  3. ↑ Interview with analyst. Tagesspiegel, June 28, 2008
  4. ^ Rene Maric: Discourse on quantitative statistics in football using the example of Roland Loys, February 4, 2013