Tetrastigma

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Tetrastigma
Chestnut Wine (Tetrastigma voinierianum)

Chestnut Wine ( Tetrastigma voinierianum )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Order : Grapevine-like (vitales)
Family : Grapevines (Vitaceae)
Subfamily : Vitoideae
Genre : Tetrastigma
Scientific name
Tetrastigma
( Miq. ) Planch.

Tetrastigma is a genus of plants within the grapevine family(Vitaceae). The 90 to 100 species occur in Asia , Malesia and northern Australia. Few species are used as ornamental plants , for example chestnut wine ( Tetrastigma voinierianum ) is cultivated in parks and gardens as well as in rooms.

description

Habit and leaves of Tetrastigma nitens
Stem axis with leaves and fruits of Tetrastigma pubinerve

Appearance and leaves

In Tetrastigma TYPES is climbing mostly woody plants, so lianas rare to perennial herbaceous plants . The shoot tendrils are unbranched or two-forked, sometimes multi-forked.

The alternate leaves arranged on the stem axis are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. Depending on the species, the leaf blade is rarely simple, usually divided into five to seven folds, hand-shaped or fingered.

Inflorescences and flowers

Tetrastigma species are polygamous, dioecious , but mostly dioecious, separate sexes ( dioecious ); there are usually only flowers of one sex on a specimen, but sometimes hermaphroditic flowers are also found. The lateral, more or less sessile, simple doldy or compound zymous inflorescences are mostly polychasias and contain a few to many flowers.

The mostly unisexual flowers are fourfold and radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The four sepals are fused so that the calyx is lobed to truncated. The four free, spreading petals are hooded or helmet-shaped at the top, rarely horn-shaped. The discus is well developed in the male flowers and barely noticeable in the female flowers. Only the inner circle of the stamen is present. In the male flowers, the four short, fertile stamens are inserted below the disc. Staminodes are present in the female flowers . In the female flowers are two carpels an upper continuous, two-chambered ovary grown. There are only two ovules per ovary chamber . Depending on the species, the stylus, which is clearly to barely recognizable, usually ends in a broad, four-part scar; it is seldom divided irregularly.

Fruits and seeds

The spherical, ellipsoidal or obovate berries contain one to four seeds. The seeds are elliptical, inverted-elliptical or inverted-triangular. The seed coat is wrinkled transversely and the seed has linear to circular chalaza nodes in the lower area and a linear raphe above. The endosperm is T- or M-shaped in cross section.

ecology

Tetrastigma species in western Malesia are the sole hosts of the large, parasitic plant species in the Rafflesiaceae family, or at least the Rafflesia genus . Some Tetrastigma genes are expressed in the parasite genome , and the codon usage of many other Rafflesia genes is similar to that of their host. This is a degree of integration between two genomes that is not known from any other host-parasite association.

Tetrastigma pubinerve as an invasive plant in Hawaii

Some Tetrastigma TYPES (eg Tetrastigma leucostaphylum , pubinerve Tetrastigma , Tetrastigma voinierianum ) are invasive plants in some areas of the world.

Systematics and distribution

The first publication took place in 1863 in the rank of a section Vitis sect. Tetrastigma Miq. of the genus Vitis by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi , 1, p. 72. The rank of a genus Tetrastigma was in 1887 by Jules Émile Planchon in Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle and Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle : Monographiae Phanerogamarum , Volume 5, pp. 320, 423 published. Tetrastigma lanceolarium (Roxb.) Planch was introduced as the lectotype species in 1912 . specified by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner in Botanisch-Systematic Notes , p. 280. The generic name Tetrastigma refers to the four-part scars.

The genus Tetrastigma belongs to the subfamily Vitoideae within the Vitaceae family .

The wide natural range of the genus Tetrastigma includes Asia and Oceania . There are 44 species in China, 24 of them only there. Four species are native to Australia.

There are 90 to 100 species of tetrastigma , here the species found in China, Taiwan and Australia:

use

The chestnut wine or tonking wine ( Tetrastigma voinierianum ) is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens as well as in rooms.

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Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e f C. Gardner & TA James: Tetrastigma in the New South Wales Flora Online .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Hui Ren & Jun Wen: Tetrastigma , p. 195 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1
  3. ↑ Z. Xi, RK Bradley, KJ Wurdack, KM Wong, M. Sugumaran, K. Bomblies, JS Rest, & CC Davis: Horizontal transfer of expressed genes in a parasitic flowering plant , In: BMC Genomics , Volume 13, 2012, P. 227. doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2164-13-227 online.
  4. ↑ Pingting Chen, Longqing Chen & Jun Wen: The first phylogenetic analysis of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., The host of Rafflesiaceae , In: Taxon , Volume 60, Number 2, 2011, pp. 499-512: Abstract-online.
  5. ↑ Tetrastigma species at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project = PIER.
  6. ^ First published by Miquel in 1863, scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ^ Planchon scanned in 1887 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  8. ^ Tetrastigma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 1, 2013.
  9. ^ Tetrastigma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  10. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , Tetrastigma therein, page 881
  11. ↑ Rhineland-Palatinate Garden Academy: Chestnut Wine (Tetrastigma voinierianum)

Web links and further literature

Commons : Tetrastigma  - collection of images, videos, and audio files
  • CK Yeo, WF Ang & Alvin FSL Locomotive: Tetrastigma Planch. (Vitaceae) of Singapore: with a special note on Tetrastigma dichotomum (Bl.) Planch. , In: Nature in Singapore , Volume 5, 2012, pp. 263–270: full text PDF.