Barrel roof
A barrel roof is arched like half a barrel. So it forms a roof shape , the cross section of which represents a segment of a circle . In the case of a round-arched cross-section without a recognizable ridge , as with the barrel vault , one speaks of a round barrel , in the case of an ogival cross-section of a pointed barrel .
Design and distribution
The barrel shape itself forms the statics of the roof, the tensile forces are normally held by anchor beams spanning the space. This roof shape is rare in architecture , but is one of the oldest roof shapes in the world and is occasionally used for the roofs of industrial buildings and other large-area roofs. If a smaller circle segment than a semicircle is formed in cross-section, a flatter roof shape is created that resembles the general arched roof , which can be elliptical or parabolic . The use of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete also enables other roof shapes, such as the cycloid used at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.
Houses with barrel roofs are already from Jericho , a few millennia BC. Known. Indian Chaitya halls from the 2nd century BC are among the earliest preserved barrel roofs . These are Buddhist cave temples, whose rib arches carved in stone reveal the models in wooden open-air buildings. In the 7th century, stone temples were built as rathas in the somewhat modified form of an upturned hull , which also corresponded to the secular wooden structures that no longer existed from this time. From this the barrel shape, which is still common today, developed as the end of the south Indian temple tower Gopuram .
Buildings with barrel roofs based on Mesopotamian tradition are built by the Madan in the marshland in southern Iraq . The rib arches consist of braided bundles of around 6 meters long reeds, the cladding consists of reed mats. These meeting houses ( Mudhig, generally roof houses made of reeds: Srefen ) achieve widths of almost 4 meters and lengths of up to 30 meters. In order to be able to absorb the tensile forces, the pipes are buried in the ground.
Barrel -arched bazaar streets are widespread in oriental countries. As in Damascus , this roofing can be made of corrugated iron or, as is common in old Iranian bazaars, as a barrel roof made of rammed earth. According to studies, the madrasa in the tomb complex of al-Mansur Qalawun in Cairo, built in the 13th century , once had a barrel roof made of a wooden structure. Two Coptic churches with three-aisled barrel roofs have been preserved in Cairo, including the Hanging Church , the shape of the nave of which dates from the 10th century.
The French architect Philibert Delorme (1510–1570) constructed barrel roofs from arched girders of overlapping beams. This technique was continued in northern Germany by the early classical port and church builder David Gilly (1748–1808), who also advocated building with clay.
A wooden roof structure with an arched framework, possibly adopted from medieval church construction, is known in English-language literature as the Belfast truss because it was first used for factory buildings in Belfast after the mid-19th century . This type of construction was first reported in the specialist literature in 1866. The term Belfast truss was transferred to every suitably curved timber frame on the roofs constructed for factory buildings in the 19th century and up until the 1930s. During the 19th century, Belfast grew strongly through its textile industry, for which factory buildings and workers' housing were built. The use of wood was obvious due to the boat building in Belfast since 1791, but the light and inexpensive roof construction was still limited to factory buildings.
In the 19th century, the use of cast iron and steel beams made it possible to build large barrel-vaulted halls. This is how train stations, wholesale markets and exhibition halls such as the Crystal Palace , London, were built for the first world exhibition in 1851 , which consisted of glass with prefabricated cast iron grids that could later have been dismantled. For the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893 , costal arches were constructed from two strands that were connected by three-hinged struts. At the foot point, tie rods laid under the floor secured lateral thrust. The monumental effect of this hall referred to the coming machine age and was statically an enlarged implementation of traditional Arab barrel houses.
Contemporary architecture examples include the arched roofs, which in the years 1965-1969 in Munich at the are Friedenheimer bridge built former parcel post hall , with its sweeping arch structure with a span of 146.8 m and a length of 124 m at that time the largest self-supporting precast hall Welt war, as well as the main building of the Leipziger Messe from 1996 and the Flatow sports hall named after the two apparatus gymnasts Alfred Flatow and Gustav Felix Flatow on the Berlin-Kreuzberg Lohmühleninsel . The Indian architect Balkrishna Doshi used barrel roofs made of reinforced concrete several times. Guido Canella's 2001 design for the Parish Center in Modena includes a high barrel roof in the middle of the building.
Barrel roofs are also created when flexible ribs are bent and held in tension, as is the case with temporarily erected plastic greenhouses . Dormer windows can also have the shape of a barrel roof. Zollinger roofs , whose rigid lamellar construction in the shape of a pointed barrel was used in German residential construction from the 1920s onwards, can do without transverse bracing .
More examples of barrel roofs
- Entry on winery (Trier, Gilbertstraße 34) in the database of cultural assets in the Trier region . Hall from 1905 with a barrel roof made of reinforced concrete.
- Kühn, Bauer, Partner print shop of the Westdeutsche Zeitung, Wuppertal, 1995–1997.
- Maritime Museum. In: arch INFORM . The shipping museum in Kiel has a pointed barrel roof.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The assembly of Sultan Qalaun in Cairo. Treatises of the Hamburg Colonial Institute , Vol. 22
- ↑ Exercise instructions for pitched roofs . ( Memento from December 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) TU Dresden
- ↑ JR Gilfillan SG Gilbert: The Historic Belfast Timber Truss - A Way To Promote Sustainable Roof Construction. In: Proceedings 9dbmc, 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Brisbane Convention Center, Brisbane (Australia), 17. – 20. March 2002
- ^ MH Gould: A Historical Perspective on the Belfast Truss Roof. In: Construction History, Volume 17, 2001, pp. 75–87, here p. 82
- ↑ Guido Canella: Parish Center Competition Project Modena, Italy