Toron

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Toron Castle
Toron

Toron

Creation time : 1105
Castle type : Hilltop castle
Conservation status: ruin
Standing position : Barons
Place: Qal'at Tibnin
Geographical location 33 ° 11 '44.6 "  N , 35 ° 24' 44.4"  E Coordinates: 33 ° 11 '44.6 "  N , 35 ° 24' 44.4"  E
Height: 710  m
Toron (Lebanon)
Toron

Toron ( Latin : Toronum , Arabic قلعة تبنين, DMG Qalʿat Tibnīn , also Tebnine or Tinenin ) is the ruin of a once important crusader castle in what is now southern Lebanon .

history

The castle was built by Hugo von Falkenberg in 1105 in the mountains on the road from Tire to Damascus and soon became the center of the reign of Toron , a seigneury in the Kingdom of Jerusalem that was one of the vassals of the Principality of Galilee .

After Hugo's death in 1107, the castle went to Humfried I of Toron before 1109, the founder of an influential dynasty, who bequeathed it to his successors, Humfried II of Toron and Humfried IV of Toron . When Humfried IV married Isabella of Jerusalem heir to the throne in 1183 , Toron fell to the crown domain. King Guido von Lusignan gave Toron in 1186 as a fief to his partisan Joscelin III. by Edessa , who added it to his “ Seigneurie de Joscelin ”. Toron remained in his possession until 1187 when the Ayyubid Sultan Saladin conquered the castle after the Battle of Hattin and during the subsequent occupation of the Crusader states. In 1190 Humfried's marriage was divorced for political reasons, the formal claim to Toron reverted to Humfried, who died childless in 1192. In the following years also held the heirs of Joscelin III. von Edessa upheld the titular claims to Toron, which was still occupied by the Muslims .

In November 1197 Toron was made during the crusade of Emperor Henry VI. besieged by German crusaders. The castle would have fallen if the Muslim garrison had not been warned by the French lords of Akkon not to surrender: The Germans should not be trusted, they would be killed after the surrender despite all promises. This motivated the garrison to hold out until relief came from Egypt or the German crusaders abandoned the siege .

Toron was razed by Sultan al-Mu'azzam in 1219 , as were the defenses of Jerusalem and the Safed and Banyas castles . The reason for this was the Fifth Crusade , during which Damiette in the Nile Delta was conquered and which now threatened Cairo : the castles and Jerusalem were intended as objects of exchange, and al-Mu'azzam did not want to hand over strongly fortified structures to the Crusaders if he could avoid it. Although the exchange did not materialize, al-Mu'azzam's caution was warranted. In 1229, two years after al-Mu'azzam's death on November 11, 1227, Emperor Frederick II received Toron back through a treaty with Sultan al-Kamil .

As early as 1220, the Teutonic Order had bought the "Seigneurie de Joscelin" and with it the claims to the rule of Toron, which is why the castle was handed over to the order, which re-fortified it. The order's claims to the castle were soon challenged by Alice of Armenia (daughter of Prince Ruben III of Armenia ), the niece and heiress of Humfried IV. Alice successfully sued the Haute Cour of Jerusalem and Frederick II transferred the rule to her.

In 1239 the castle was conquered again by the Ayyubids . During the barons' crusade , the castle was returned to the Christians in the winter of 1240/1241. This time Philip of Montfort , the husband of Alice's granddaughter Maria, received the rule as a fiefdom , which merged the rule after 1246 with his rule Tire .

Philipp and his son Johann kept the castle until 1266, when it was conquered almost without a fight by an army of the Mamluk sultan Baibars .

Noble family Toron

  1. Humfried I of Toron , before 1109 Lord of Toron
    1. Humfried II of Toron (1150 attested, † April 22, 1179), lord of Toron ⚭ 1) NN, daughter of Rainer Brus , lord of Banyas ⚭ 2) 1167 Philippa of Antioch, daughter of Raimund of Poitiers
      1. Humfried III. von Toron , († before 1173) ⚭ Stephanie von Milly , mistress of Oultrejordain
        1. Humfried IV of Toron (* around 1166, † around 1192), Lord of Toron ⚭ November 1183, divorced 1190 Isabella I, Queen of Jerusalem 1190, daughter of King Amalrich I
        2. Isabella of Toron ⚭ 1181 Ruben III. Prince of Armenia 1174–1185
      2. NN, daughter († after 1157)

List of Lords of Toron

Web links