Trichinellosis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
B75 Trichinellosis
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

The trichinosis (also trichinosis ) or Trichininenkrankheit is a by trichina (a genus of nematode -induced) infections, parasitic disease ( parasitosis ). It is mainly transmitted through Trichinella spiralis and the consumption of raw meat (mostly pork). Trichinellosis is subject to mandatory reporting in the European Union. It mostly shows up unspecifically in weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Later, fever, muscle pain, and edema around the eyes appear. In individual cases, the heart muscle can be affected and the disease can be fatal.

distribution

The trichinae are distributed worldwide by several species. Human beings can only be infected if they eat meat that has not been thoroughly heated and which is contaminated with trichinae, especially Trichinella spiralis . Before the introduction of the “Reich Meat Inspection Act” under the leadership of the politician, pathologist and trichinae expert Rudolf Virchow around 1900, it is estimated that there were around 15,000 diseases per year in Germany. As a result of the trichinae examination , this number fell to less than 5 reported cases per year in 50 years (four cases in 2016, two in 2017, no case in 2018, four in 2019). In the trichinae examinations in pigs carried out in Germany between 2000 and 2009, trichinae were found in only 4 of around 453 million domestic pigs and in 92 of around 3.4 million wild boars.

Infections in Germany can theoretically only occur after raw consumption of fresh meat that has not been subjected to an official examination. However, in the spring of 2006 two people fell ill after they had eaten pigs in the Uecker-Randow district , despite the examination method that is now prescribed throughout Europe .

Harmful effect on humans

Trichinella spiralis muscle cysts

Ingested muscle cysts (trichinae capsules in muscle tissue) are dissolved in the small intestine and the larvae (muscle trichinae) contained therein are released. The larvae dig into the small intestinal epithelium and develop into adult animals (intestinal trichinae) within 30 hours, after which mating takes place. In the small intestine, the females give birth to up to 1500 larvae while giving birth. The larvae then drill through the small intestine and thus reach the lymph or the bloodstream. They drift through the body and mainly settle in the striated, well-perfused muscle tissue. The diaphragm, eyes and tongue are also affected. Where a larva settles, a nurse cell nutrient complex begins to form, which remains infectious as long as the parasite lives. From the fifth month onwards, calcification takes place in human tissue, whereby the encysted muscle trichinae will probably remain viable for another 5 to 10 years. After an incubation period of 8 to 15 days, the larvae, which are initially located in the small intestine, develop into adult worms. In addition to the often asymptomatic course of the disease, general weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea also occur; after 1 to 3 weeks then fever, muscle pain and edema in the eye area (eyelid edema). These symptoms usually last up to a year and then go away with no lasting effects. As a complication , the heart muscle can be attacked, whereby the worm infection can be fatal.

Reporting requirement

In Germany, evidence of the Trichinella spiralis pathogen must be reported by name in accordance with Section 7 (1) of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG) if the evidence indicates an acute infection. Laboratories etc. are required to report ( Section 8 IfSG).

In Austria, trichinosis is a notifiable disease in accordance with Section 1 (1) No. 2 of the 1950 Epidemic Act . Cases of illness and death must be reported. Doctors and laboratories, among others, are obliged to report this ( Section 3 Epidemics Act).

In Switzerland, reporting requirements for trichinosis in terms of a positive laboratory analytical finding by the attending physician. In addition, in the event of a positive laboratory finding for the pathogen Trichinella spiralis by the examining laboratory. This results from the Epidemics Act (EpG) in conjunction with the Epidemics Ordinance and Annex 1 or Annex 3 of the Ordinance of the FDHA on the reporting of observations of communicable diseases in humans .

prevention

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
Legal situation in dispute, see discussion.
Trichinous meat

The most important preventive measure is the legally prescribed trichinae examination , during which the larvae capsules are specifically identified. The trichinae are detected with a trichinoscope during individual slaughter . In slaughterhouses, the digestive method is usually carried out, in which samples from various animals are enzymatically dissolved and the sediment is examined. Only in the case of a positive result do all individual samples of the batch have to be examined.

The larvae can be killed by boiling; the meat must be heated to at least 65 ° C. Freezing is also considered a killing measure. However, the species T. nativa , which is widespread in the far north, can withstand even low temperatures for a long time. According to the Robert Koch Institute, smoking, curing , salting and drying are not sufficiently effective measures to kill larvae. Caution is advised when importing meat from non-EU countries, as in some countries there is no compulsory meat inspection for game, house and individual slaughter. If necessary, an inspection by the veterinary office at the respective administrative authority is to be carried out and also recommended.

Recently, however, another form of trichinae ( Trichinella pseudospiralis ) has appeared in wild boars . It cannot be recognized by pure trichinoscopy without pre-digestion because, unlike the usual trichinae, it is not encapsulated in the larval stage.

treatment

Treatment as early as possible increases the chances of success. Be used mebendazole and albendazole .

Research history

Joseph Leidy (1823-1891)

The earliest reports describing trichinae date from the first half of the 19th century. In 1821, the Heidelberg anatomist and physiologist Friedrich Tiedemann (1781–1861) observed the dissection of a corpse “… in most of the muscles, especially on the extremities, white, stony calculus . They lay between the fiber bundles in the cell tissue; often also on the walls of the arteries, they were two to four lines long and rounded… ”Tiedemann, however, left it with this external description and did not assign the finding to any disease.

In 1828, the British cardiologist Thomas Belvill Peacock (1812–1882) discovered “bony points” in the larynx muscles when a human corpse was dissected . But Peacock did not pay much attention to these findings either, and so the “bony points” he described were only identified as encapsulated muscle trichinae years later. In 1832, the surgeon and anatomist at Guy's Hospital, John Hilton (1805–1878) , saw something hitherto unknown to him in the skeletal muscles (chest and respiratory muscles) of a 70-year-old man who had died of cancer: “… between the fibers [of the muscles], and having their axis parrallel to them, there are situated several oval bodies, transparent in the middle, and opaque at either end, altogether about 1/25 of an inch in length ... "(" ... between the muscle fibers, with parallel to them running axis, there were several oval bodies, transparent in the middle, and opaque at both ends, with a total length of about 1/25  inch  ... ") Hilton examined the finding together with the then Lecturer at Guy's Hospital, Thomas Addison , a more detailed Investigation, but even they did not conclude that there was a pathogen that was dangerous to humans.

At that time, however, more precise investigations failed due to the still inefficient microscopes. Usable microscopes with decisive improvements in microscope optics could only be produced (in Germany) through the collaboration of Carl Zeiss , the physicist and mathematician Ernst Abbe and the glass chemist Otto Schott from the 1880s onwards.

In 1835, the medical student (and later surgeon and pathologist ) James Paget (1814-1899) noticed a multitude of small whitish spots ( "minute withish bacon" ) in the muscles of a deceased patient during an autopsy at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London . When he examined them more closely under a microscope, he saw that they were encapsulated little worms. James Paget (then still a medical student and accordingly inexperienced) left the publication of his discovery to his then teacher Richard Owen (1804-1892), who published a first description with illustrations and drawings. Owen described the newly discovered phenomenon: “… cysts of an elliptical figure… which is, in general, sufficiently transparent to show that it contains a minute coiled up worm… They measure 1 / 50th of an inch in their longitudinal, and 1 / 100th of an inch ... They are generally placed in single rows, parallel to the muscular fibers ... The little worm is usually disposed in two or two-and-a-half spiral coil: when straightened it measures from 1 / 25th to 1 / 30th of an inch in length and from 1 / 700th to 1 / 800th of an inch in diameter ... " (" ...  cysts in the shape of an ellipse ... which [the cyst] is generally sufficiently transparent that you can see that it is a tiny rolled up Worm contains .... They are 1 / 50th of an inch in length and 1 / 100th of an inch in transverse diameter ... They are generally arranged in individual rows parallel to the muscle fibers ... The little worm is usually coiled in two or two and a half coils: stretched it measures 1 / 25th to 1 / 35th of an inch and in the transverse diameter 1 / 700th to 1 / 800th of an inch ... ")

Owen was of the opinion that he had discovered an adult worm and gave it the name "Trichina spiralis" because of its hair-thin and mostly curled shape.

When choosing the name for his new discovery, Owen had missed the fact that the name "Trichina" had already been assigned to an insect in 1830 by the entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen . In 1895 the French zoologist and parasitologist Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet (1852–1930) noticed this mistake and the name "Trichinella" was introduced for the genus .

The Owens report caused a sensation in the professional world at the time. In the case of dissections, attention was now paid more to this new phenomenon (at first mainly in England) and as a result several anatomists, doctors, physiologists and zoologists reported on similar findings. Arthur Farre , a lecturer at St Bartholomew's Hospital at the time , noticed - also in 1835, but a month after Paget / Owen - trichinella in human corpses and described them in more detail. In April 1835, Henry Wood , a doctor at Bristol Royal Infirmary , reported that he had found large numbers of the Trichina spiralis described by Owen in the muscle meat of the 22-year-old man who was hospitalized in late 1834. However, he did not recognize that they were the cause of the illness / death of the man, but believed that an acute rheumatic disease with later pneumonia and pericardial inflammation had led to death. In 1836 the doctor and anatomist Thomas Hodgkin (1798–1866) described a similar case. In the same year, the Scottish doctor and anatomist Robert Knox (1791–1862) wrote that at the end of 1835 he found both trichinae (capsules) and the Trichina spiralis living in them in the dissection of a corpse. He also saw no connection between trichinae and death of the person, but only pointed to completely unanswered questions regarding this “curious parasite”: “… It is not known whether or not it ever leaves its cyst. The causes giving rise to it, and its mode of reproduction, are altogether unknown. "(" ... It is not known whether or not it [the worm] ever leaves the cyst [capsule]. What causes it, and also how it reproduces, all of this is still completely unknown.… ”) Also in 1836, the Irish surgeon and professor of anatomy and physiology at Trinity College Dublin, Robert Harrison (1796-1858), found Trichina spiralis at the dissection of 6 corpses. Carl Theodor von Siebold (1804–1885) wrote in 1844 about other cases in England / Scotland and Denmark. In 1854 Trichina spiralis were described in detail by the doctors and anatomists John Syer Bristowe (1827-1895) (see English Wiki) and George Rainey (1801-1884) and illustrated in drawings. In 1860, the professor of medicine and anatomy at the University of Edinburgh William Turner (1832-1916) reported 6 trichinae findings that he himself had made since Owen's discovery and also of numerous other cases that he (incomplete) from the had compiled medical literature. The scientists still see no connection between the Trichinella findings and illness / death in humans. Furthermore, the parasite was viewed more as a curiosity ( "curious parasite" / Robert Knox see above) and diagnosed another disease in the patients (tuberculosis, rheumatism, etc.), because one does not (yet) recognize that the encapsulated calcified trichinae are a healed infection otherwise often fatal illness.

Germany

In 1840, five years after Owens' report, the parasite was discovered in Germany by Georg Friedrich Kobelt (1804–1857), then a prosector in Heidelberg. In the archives of Natural History wrote Carl Theodor von Siebold : "Kobelt was held in Heidelberg in the body of an under dropsical late phenomena 73-year-old stupid man's muscles with an extraordinary number of small cysts containing the Trichina spiralis, densely sown." As a result came it led to (hardly any further) priority disputes between Kobelt and Theodor von Bischoff (1807–1882) - at that time professor of anatomy in Heidelberg - who was the first to discover Trichina spiralis. Even Jacob Henle - professor of anatomy and physiology also in Heidelberg - took lay claim to have discovered Trichina spiralis before Kobelt - and already in 1835. Henle but had translated into German in 1835, only to Richard Owens Report / paraphrased and noted in a footnote that he had "found similar spots twice in quick succession in the muscles of the chest and neck ... two also very emaciated corpses". He had not followed up or investigated it, and it was only after reading Owens' report that he realized that what he had found was encapsulated trichinae.

United States

In 1842, the American doctor Bowditch (1808-1892) reported that he - together with the doctor and anatomist JBS Jackson (1806-1879) - found trichinella in a human corpse. Jackson discovered it during the autopsy of a young man who had died of cancer. It was the first finding of its kind in the USA. Bowditch subjected the findings to a more detailed examination and only found out about the existing discovery / description from R. Owen afterwards. When he compared Owen's drawings with those he had made himself, he was amazed at the similarity of the two drawings.

In 1846, the American anatomist and parasitologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) noticed peculiar, tiny stains on a piece of pork he was about to eat. When he subjected the pork to a microscopic examination, it was found: “… a minute, coiled worm contained in a cyst. The cysts are numerous, white, oval in shape, of a gritty nature, and between the thirtieth and fortieth of an inch in length. ”“… A tiny, curled up worm inside a cyst. The cysts are numerous, white, oval in shape, granular in nature, and between 1 / 30th and 1 / 40th of an inch ... "

Leidy was well aware of Paget / Owen's discoveries, and he had also previously noticed the same findings in sections of human corpses, so that it immediately became clear to him that the spots discovered in pork were "Trichina spiralis". Until then, "Trichina spiralis" had only been found in human bodies / corpses. The connection between food (pigs) and humans was established for the first time with the discovery of Leidy. However, his findings were either ignored or remained unknown to them by European scientists.

It was not until 1860 that Friedrich Albert von Zenker was finally able to explain the aetiological problem of the parasitosis . This triggered the legal control of the slaughterhouses ( law on the establishment of public and exclusively for use slaughterhouses , 1868 in Prussia). The introduction of the Trichinenschau was proposed by Rudolf Virchow and in Germany with the “Law on the inspection of slaughtered cattle and meat” of June 3, 1900, it was generally prescribed by law from April 1, 1903 and adjusted again in 1937.

literature

  • Wolfgang U. Eckart : Trichinosis (trichinosis). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1420.
  • Karl Wurm, AM Walter: Infectious Diseases. In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition, ibid. 1961, pp. 9-223, here: pp. 213-216.

Web links

Commons : Trichinella  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Law regarding the inspection of slaughtered cattle and meat (Germany, 1900)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rudolf Virchow: Presentation of the doctrine of the Trichinen. Berlin 1864; 2nd edition under the title The Doctrine of the Trichinae , ibid 1866.
  2. ↑ Dt. TAB. , 59, 2011, p. 451.
  3. ↑ Epidemiological Bulletin of the Robert Koch Institute No. 3 (PDF) January 18, 2018.
  4. ↑ Epidemiological Bulletin of the Robert Koch Institute No. 3 (PDF) January 16, 2020
  5. ↑ Federal Institute for Risk Assessment .
  6. ↑ bfr.bund.de (PDF)
  7. ↑ s. Old units of measurement (Daniel Stieger); So about: 4 to 9 mm in length .
  8. ^ Notes from the field of natural science and medicine 1821 - Nro. 4 (August 1821), column 64 (Misscellen): Tiedemann's note on his findings .
  9. ^ S. Suerbaum, H. Hahn, GD Burchard, SHE Kaufmann, TF Schulz: Medical Microbiology and Infectiology . 7th edition. 1991, p. 676.
  10. ↑ The Discovery of Trichina Spiralis . In: American Journal of Public Health , 21, no.2 (Febr., 1.1931), pp. 180f.
  11. ↑ However, later Rudolf Leuckart and Jacob Henle, because of the size of the findings indicated by Tiedemann, doubted whether these concrements were actually trichinic capsules. Also because these had been found between the muscle bundles and on the arterial walls. s. AC Gerlach: The trichinae. (PDF) Hannover 1866, p. 3 footnote; and R. Owen: A microscopic internal worm in human muscles . (PDF) In: Archive for Anatomy, Physiology and Scientific Medicine , Jg. 1835, pp. 526-528 (the Owens report translated / described by Jacob Henle) Henles comment in the footnote
  12. ↑ s. also the remarks by TS Cobbold in Entozoa - Supplement to the Introduction to the Study of Helminthology. London 1869 (PDF) p. 3f.
  13. ^ William C. Campbell: Historical Introduction. In: Trichinella and Trichinosis. Edited by William C. Campbell. NY 1983; Pp. 1-30. Here: p. 6.
  14. ↑ a b c Blancou, J .: History of Trichinellosis Surveillance. In: Parasite, Vol. 8, June 2001; Pp. 516–519 (PDF)
  15. ^ John Hilton: Notes of a peculiar appearencek observed in Human Muscle, probably depending upon the formation of very small Cysticerci. In: London Medical Gazette , 1833, Vol XI, p. 605, Text Archive - Internet Archive
  16. ↑ H. Sattmann, H. Prosl: Early research history of the trichinella and the trichinellosis . (PDF) In: Vet. Med. Austria / Vienna. Veterinarian Monthly , 92, 2005, pp. 283-287
  17. ↑ George Blumer: Some Remarks on the Early History of Trichinosis (1822–1866) . In: Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine , 1939, Vol 11, No.6, pp. 581–588, here: p. 582, PMC 2602154 (free full text)
  18. ^ John Hilton: Notes of a peculiar appearencek observed in Human Muscle, probably depending upon the formation of very small Cysticerci. In: London Medical Gazette , 1833, Vol XI, p. 605, Text Archive - Internet Archive .
  19. ↑ Virtual Museum of Sciences: The microscope - tool of the life scientist .
  20. ^ Hugo Freud: Applied microscopy in the natural sciences, medicine and technology . (PDF) Lecture given on June 7, 1966 in Wetzlar
  21. ^ J. van den Tweel, CR Taylor: A brief history of pathology . In: Virchows Archiv , 2010, 457, pp. 3–10, PMC 2895866 (free full text)
  22. ^ Jean Dupouy-Camet: "Quelques aspects de l'histoire de la trichinellose à travers le catalog de la BNF"; in: Histoire des Sciences Medicales. Tome XLIX, No. 3/4 (2015), pp. 411-420 (PDF)
  23. ^ Richard Owen: Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body. In: Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. I. (1835), pp. 315-324 .
  24. ↑ Archive for Anatomy, Physiology and Scientific Medicine, Jg. 1835, pp. 526-528: A microscopic internal worm in human muscles. By R. Owen (The Owens report translated / described by Jacob Henle) (PDF)
  25. ↑ H. Sattmann, H. Prosl: On the history of trichinae research in Austria (PDF) In: Helminthological expert discussions June 2005 on the subject of trichinae and trichinellosis , p. 3–8, here: p. 8: Images of Trichina spiralis from Owen's original description / Transactions Soc. Zool. London I / XXXV, 1835, pp. 315-323.
  26. ^ Dorothee Branz: How Parasites Make History: On Pork and People in the Nineteenth Century . In: Bulletin of the German Historical Institute , Washington DC, 36 (Spring 2005), pp. 69-79.
  27. ^ Richard Owen: Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body. In: Transactions of the Zoological Society of London . Vol. I. (1835), pp. 315-324 .
  28. ↑ V.Becker, H.Schmidt: The discovery history of Trichinella and trichinosis . Berlin / Heidelberg / NY 1975, p. 1.
  29. ↑ H. Sattmann, H. Prosl: Early research history of the trichinella and the trichinellosis . (PDF) In: Vet. Med. Austria / Vienna. Veterinarian Monthly , 92, 2005, pp. 283-287
  30. ^ William C. Campbell: Historical Introduction . In: William C. Campbell (Ed.): Trichinella and Trichinosis . NY 1983, pp. 1-30, kier: p. 6.
  31. ↑ Berhard Rupprecht: The Trichinenkrankheit viewed in the mirror of the Hettstäddter endemic . (PDF) Hettstädt 1864, p. 6
  32. ↑ R.Neghina, R. Moldovan, I. Marincu, CL Calma, AH Nehina: The roots of evil: the amazing history of trichinellosis and Trichinella parasites . In: Parasitology Research , 2012, 110, pp. 503-508, here pp. 505 f.
  33. ^ Rudolf Leuckart: Investigations on Trichina Spiralis . Leipzig / Heidelberg 1860, p. 1, archive.org
  34. ↑ Jakob Justus: History of the discovery of the Trichinen . In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen , 5/2008, pp. 222–224
  35. ↑ Arthur Farre: Observations on the Trichina Spiralis . In: The London Medical Gazette , Vol. XVII (Vol. I. for the session 1835-36) London 1836; Pp. 382-387 (report of December 2, 1835), archive.org .
  36. ^ Richard Owen: Description of a Microscopic Entozoon Infesting the Muscles of the Human Body . In: The London Medical Gazette , Vol. XVII (Vol. I. for the session 1835-36) London 1836, pp. 472-478 (report of November 18, 1835), Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  37. ^ The London Medical Gazette Vol. XVI, May 9, 1835, pp. 190f .; here: p. 191
  38. ^ Yearbooks of domestic and foreign medicine, vol. X (1836) No.1, p. 50 (short German summary)
  39. ↑ Rudolf Leuckart: The human parasites and the diseases originating from them . 2nd volume. Leipzig / Heidelberg 1876, p. 525, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  40. ↑ Bernhard Rupprecht: The Trichinae - A panorama of the Trichina literature . In: Medizinisch-Chirurgische Rundschau , Vol. VII, Volume 1, Vienna 1866; 3 parts: pp. 1–16, pp. 89–106, pp. 169–192, here: p. 2
  41. ^ Carl Theodor von Siebold: Report on the achievements in the field of helminthology archive for natural history . In: Archive for Natural History , Volume 3, Volume 2, Berlin 1837, pp. 254–281, here: p. 256
  42. ↑ Thomas Hodgkin: Lectures on the Morbid Anatomy of the Serous and Mucous Membranes . Vol. I, London 1836, pp. 211-214
  43. ^ Robert Knox: Remarks on the lately diccovered Microscopic Entozoa, infesting the muscles of the human body ... In: Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal , 1836, Vol 46, pp. 89-94
  44. ^ Rudolf Leuckart: Investigations on Trichina Spiralis . Leipzig / Heidelberg 1860, p. 1, archive.org
  45. ^ AF Besnard: On the history of the trichinae . In: Ärztliches Intellektiven -Blatt (edited by the Standing Committee of Bavarian Doctors), Jg. Xi, Munich 1864, p. 26
  46. ^ The Ray Society: Reports on Zoology for 1843, 1844 . London MDCCCXLVII (1847); here: Carl Theodor von Siebold: Helminthology , pp. 446–503, here: p. 463f.
  47. ↑ John Syer Bristowe, George Rainey: On the anatomy, decay and development of the trichina spiralis . In: Transactions of the Pathological Society , 1854
  48. ^ William Turner: Observations on the Trichina spiralis . In: Edinburgh Medical Journal , 1860, pp. 209-216; here: p. 215, PMC 5310416 (free full text)
  49. ↑ C.Th. von Siebold: Report on the achievements in the field of helminthology during the year 1840 . (PDF) In: Archive for Natural History , 7th year, 2nd volume (annual zoological and botanical reports), Berlin 1841, pp. 289–320; here: p. 294
  50. ^ New notes from the field of natural science and medicine (Froriep's archive) Vol. XIII (January to March 1840) Weimar 1840; here: No. 284 (No. 20 of Volume XIII) March 1840, p. 310f. (First report from Kobelt to Froriep's Neue Notizen from March 18, 1840) (PDF)
  51. ↑ New notes from the field of natural science and medicine (Froriep's archive), Volume XIV (April to June 1840) (PDF) Weimar 1840; here: No. 301 (No. 15 of Volume XIV) May 1840, pp. 235–237 (Second report by Kobelt on his findings to Froriep's Neue Notizen)
  52. ^ Kobelt, Georg Ludwig in the German biography
  53. ↑ s. also Adolf Kussmaul: memories of an old doctor's youth . 1906 (1st edition 1899), Chapter 43: The anatomists Kobelt and Bischoff .
  54. ↑ C.Th. von Siebold: Report on the achievements in the field of helminthology during the year 1840 . In: Archive for Natural History , Volume 7, Volume 2 (Zoological and Botanical Annual Reports) (PDF) Berlin 1841, pp. 289–320; here: p. 296
  55. ↑ New notes from the field of natural science and medicine (Froriep's archive) Volume XIV (April to June 1840) (PDF) Weimar 1840; here: No. 306 (No. 20 of Volume XIV) June 1840, p. 320 (Miscellen) Henle's letter to the editor
  56. ↑ A microscopic internal worm in human muscles . By R. Owen (Owens' report translated / described by Jacob Henle) Archive for Anatomy, Physiology and Scientific Medicine (Müller's Archive), Jg. 1835. (PDF) pp. 526-528 (see Henle's name at the end of Art. )
  57. ↑ s. also: Ph.J. Wernert: Life science about Dr. G. Ludw. Kobelt . Freiburg iB 1860, p. 7f. + 76f.
  58. ↑ Georg Friedrich Kobelt (1804–1857). Heidelberg University / University Library.
  59. ^ Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Vol. 14 (May, 1878-May, 1879), pp. 344-352: John Barnard Swett Jackson .
  60. ↑ Henry Ingersoll Bowditch: Trichina spiralis. In: Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 1842 (Vol. XXVI), pp. 117-128 .
  61. ^ JB McNaught: Trichinosis. In: California and Western Medicine, Vol 48, No. 3, 1938, pp. 166–173 (PDF)
  62. ^ Benjamin Schwartz: Discovery of Trichinae and Determination of Their Life History and Pathogenicity . In: Proceedings of The Helminthological Society of Washington , Vol. 27 (Special Anniversary Number), December 1960, No. 3, pp. 261–268, here: p. 262, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  63. ↑ cit. After: WSW Ruschenberger: A Sketch of the Life of Joseph Leidy, MDLL.D. (PDF) In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Vol. XXX, No. 138 (April 1892), pp. 135-184; here: p. 150
  64. ↑ HF Osborn: Biographical Memoir of Joseph Leidy 1823-1891 (PDF) Washington 1913, p. 343: (Joseph Leidy: On the existence of an Entozoon (Trichina spiralis) in the superficial part of the extensor muscles of the thigh of a hog . In.. Proceedings of the Academia of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1846, Vol 3, p 107f).
  65. ^ WSW Ruschenberger: A Sketch of the Life of Joseph Leidy, MDLL.D. (PDF) In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXX, No. 138 (April 1892), p. 150.
  66. ^ The Academy of Natural Sciences: Joseph Leidy Online Exhibit ( Memento of May 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
  67. ^ Henry C. Chapman: Memoir of Joseph Leidy. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. 42 (1891), pp. 342-388 .
  68. ↑ RGBl. 1937 I, p. 453 .; Angela von den Driesch : History of Veterinary Medicine . Callwey-Verlag, Munich.