Uniforms of the Wehrmacht
The uniforms of the Wehrmacht were created during the time of National Socialism as part of the armament of the Wehrmacht from 1935. The responsible designers took many of the traditions of the Reichswehr as models and partially reinterpreted them according to the taste of the time and the functionality.
The Reichswehr, on the other hand, had built its identity-creating appearance on imperial-Prussian guidelines, which in some uniform details, items of equipment and awards went back well into the 19th century. Thus the uniforms of the German armed forces did not really have a new look, but showed a clear continuity to the older models. It was not until the beginning of the war in 1939 that those responsible developed repeatedly revised and sometimes completely new uniforms in quick succession to meet the demands of the warfare of the time and the emerging economy of shortages. Therefore, by the end of the war in 1945, the external appearance of many parts of the Wehrmacht changed significantly.
Terms that are common today, such as M40 (model 40), were never defined by those responsible for uniforms in the Wehrmacht, but after 1945 they became established not only in military language, but also in museums and collections.
army
badge
The uniforms of the army differed from other branches of the armed forces by further features: The " Wehrmacht eagle " was attached as a national emblem over the right breast pocket and, with a few exceptions, braids in the respective weapon color were worn on the shoulder flaps and the double braid in the form of a Roman II the collar tab . These badges were gray and machine-embroidered for the men and the non-commissioned officers, and silver and hand-embroidered or made of aluminum web for the officers . Officer cadets wore a double cross braid on their epaulettes, NCOs wore a nine millimeter wide silver or gray stripe around their collar tabs.
Epaulets and collar tabs were usually underlaid with the respective weapon color, from which one could recognize the affiliation to the respective weapon type , for example pink for the armored forces . Exceptions were the officers on the General Staff , with crimson color, and the generals, who wore gold-red arabesque embroidery as a collar tab.
On the belt buckle was the "army eagle" with the inscription " God with us ".
Field and service uniforms
Change of uniform 1933/34
By order of March 14, 1933, cockades in black, white and red were introduced, which replaced the black, red and gold cockades on the cap and field cap. The state coat of arms on the steel helmet was also replaced by a black, white and red Reich coat of arms. With the ordinance of the Reich President of February 17, 1934, a sovereign badge in the form of an eagle with a wreath with a swastika in its claws was introduced, to be worn on the peaked cap in place of the national coat of arms, on the right side of the chest on all tunics and field blouses and in the form of coat of arms on the steel helmet .
Field blouse
Field blouse M36
When the National Socialists came to power in 1933, the Reichswehr had almost finished their two-year redesign of the field blouse. This uniform was introduced in the same year and three years later with small changes to the "Army service suit model 1936". The M36 field blouse kept the field gray color of the Imperial Army and the Reichswehr . Due to the large number of manufacturers, the uniforms covered a wider range of colors. In general, the uniforms were greener in the beginning and later tended more and more towards gray and brown. The button placket now consisted of five instead of eight buttons and the collar tabs were now dark green instead of gray. Compared to the time of the Weimar Republic , the uniform blouse was now shorter and more tailored. This was due to the motorized warfare and the confined space that went with it.
Field blouse M40
The M40 field blouse showed a slight simplification for the first time. Her green collar had been replaced by one in the same color as her blouse.
Field blouse M41
The M41 corresponds to the M40, but has a button placket with six buttons. The material consisted of more than 50 percent viscose and recycled wool . Uniforms delivered to the Waffen SS kept five buttons.
Field blouse M42
The M42 field blouse largely corresponded to the M40 / 41 model, but the more fabric-intensive flaps on all four pockets for opening the pocket further were dispensed with in order to save material.
Field blouse M43
All folds and flaps have been removed from the M43, making the cut more straightforward and simpler overall. Many of these field blouses were produced with a simplified or no internal hanging system.
Field blouse M44
At the end of 1944, due to the requirements for material and time-saving production, the M44 model was introduced. Modeled on the look of the British combat uniform, this blouse was the first model that was fundamentally different from the make presented in 1936.
The pattern was shortened to waist length and a belt was integrated, and with the elimination of the skirt, the number of pockets was reduced from four to two. As with the previous model, the more expensive and fabric-intensive flaps for opening the bag further were dispensed with. The rectangular-cut pocket flaps could be closed with a button, which was made of metal or plastic, depending on the manufacturer's options.
The M44 field blouse could be worn with the collar open or closed. The desired color should be based on the green-brown field gray 44 , which, however, was rarely achieved due to the shortage economy. Rather, the blouse came in strongly varying tones between gray, brown and green. The seldom used and laboriously to manufacture internal belt system was finally omitted. The badges stayed the same. With the exception of the Panzer-Lehr Division , which tested the blouse in the summer of 1944, the Model 44 was mainly used by the last troops in the last months of the war, such as the flak helpers , the Hitler Youth or the Volkssturm , and was identical in terms of manufacture to the Waffen-SS and the police battalions of the Ordnungspolizei .
- Field blouses 1936–1945
M36 with regular belt, cartridge pouches and belt carrying frame (Y-strap)
M40 with regular equipment; the collar is the same color as the tunic
Light fabric jacket with M42 cut and the national emblem issued from 1944 onwards
Late M40 blouse as worn by assault gun and tank crews at the time
_of_the_Mountain_Troops_with_a_Teller_Mine..JPG)
trousers
Pants M22 (M36)
Originally, the same stone gray trousers were worn with the M36 uniform as the Reichswehr introduced in 1922. The cut than Spitz trousers model was waist high and straight, had braces, three pockets and a watch pocket and was with jackboots worn.
Pants M40
In 1940 the manufacturing companies were instructed to end production of the stone gray trousers in favor of the field gray version. However, until 1942 there were still stocks of the old variant in the army depots that were delivered.
Pants M43 (round waist trousers 43)
In 1943, newly designed trousers were introduced to replace the straight-cut trousers previously worn. Since the war had long since penetrated into warm regions in which trousers could only be worn with shirts, i.e. without a field blouse, in summer, this new trouser model was made into cloth trousers with the order of June 28, 1943 (HV 43B, No. 398) , Breeches, drill trousers and drill breeches introduced. The mountain trousers of the mountain hunters were chosen as a model. In contrast to the previous pointed trousers, the new model was designed as round trousers. The M43 trousers had a wedge-shaped cut, tapering towards the ankles to make it easier to wear the lace-up boots with gaiters . But also for the majority of the soldiers who were still wearing boots at that time, getting into the trousers was made easier by the new pattern. On the outside of the legs, the pants are slit around twelve centimeters high in the lower area and have two sewn eyelets on the left and right of this slit through which a sewn-on fabric band is pulled, which acts like the heel strap on stirrup pants , but is not elastic. The trousers have a button-down piped pocket on the seat and a pocket on the front for a pocket watch as well as two deep- reaching wing pockets, which are also closed with a button. The roughly six centimeters wide, flowing cut from the outside, straight waistband is closed with two visible buttons sitting on top of each other. At the engagement itself a centrally transversely stitched again, concealed strip is processed with four buttons. In addition to the obligatory four buttons for wearing the suspenders, the trousers have four cloth loops for the belt for the first time - two on the back and two in the front. These strikingly wide, around eleven centimeters long loops are sewn to the waistband at the top, but each has a buttonhole at the bottom, which is held by a button. Between the suspender buttons, which are sewn on the inside of the waistband, there is a short loop of fabric that can be opened with a push button. If in doubt, suspenders could also be attached here. First and foremost, however, the fastening loops of the underpants should now be fastened to the uniform trousers using the snap fastener instead of the suspenders. On the back, as with the previous trousers, there are two approximately ten centimeter long cloth flaps, which are also attached to the waistband, at the end of which a button is sewn to attach the suspenders. A model developed at the same time for the trousers was issued as a belt . This was also a novelty in the German army, because there had been no girdle until now, as it was not intended to wear trousers without a field blouse. The approximately four centimeter wide belt consists of yellowish-beige to greenish webbing at the ends of which there is a two centimeter wide, sewn leather strap with perforations on one side, and a shorter, sewn strap with a buckle on the other. In addition to this belt, the wide loops could also accommodate the belt. For the first time in trousers for the army, like riding breeches, there is a trim made from the trouser fabric between the legs. For a better fit, there is a visible buckle belt on each side below the collar, which can be continuously adjusted. The trousers were produced with slight modifications depending on the manufacturer. Most of the items were delivered with a combination of plastic and metal buttons. But there were also manufacturers who only worked with plastic buttons or metal buttons. The color of the wool also varied, as did the design of the inner lining, which was made from rayon or other types of fabric. These comfortable trousers, which allowed greater freedom of movement than before, were the most popular with soldiers and were made of wool as well as drill in the summer version intended for the southern and southeastern European theater of war. Production continued until the end of the war.
According to the order of June 5, 1944 (HV 44B. No. 227), trousers 43 in connection with lace-up shoes always had to be worn with gaiters. Leaving out gaiters and instead rolling socks over lace-up shoes was strictly forbidden. Another order of June 24, 1944 (HV 44B. No. 253) said that the trousers 43 should now be worn in place of the mountain trousers.
Field cap
Field cap M34 / M38 / M42
The original version was introduced for the army in 1934. The “shuttle” was popular and comfortable and was worn throughout the war. A version in black wool and olive-colored cotton was issued to the armored forces and the Africa Corps . The badge consisted of the Wehrmacht eagle and a red, white and black cockade and, until 1942, a soutache in the respective weapon color. Officer's hats (M38) were made in silver or aluminum embroidery or, for generals, in gold. In 1942 versions were delivered with a two-part fold that was fastened with two buttons and served as ear protection in cold weather. This was adopted for the M43 field cap.
Uniform field cap M43
Even before the First World War, German and Austrian mountain troops were using the mountain hat with ear flaps that were fastened with two buttons above the hat shield. A variant with a longer shield and in an olive-colored version was issued to the Africa Corps . In 1943 the hat made of field gray wool, in a version that lay between the mountain and tropical versions, was given to the army and only worn in the field. It quickly developed into the headgear most worn on the war front . Black field caps were issued for the armored forces .
Peaked cap
The peaked cap had been the service and going-out headgear for all ranks since 1934, it was only given to teams until 1939. They were still allowed to procure themselves, but they were only allowed to wear them with the dress uniform. The screen was made of vulcanized fiber or patent leather . The badge consisted of a cockade in the national colors and the imperial eagle on the upper half of the cap.
It had a field-gray top, a dark green side band and a black glossy screen. The outer edge of the top part of the hat was kept in shape by a narrow metal ring drawn in on the inside. The caps of the crews and NCOs had a black leather strap that was attached to the cap with black buttons. The hats of officers and officials in the officer rank had a silver-colored cord and silver-colored buttons, these caps were allowed to be worn by sergeants and equals since February 22, 1936 . Caps with a gold-colored cord and gold-colored buttons were worn by generals and officials of the Wehrmacht in comparable ranks. The peaked caps of the army clergy wore a Gothic cross between the cockade and the national badge.
"Knautschmütze"
When the boat was introduced as headgear for field suits in 1934 , the officers had a visor cap that was less rigid. Although this cap was to be replaced by the field cap, it was very popular with the officer corps and was still worn, partly, especially by the armored troops, imitated by removing the wire reinforcement from the cover of the service cap. This was consistently tolerated by the superiors.
Shoes and boots
In 1925 and 1927 a new lace-up model was used for troop trials, the pattern of which in 1927 was based on “the shape of a tourist shoe ” . With the order of May 4, 1928, the new shoe was introduced for all branches of service, the inner lining of which was made of canvas. The sole nailing and heel iron were identical to those of the shaft boot. This model was also used by the Wehrmacht.
At the beginning of the 1930s it became clear that a not inconsiderable number of the recruits of the Reichsheer suffered from various foot diseases. The military doctors diagnosed various pathological malpositions and their subsequent conditions. After marching in high boots, especially among the recruits, foot tumors were found, 66 percent of which were caused by overexertion and 20 percent by ankle twisting in 1932. The introduction of a new field and service suit in 1933 therefore also included a new boot model, which was introduced on April 1, 1933. The buckle or gaiter boots tested in troop trials in 1932 were a combination of shaft boots and lace-up shoes. The boot was laced up to ankle height, then the upper leather, which reached over the calves, could be closed with pin buckles. The new boot model should compensate for some of the disadvantages of the Knobelbecher. The lace-up shoe, with which knee-high wrap gaiters were worn, was not ideal in the medical opinion either, since a gaiter that was pulled too tightly could disrupt the blood circulation and swaddling was also not economical.
Since the buckle boot did not prove itself, the old marching boots model 1922 were reintroduced in 1935. The buckle boot remained in use in training and supplementary units and was applied during the war.
With a decree of the High Command of the Army (OKH) of November 9, 1939, a shortened version of the shaft boot was introduced into the Wehrmacht . The boot height was reduced from 32 to 41 centimeters to 29 to 35 centimeters in order to save leather . The decision-makers in the Wehrmacht were convinced that rubber soles would reduce the soldier's marching ability, but for reasons of the shortage economy, soldiers had to start converting to rubber soles from 1942. This is indicated by an order from 1942 (HV Bl. 1942 Part L p. 27 No. 48). On November 9, 1943, the decision was made to issue the first combat shoes with rubber soles by spring 1944. The general conditions that the Reich Office for Economic Development set for the new shoe also included the use of the shoe runner's command set up in 1940 in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Ultimately, the “uniform lace-up shoe” announced by the order of April 26, 1944 (HV 44B, No. 253) was no longer introduced due to the events up to the surrender.
For use in wintry Eastern Europe, the shoes and high boots designed for the Western European theater of war were generally not suitable. If possible, insoles made of felt were obtained. In addition, those responsible began to learn lessons from the first Russian war winter and to design shoes based on the traditional Russian felt boots . From 1942 a corresponding model was made for the Wehrmacht. These boots had the same substructure as the Knobelbecher, but had felt inserts and consisted of gray wool felt under or above the ankle. The leather soles of these boots were not nailed down and some had rubber soles. There were a variety of different designs. The Wehrmacht also knew leather-reinforced overshoes in which parts of the upper leather were replaced by felt. The soles of these overshoes were made of wood. Snow boots were just as well known as straw-woven overshoes, which could be used by guards in particular. The difficulties consisted in producing the required quantities and delivering them to the troops. Since winter material was often in short supply, German soldiers were often dependent on capturing Soviet material .
Undressing
The tunic was a suit that was based on the equivalent introduced by the Prussian Army in 1842. In 1935 a form was issued to the Wehrmacht, which was thigh-length, with a button placket with eight buttons, without outside pockets and made of fine field gray wool. The collar was larger than the uniform and more finely worked out. The double strands were silver-white on the gun color. The cuffs were dark green and fitted with finer braids. All tucks were kept in the respective weapon color.
The steel helmet and marching boots were worn as parade uniforms ; Officers wore a field band made of aluminum spun into which two stripes, each 0.5 cm wide, in a bluish or greenish-dark color were woven. The trousers were stone gray with gun- colored tucks on the outside.
As a large formal suit , the tunic with medals, armpit cord (officers), trousers and shoes , the peaked cap, gloves and standard saber (officers and NCOs with portepee) or bayonet (men) were worn. Officers from the First World War wielded their swords or sabers, which they had worn before 1918.
In the case of the small formal suit, the armpit cord was omitted and the medals were replaced by ribbon buckles .
The production and issue of the tunic was stopped in 1940 and this was replaced by the service suit. Anyone who was in possession of the tunic or who had it made was allowed to continue to wear it as a dress uniform. The loan of the tunic from stocks of the units was widespread. B. for wedding photos.
To dress uniform and the small evening dress approved for other occasions - - who was allowed white skirt worn.
Camouflage pattern
_(cropped).jpg)
In some cases, more or less standardized camouflage clothing was issued to units of the Army, Air Force , Navy and Waffen SS during the course of the Second World War . The so-called splinter camouflage pattern with variants was mainly used. The name Splittertarn is not the original German name of the pattern, but a translation of the term coined in American military jargon, as it has established itself worldwide today. The splinter camouflage, which was introduced in 1931 as a tent sheet imprint by the German Reichswehr , had its origin in the first regular camouflage pattern of the imperial army, the colored paint , and was the second regular military camouflage print motif worldwide after the Italian pattern Telo Mimetico, which was also initially only published for tent sheet camouflage in 1929 .
The Waffen-SS also used the splinter camouflage pattern as part of special airborne operations and adopted the air force's camouflaged parachute jumper combinations (bone bags) unchanged. The splinter camouflage pattern was printed on both sides of a fabric as a reversible camouflage pattern until well into the war. This means that there was a lighter and a darker pattern variant. It was not until the late phase of the war that the turning function was abandoned. In addition, both the printing inks and the fabric quality vary considerably from this time on.
From 1942 onwards, military clothing was also made from the splinter tarnea. In addition, those responsible probably developed the M1942 pattern called "Splittertarn B" in the specialist literature in 1941, which was an optical variant of the original pattern. The production of Splittertarn B was discontinued in 1944. Further variations were the two so-called swamp camouflage patterns , which appeared in 1943 and 1944 and which became the model for the camouflage fabric of the Federal Border Police, founded in 1951 . Until the end of the war in 1945, a further modification of the original pattern had been experimented with. This should react to the changed warfare from the ambush as well as to the now available night vision devices , with experiments with light-absorbing colors. However, none of these pieces made it to series production by the armistice. Despite some contradicting representations in the literature, the word Warei , which can often be found on the triangular tent sheets from 1931 onwards, refers to the patent holder of the pattern, Walter Reichert, and is by no means the official name of a type of camouflage pattern.
After the Cassibile armistice between Italy and the Allies in September 1943, the former ally was occupied by German troops. In the course of this, stocks of the Italian Telo Mimetico were requisitioned and used by the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS. The camouflage patterns originally reserved for the Waffen-SS were also used in some cases by units of the Wehrmacht during the war. Since the summer of 1942, the troops of the parachute tank division "Hermann Göring" had been equipped with camouflage helmet covers and camouflage uniforms of the Waffen SS as standard.
Generals' uniform
Including the uniform of the general ranks of all special careers, the uniform of the generals showed the following deviations from the uniform of the officers:
A tunic with crimson lugs, crimson underlay for the shoulder pieces, crimson collar and sleeve flaps with gold embroidery (so-called Larisch embroidery ). National insignia and buttons gold-colored, field band with fire-gilded belt lock . Coats with crimson breast flap lining and gold-colored buttons. Lugs, cord and buttons of the peaked cap are gold-colored, as are oak leaves and national emblems. Crimson lampasses on riding and boot pants.
With the ruling of May 1, 1944, the following changes were introduced for the generals of the special careers, which - for reasons of the supply situation and for reasons of individual rejection - only partially prevailed in practice: collar and sleeve flaps, shoulder pads and breast flap lining in the same color as the raceway .
Air Force Uniforms
The Luftwaffe was armed with beige overalls , leather caps and lined boots. Black leather jackets with epaulettes and metal badges were also worn by fighter pilots . The badge differed from the army and navy by the imperial eagle, whose wings were curved upwards, and the swastika without a circle.
The dress uniform consisted of a field or peaked cap and a field blouse as it was worn by the army and Waffen-SS, but in dark blue, yellow or red collar tabs and an open collar.
Kriegsmarine uniforms
In the Navy , the uniform of the sailors consisted of a jacket, a pair of trousers, a white and a blue shirt, a shirt collar with three white stripes, a silk scarf , gray gloves and a cap with two bows . The same applied to non-commissioned officers without portepee. Officers and NCOs with portepee wore a double-breasted dark blue jacket with trousers of the same color and a white service shirt, called the underwear in front , and a visor cap. An unwritten rule was that the captain of a ship always wore a peaked cap with a white upper half.
See also
literature
- Johannes Denecke: camouflages of the German army 1914 until today. Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1999, ISBN 3-7637-5990-5 .
- Eberhard Hettler: Uniforms of the German Wehrmacht with drawings by Herbert Knötel, Paul Pietsch, Egon Jantke; Reprint 1979 of the 1939/40 edition, Militariaarchiv KDPatzwall, Hamburg.
- Laurent Mirouze: Infantrymen of World War II. Europa Militaria No. 2, Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf (no year). ISBN 3-924753-27-X .
- Daniel Peterson: Camouflage uniforms of the Wehrmacht and post-war variants , Enforcer publishing house, 1996 ISBN 3-939700-31-2 .
- Gordon L. Rottman : German combat equipments 1939-45. Men-at-Arms, Volume 234. Osprey Military. London 1991. ISBN 0-85045-952-4 (English).
- Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS. Uniforms in color. Europa Militaria No. 6, 2nd edition. Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf 1992. ISBN 3-924753-44-X .
- Nigel Thomas: The German Army 1939-45 (3). Eastern Front 1941-43. Men-at-Arms, Volume 326. Osprey Military, Oxford 1999. ISBN 1-85532-795-3 (English).
- Nigel Thomas: The German Army 1939-45 (5). Western Front 1943-45. Men-at-Arms, Volume 336. Osprey Military, Oxford 2000. ISBN 1-85532-797-X (English).
- Brain L. Davis: Uniforms and Badges of the German Army 1939-1945. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-02359-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ About German uniforms (July 28, 2008) ( Memento from January 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS. Uniforms in color. Europa Militaria No. 6, 2nd edition. Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf 1992. ISBN 3-924753-44-X , p. 9.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 99.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 99.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 105.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 115.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 104.
- ^ Brian L. Davis: Uniforms and Badges of the German Army 1939 - 1945. P. 105 and P. 106.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, Jürgen Kraus: The German Reichswehr. Uniforms and equipment of the German Reichsheer from 1919 to 1932. Militaria, 2005, ISBN 3-902526-00-9 , p. 210.
- ↑ Ernst Danielsen, K. Walther: The heat regulation of the soldier. In: Anton Waldmann , Wilhelm Hoffmann (ed.): Textbook of military hygiene. Springer, Berlin 1936, p. 51.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, Jürgen Kraus: The German Reichswehr. Uniforms and equipment of the German Reichsheer from 1919 to 1932. Militaria, 2005, ISBN 3-902526-00-9 , p. 133.
- ↑ Ernst Danielsen, K. Walther: The heat regulation of the soldier . In: Anton Waldmann , Wilhelm Hoffmann (ed.): Textbook of military hygiene. Springer, Berlin 1936, pp. 50-51.
- ↑ Ernst Danielsen, K. Walther: The heat regulation of the soldier. In: Anton Waldmann , Wilhelm Hoffmann (ed.): Textbook of military hygiene. Springer, Berlin 1936, p. 50.
- ^ Adolf Schlicht, John R. Angolia: The German Wehrmacht. Uniforms and equipment 1933-1945. Volume 1: Das Heer ., Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01390-8 , p. 111.
- ^ Rudolf Absolon: The Wehrmacht in the Third Reich, Volume 5: September 1, 1939 to December 18, 1941 . Boldt, Boppard am Rhein 1988, ISBN 3-7646-1882-5 , p. 323.
- ↑ Anne Sudrow: The Shoe in National Socialism. A product story in a German-British-American comparison . Wallstein, Göttingen 2010, p. 573.
- ↑ Oertzenscher pocket calendar for the officers of the army (formerly FRICKS), 63rd edition 1943, p. 396; according to "OKH vom 9.7.37 V (IIIa) * 318".
- ↑ Johannes Denecke: Camouflage paints of the German army 1914 until today. Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 1999, ISBN 3-7637-5990-5 . Pp. 10-20.
- ↑ Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS. Uniforms in color. Europa Militaria No. 6, 2nd edition. Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf 1992. ISBN 3-924753-44-X , p. 65.
- ^ Gordon Rottman: German combat equipments 1939-45. Men-at-Arms, Volume 234. Osprey Military. London 1991. ISBN 0-85045-952-4 . Pp. 18-19.
- ↑ Laurent Mirouze: infantrymen of World War II, Europe Militaria No. 2, published by Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Dusseldorf.. ISBN 3-924753-27-X . P. 28.
- ^ A b Nigel Thomas: The German Army 1939-45 (5). Western Front 1943-45. Men-at-Arms, Volume 336. Osprey Military, Oxford 2000. ISBN 1-85532-797-X . P. 22.
- ↑ Andrew Steven, Peter Amodio: Waffen-SS. Uniforms in color. Europa Militaria No. 6, 2nd edition. Verlag Karl-Heinz Dissberger, Düsseldorf 1992. ISBN 3-924753-44-X , p. 62.