Crimes of the final phase in Neuengamme concentration camp

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Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial: uncovered remains of the detention bunker

In the final phase of the crime in Neuengamme concentration camp , 13 women and 58 men were murdered between April 21 and 24, 1945 in the arrest bunker of the concentration camp . These 71 people were mainly political prisoners, members of various resistance groups and forced laborers who had become politically suspicious . They had been held as protective prisoners in the Fuhlsbüttel police prison for months, sometimes for years ; no trials had been opened against them, and no court orders had been made. The crime is part of the "removal of witnesses and traces" carried out by the National Socialist rulers in Hamburg towards the end of the war in order to provide as little evidence as possible of Nazi atrocities when the city was handed over to the Allies . The murder of twenty children in the school on Bullenhuser Damm on the night of April 21, 1945 is related to this .

background

When the British armed forces approached Hamburg at the end of the war , the city's concentration camps were evacuated according to plans that had been in place since the end of 1944. In Fuhlsbüttel the prisoners were divided into three groups. Those classified as harmless were released, the second group, which comprised around 800 prisoners, was sent on an " evacuation march " to the Nordmark labor education camp in Kiel-Hassee . The 71 people classified as political were put together for murder on a list compiled by various heads of department of the Gestapo and signed by Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr , Lieutenant General of the Waffen SS , and were transferred to the Neuengamme concentration camp on April 20, 1945. The people on this list had largely stood in the resistance against National Socialism , they were organized in the KPD , in the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group , in the White Rose Hamburg , in the Etter-Rose-Hampel group or in the group Fight against fascism (KdF). Individuals had been noticed by statements critical of the system and taken into protective custody. There were also a large number of Polish, Soviet and French slave laborers among them.

The National Socialist rulers of the city of Hamburg wanted to remove the traces of their crimes before the arrival of the Allies . Parallel to the evacuation of Fuhlsbüttel and the liquidation of the resistance fighters, the Neuengamme concentration camp was also evacuated from the end of April 1945. Around 10,000 prisoners had to set out on the march to Lübeck and the Lübeck Bay , where thousands of them were put on ships. This ended fatally for about 6,400 people, mainly when the Cap Arcona and the Thielbek were sunk on May 3, 1945 by a British air raid.

Twenty children between the ages of five and twelve, on whom medical experiments had been carried out in Neuengamme since the autumn of 1944, were taken to a school on Bullenhuser Damm in what was then the Billwerder Ausschlag district and there on the night of 20th December Hanged April 21, 1945. Then another 28 people, the children's carers and Soviet prisoners of war, were murdered there.

The last 700 prisoners in Neuengamme had to clean up the camp, some of the barracks were repainted, and were sent on a march to Flensburg between April 30 and May 2, 1945 under the direction of the protective custody camp leader Anton Thumann and the report leader Wilhelm Dreimann . When the British arrived in Neuengamme on May 3, 1945, they found the camp empty and clean. The extensive files and administrative documents had previously been destroyed.

The liquidation list

Shortly after the start of the war, the Gestapo Department for “Combating Communism” (special section of the Gestapo IV 1 a 1) created an “index of dangerous elements”. It contained entries about people who were critical of the regime and was constantly updated and expanded . From 1943 onwards, “lists of non-portable elements” were made from this card index, after which the “liquidation list” was written from the spring of 1945.

“The request to compile this list was passed on to the individual department heads by the former head of the Gestapo, Blomberg , through the government councilor Jacob. The accused Bockelmann received the corresponding order from Hintze and, together with the accused Helms, made a list of the dangerous prisoners. "

- Indictment in the proceedings against Gestapo officer Henry Helms, 1947

An inventory of the card index was carried out, so cases could be regarded as "settled" in which those registered had already been executed or otherwise died. Men and women were selected who were under the direct control of the Gestapo, i.e. who were in the Fuhlsbüttel police prison, or who could easily be arrested. The Gestapo employees Lucie Rehbein and Helene Reimers transferred the names from a brown to a red card index.

“During my interrogation by the sergeant, I was asked for a blacklist that I was supposed to have written. On this list I have added the six names mentioned above, one of which Schulz was not executed. I don't know the other names that were already on the list. These are people who have already been arrested. ... The list headed 'Non-Wearable Items' brought Helms to Dr. Freytag from the public prosecutor's office, with whom he, as he said, still had a lot to discuss. "

- Statement by the Gestapo employee Helene Reimers

The names that Helene Reimers wrote on the list were the four members of the Ladewig and Rosenkranz family as well as Heinrich Schröder and Carl Schultz. After the list was drawn up, these six people were arrested at the end of March 1945 and brought to Fuhlsbüttel. In addition, Albert Schweim, head of the Hamburg Gestapo Foreigners Department (Department IV 1 c), put some Soviet prisoners of war on the list.

On the night of April 11-12, 1945, members of the SS guards met at the commandant of the Fuhlsbüttel police prison, Willi Tessmann . The list now signed by Bassewitz-Behr and sent by the Gestapo was there and was discussed.

The crime

The transport to Neuengamme on April 20, 1945 was directed by the deputy camp manager of the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, Hans Stange. The men were initially placed in an isolated punishment block guarded by SS guards, the women in the camp's SS bunkers. On the night of April 21-22, 1945, under the command of Neuengamme's deputy camp manager, Anton Thumann , the thirteen women were brought to the bunker used as the place of execution, twelve of them were hanged and the thirteenth woman was slain.

Around half of the men were also housed in the cells of the detention bunker at this point. Some managed to barricade and defend themselves. They died on the night of April 22nd to 23rd, 1945 from hand grenades which the SS guards, also under Thumann's command, threw in through the windows. It is believed that seven other men were hanged, the others shot on the night of April 24, 1945.

The corpses were cremated in the Neuengamme concentration camp crematorium.

Reports

Despite the relatively early findings of the British military authority through numerous testimonies and reports, there are sometimes contradicting information about the data and especially the details. It is continuously reported that the murdered women assumed that they would be released before they were transported from Fuhlsbüttel to Neuengamme.

“Since there were no legal proceedings against them, they assumed they might be released with a brief transition from the hut prison. Everyone was excited. They showed each other the pictures of their husbands and children (Erika Etter did not know that her husband had already been executed), and made their clothes as nicely as possible. Erika, the youngest, wore white knee socks. The hair was laid nicely and lipsticks were borrowed. "

- Report by Ellen Katzenstein : Kal Faktorin in the women's prison in Fuhlsbüttel

Annemarie Ladewig wrote another letter to her fiancé Hermann Sartorius that day:

“If I only knew where tomorrow is going. ... I tell you, goodbye, and kiss you dearly - always your Annemarie. I'm fine!!"

- Annemarie Ladewig : Stumbling blocks in Hamburg

The execution of the women is described in detail in several biographies:

“In the corridor of the prisoners' bunker there was a long beam under the ceiling that served as a gallows. The women were taken there on the night of April 21st to April 22nd, 1945. They had to strip naked, climb onto a chair, put the noose around their necks, pull the chair away. They waited 30 minutes, then the next woman was hanged, who had to see the fate of her predecessor. "

- Maike Bruchmann : Annemarie Ladewig. Stumbling blocks in Hamburg

“The murders took place between April 21 and April 24, 1945. The women were the first victims. They had to completely undress. Then they were hung in two groups, six next to each other. Erika Etter, the youngest, was still left because there was no more free hook for her. [...] The men knew what was in store for them. They barricaded the bunker doors and defended themselves when the doors were forcibly opened by the SS. […] The SS finally threw hand grenades through the bunker windows […] Then they found Erika Etter, whose foot protruded from under pieces of wall. They were dragged out. Erika Etter was still alive. She was killed with a rock. "

- Gertrud Meyer : Night over Hamburg

Other reports suggest that the woman who was able to hide was Hanne Mertens:

“One of the unfortunate victims, the actress Mertens, initially managed to hide under the wooden cot that the detainee used to sleep. But she was discovered [...] and brutally pulled out by the hair. "

- Josef Händler : Report on the events in Neuengamme

The eyewitness further described that the woman was slain with a stone by SS-Unterscharführer Wilhelm Dreimann and how some of the men resisted:

“Now the first ten men have been brought out of the punishment block with the intention of doing the same to them. […] The first two succeeded, but the third slapped his murderer, SS-Obersturmführer Thumann, in the face and made him stumble against the wall. Then the cowardly murderers stormed out of the bunker and bolted the gate. Now the attempt was made to shoot the men through the cell window of the bunker, but the doomed had decided to sell their lives as dearly as possible and when the first one pushed his pistol through the window, he was hit on the hand with a board torn from the cot that his gun fell into the cell. "

- Josef Händler : Report on the events in Neuengamme

In an article in the Hamburger Abendblatt, the events are described differently:

“When Thumer [Thumann] goes into the bunker where the men are locked up, they jump at him, hit him in the face, tear the pistol from his belt and shoot after him as he escapes. Thumer brings reinforcements. You will find the bunker doors locked from the inside. They throw hand grenades through the window. The survivors in the other bunkers, around 30, are shot "

- Hamburger Abendblatt dated April 24, 1975

Eyewitnesses reported the end of the three-night liquidations:

“The following night the murderers went to work with greater caution. Ten heavily armed block leaders, led by Untscharführer Dreimann, went into the punishment block and took 10 men into the prisoners' bunker. The liquidation was now churning out, i. H. every single one of the victims was placed face-to-face against the back wall of the bunker and slammed together. "

- Josef Händler : Report on the events in Neuengamme

Lawsuits against those responsible

Since 15 members of the Allied nations were among the murdered, the crime was included in the indictments of several military trials that took place in the Curiohaus in Hamburg. In the Neuengamme main trial ( Neuengamme Camp Case No. 1 ) from March 18 to May 13, 1946, 14 SS members from the internal camp administration were brought to justice for the killing and mistreatment of nationals of the Allied nations . Among them was Anton Thumann, who was sentenced to death because of his responsible position as a protective custody camp leader.

When questioned during the trial, Thumann testified that at the beginning of April 1945, Sturmbannführer Hasse had announced the transport from Fuhlsbüttel and announced that 100 executions were still to be carried out, and that Hasse had come on behalf of Bassewitz-Behr.

A specific allegation of the liquidation of the 71 resistance fighters was raised in the same trial against the block leader Heinrich Ruge. Testimony could prove to him that on the night of April 22, 1945 he threw hand grenades into the detention bunker where the mutinous inmates had holed up. A witness also testified that Ruge had killed a survivor with a stone. His involvement in the events of that night presumably justified his death sentence. Witness statements also proved that SS-Unterscharführer Wilhelm Dreimann , who was sentenced to death in the Neuengamme main trial , was involved in the murders between April 21 and 23, 1945.

Hans Stange, the deputy camp manager of Fuhlsbüttel, was charged with nine other former employees of the police prison in the so-called Fuhlsbüttel trial ( Fuhlsbüttel Case No. 2 ), which also took place in the Curiohaus from September 1 to 24, 1947. His co-responsibility for the final phase crime in Neuengamme was recorded, but not included in the sentence of 15 years in prison for mistreatment and killing of members of the Allied Nations . During an interrogation in 1947 he testified:

“I was in charge of the transport to Neuengamme, which consisted of about 80 men. There were about 10 women among them. [...] I would also like to say that the transport to Neuengamme was carried out on the orders of Bassewitz-Behr. "

- Hans Stange : Minutes of the interrogation on March 27, 1947

In 1947, proceedings were opened against von Bassewitz-Behr, who had signed the execution list and, as lieutenant general of the police, organized the evacuation of the Hamburg camps because of his responsibility for crimes in the Fuhlsbüttel police prison. The process ended in an acquittal. However, Bassewitz-Behr was extradited to the Soviet Union for other crimes and died there on January 31, 1949 in a labor camp in Eastern Siberia.

“To this day, the question of who gave the order to shoot the 71 people has not been clarified. The commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp, Pauly, his deputy Thuman and his adjutant Totzauer claimed that they had received the order to execute Bassewitz-Behr. However, he was acquitted of this point of charge by a British military tribunal. "

- Court record in the proceedings against the Gestapo officer Henry Helms in May / June 1949

The murdered women

Twelve of the thirteen women were hanged in the detention bunker of the Neuengamme concentration camp on the night of April 21-22, 1945, one of the women, either Erika Etter or Hanne Mertens, was killed on the same night or one day later. The date of death of all these women is usually given as April 21, 1945.

Born on October 5, 1884, nurse, last place of residence at Löwenstrasse 5 (today Hoheluft-Ost ), member of the KPD and the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In her memory, a stumbling block was laid at her last home address.
  • Senta Dohme
born on November 6, 1906; Wife of a coffee wholesaler
  • Erika Etter
born on September 27, 1922, saleswoman, wife of resistance fighter Werner Etter, executed on February 19, 1945 in the Brandenburg-Görden prison, last place of residence in Hamburg-Winterhude , Alsterdorfer Straße 40; Member of the KJVD and the Etter-Rose-Hampel group
A memorial stone was placed in the honor grove of the resistance fighters in the Ohlsdorf cemetery together with her husband. As a memento, a street in Bergedorf was named Erika-Etter-Kehre in 1985 and a stumbling block was moved to her last residential address.
Born on September 18, 1897, wife of Ernst Fiering, who was also murdered in Neuengamme, last place of residence in Hamburg-St. Georg , St. Georgs Kirchhof 26, member of the FG and the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In her memory, a stumbling block was laid at her last home address.
born on November 15, 1893, tailor, last place of residence in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel , Vereinsstraße 59; Member of the KPD and the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In her memory, a stumbling block was laid at her last home address.
  • Anna Jakuditsch
Forced laborer, member of the resistance group Fight against Fascism (KdF group)
  • Anni Kreuzer
born on June 5, 1919, graphic artist, daughter of Rudolf Wilhelm Ladewig and sister of Rudolf Karl Ladewig, who were both murdered in Neuengamme, last place of residence in Hamburg-Winterhude, Blumenstrasse 32; Member of the resistance group Fight Fascism
In 1987, in her memory, a street in Hamburg-Bergedorf was named Annemarie-Ladewig-Kehre and a stumbling block was moved to her last residential address.
born on April 13, 1909, actress, last place of residence in Hamburg-Winterhude , Sierichstr. 66; arrested in February 1945 for undermining military strength
In her commemoration, a street in Hamburg-Niendorf was named Hanne-Mertens-Ring in 1982 , the sculpture table with 12 chairs in Niendorf also includes her and a stumbling block was laid in front of her last place of work, the Thalia Theater , and her last residential address .
born on December 25, 1902, housewife, last place of residence in Hamburg-Nienstedten , Up de Schanz 24; Member of the White Rose Hamburg
In 1995 a street in Hamburg-Bergedorf was named Margarete-Mrosek-Bogen to commemorate her , the White Rose memorial in Hamburg-Volksdorf includes her and a stumbling block was moved to her last residential address.
  • Elisabeth Rosary
born March 6, 1906, artisan, partner of Rudolf Wilhelm Ladewig, who was also murdered in Neuengamme; last place of residence Hamburg-Hohenfelde , Armgartstrasse 4; Member of the resistance group Fight Fascism
In her memory, a stumbling block was laid at her last home address.
  • Sinaida Strelzova
Forced laborer, born in Ukraine; Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
born on January 18, 1914, wife of Paul Zinke, who was also executed in Neuengamme, last place of residence in Hamburg-Hoheluft, Falkenried 26; Member of the KPD, the FG and the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In her memory, a stumbling block was laid at her last home address.

The murdered men

The 58 men were murdered between April 21 and 24, 1945 in the detention bunker of Neuengamme concentration camp, some were hanged, others shot or killed, and some died from the use of hand grenades. The date of death for all these men is generally given as April 23, 1945. In addition to about twenty Germans, there were men from different nations and especially Poles in this group, whose names were not known. The following list is therefore incomplete.

  • Hermann Allers
Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
  • Heinrich Bajohr
  • Alfred Cohn
Born 1911, last place of residence in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel, Schulweg 38
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
  • Gerhard Dohme
born on May 19, 1908, last address in Hamburg-Neustadt , Valentinskamp 42; Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
Born on September 13, 1887, electrician at the Stülcken shipyard , husband of resistance fighter Marie Fiering, who was also murdered in Neuengamme, last place of residence in Hamburg-St. Georg, St. Georgs Kirchhof 26; Member of the KPD and the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
  • Egon Hirsch
  • Kurt Hirschfeld
  • August Hoffmann
Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
  • Rudolf Karl Ladewig
born on February 19, 1922, son of Rudolf Wilhelm Ladewig and brother of Annemarie Ladewig, both of whom were also murdered in Neuengamme; last place of residence Hamburg-Winterhude, Blumenstrasse 32; Member of the KdF group
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
born April 30, 1893, architect, father of Rudolf Karl Ladewig and Annemarie Ladewig, partner of Elisabeth Rosenkranz, who were also murdered in Neuengamme; last place of residence Hamburg-Hohenfelde, Armgartstrasse 4; Member of the KdF group;
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
born on June 5, 1893, lawyer, last place of residence Hamburg-Altona , Hohenzollernring 34; Participation in the White Rose Hamburg
In his memory, two stumbling blocks were laid, one in front of his last address and one in front of the civil justice building on Sievekingplatz. The White Rose memorial in Volksdorf and the sculpture table with 12 chairs in Hamburg-Niendorf also include him in the memorial. A street in Niendorf is also named after him.
born on October 9, 1908, heating engineer, member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
  • Karel Racmann
born December 20, 1883, Czech citizen, carpenter, last place of residence in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel, bei der Apostelkirche 28; Member of the KdF group and the Svornost association
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
born on March 23, 1884, inland boatman, Stülcken shipyard, last residential address Hamburg-Rothenburgsort , Vierländer Damm; Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
  • Philipp Rispe
  • Bernhard Rosenstein
Jewish citizen, independent, arrested for political reasons
  • Hans Vincent Scarlet
born 1919, last place of residence in Hamburg-Rotherbaum , Fontenay 10
Son of the emigrated Jewish business lawyer Otto Scharlach from Hamburg . To commemorate Hans Vincent Scharlach, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.
  • Heinrich Schröder
Metal workers, members of the KdF group
  • Vincent Smok
Czech citizen, member of the KdF Group and the Svornost Association
born March 8, 1901, electrician, husband of the resistance fighter Margit Zinke, who was also murdered in Neuengamme, last place of residence in Hamburg-Hoheluft, Falkenried 26; Member of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group
In his memory, a stumbling block was laid at his last home address.

literature

  • Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. ( www2.hu-berlin.de PDF), accessed on October 15, 2010
  • Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933-1945 , Frankfurt 1978, ISBN 3-87682-024-3
  • Ursel Hochmuth , Gertrud Meyer : Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. (1969), 2nd edition, Frankfurt 1980, ISBN 3-87682-036-7
  • Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945 , Frankfurt 1971
  • LG Hamburg, June 2, 1949 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German criminal judgments for Nazi homicides 1945–1966, Vol. IV, edited by Adelheid L Rüter-Ehlermann, CF Rüter . Amsterdam: University Press, 1970, No. 147, pp. 709–808 (trial for crimes committed by Hamburg Gestapo officers and informers www1.jur.uva.nl ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Reichel, Harald Schmid: From the catastrophe to the stumbling block. Hamburg and National Socialism after 1945, Dölling and Galitz Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937904-27-1 , p. 72
  2. ↑ a b Neuengamme follow-up trial against Henry Helms, indictment from 1947, Az. 14 Js 259/47, prosecutor Hamburg prosecutor's office; Hearing in May / June 1949; quoted from Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and Documents , Hamburg 1971, pp. 103 and 105
  3. ^ Quoted from Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and documents. Hamburg 1971, p. 104 f.
  4. ^ Statement by the SS guard Borgemehn In: Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and documents. Hamburg 1971, p. 107.
  5. ↑ a b c d e report by contemporary witness Josef (Jupp) Händler, around 1981; Peter Heyckendorf: In memory of grandmother Helene Heyckendorf ( heyckendorf.de ), accessed on April 12, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b sir, I fought the devil! Article in the Hamburger Abendblatt from April 24, 1975.
  7. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and documents. Hamburg 1971, p. 106.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Maike Bruchmann: Rudolf Ladewig . Stumbling blocks in Hamburg , accessed on October 15, 2010
  9. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and Documents , Hamburg 1971
  10. ↑ “71 prisoners [were] sent to Neuengamme for liquidation on about April 20. Amongst these 58 men and 13 women were at least 15 allied Nationals. They were all liquidated. ”List of those accused in the Fuhlsbüttel trial, p. 1. In: WO 309/967; quoted from: Uwe Fentsahm: The “Evacuation March” from Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel to Kiel-Hassee (April 12-15 , 1945) - ( akens.org PDF; 352 kB), accessed on October 15, 2010.
  11. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of the crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its external location. In: ZfG booklet. No. 6, p. 527 ( www2.hu-berlin.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. PDF), Retrieved October 15, 2010.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www2.hu-berlin.de  
  12. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of the crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its external location. P. 532.
  13. ^ Minutes of the interrogation of Hans Stange on March 27, 1947 in Munsterlager. In: WO 235/410, Exhibit 10; Quoted from: Uwe Fentsahm: The “Evacuation March” from Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel to Kiel-Hassee (April 12-15, 1945) (PDF; 352 kB), accessed on October 15, 2010
  14. ↑ a b Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 386; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 179.
  15. ^ Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. April 24, 1975, p. 178.
  16. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 424 and a .; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 179.
  17. ↑ Ulrike Sparr: Erika Etter. Stumbling blocks in Hamburg , accessed on October 17, 2010.
  18. ↑ Benedikt Behrens: Sophie Marie Fiering and Ernst Heinrich Henry Fiering Stolpersteine ​​in Hamburg , accessed on October 17, 2010.
  19. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. Pp. 351, 372, 386; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 184; Peter Heyckendorf: Öttinger, Nazi clean-washer, scoffing at my family Homepage Peter Heyckendorf ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed October 17, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / dielinke.heyckendorf.de
  20. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. Pp. 461, 463 f.
  21. ^ Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 190
  22. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. Pp. 460 f., 464; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 190
  23. ^ Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 193
  24. ↑ Maike Bruchmann: Hanne Mertens. Stumbling blocks in Hamburg , accessed on October 15, 2010
  25. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 414 and a .; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 194
  26. ↑ Stolperstein Biography Margarete Mrosek , accessed on October 17, 2010
  27. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 460 and a .; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 198
  28. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. Pp. 351, 372, 386;
  29. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. Pp. 371, 386; Hanna Elling: Women in the German Resistance 1933–1945. P. 207
  30. ↑ a b c d e f Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg: Reports and Documents , Hamburg 1971, p. 109
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 386
  32. ↑ Stolpersteine ​​Hamburg: Alfred Cohn , accessed on October 17, 2010
  33. ^ Stolpersteine ​​Hamburg: Gustav Bruno Endrejat , accessed on October 17, 2010
  34. ↑ Benedikt Behrens: Sophie Marie Fiering and Ernst Heinrich Henry Fiering Stolpersteine ​​in Hamburg: Ernst Fiering , accessed on October 17, 2010
  35. ↑ a b c d e Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 464 and a.
  36. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945 , pp. 414 et al. a .; Biography Kurt Ledien, in: State Center for Political Education: Stolpersteine ​​in Hamburg Altona. Biographische Spurensuche , p. 59, also online: Birgit Gewehr: Kurt Ledien , accessed on October 17, 2010
  37. ↑ Stolpersteine ​​Hamburg: Karel Racmann , accessed on October 17, 2010
  38. ^ Stumbling blocks Hamburg: Franz Reetz , accessed on October 17, 2010
  39. ↑ Ursel Hochmuth, Gertrud Meyer: Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. P. 236
  40. ^ Stolpersteine ​​Hamburg: Hans Vincent Scharlach , accessed on October 17, 2010
  41. ^ Stolpersteine ​​Hamburg: Paul Zinke , accessed on October 17, 2010