Neuengamme main process

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Place of the process: Curiohaus in Hamburg

The Neuengamme main trial ( English Neuengamme Camp Case No. 1 ) was a war crimes trial that was carried out in the British occupation zone of Germany before a British military court . This process took place from March 18, 1946 to May 3, 1946 in the Hamburg Curiohaus and is therefore also called the Curiohaus process . In this process, 14 members of the former SS camp personnel of the Neuengamme concentration camp were accused of killing and mistreating members of Allied countries in the main camp . Crimes against German nationals were not the subject of the proceedings. The proceedings ended after 39 days of trial with 14 convictions; 11 death sentences were pronounced and carried out and three long prison sentences were imposed. The main trial was followed by other secondary proceedings relating to the crimes in the main camp as well as secondary trials relating to the Neuengamme subcamps .

prehistory

From April 20, 1945, the main camp of Neuengamme concentration camp was cleared by the camp SS in a few days and 10,000 concentration camp prisoners were transported to Lübeck in freight wagons . There they were placed on three ships, two of which were mistakenly set on fire by British bombers on May 3, 1945. This led to the Cap Arcona catastrophe in which almost 7,000 prisoners were killed. On the night of April 21, 1945, 20 Jewish children who had been abused in Neuengamme concentration camp for TBC experiments by doctor Kurt Heissmeyer and their carers were hanged together with Soviet prisoners of war in an empty school building on Bullenhuser Damm . Another end- phase crime was the execution of 58 men and 13 women from the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp in Neuengamme on April 21 and 23, 1945. Of the approximately 100,000 prisoners imprisoned in the Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps, at least 42,900 demonstrably died. In addition, there are several thousand who were transferred from Neuengamme to other concentration camps or who died from the consequences of the camp after the liberation from National Socialism .

Members of the British Army found the completely cleared camp site on May 2, 1945, a short time after the last members of the camp SS had withdrawn with a remaining group of 700 prisoners. Shortly before, incriminating documents had been burned, the barracks cleaned and the whipping rack and gallows removed. With the investigation into the crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp, the War Crimes Investigation Team (WCIT) No. 2, to which Sigmund Freud's grandson Anton Walter Freud also belonged. Due to the evacuation of the camp, the WCIT initially had difficulties identifying perpetrators and finding witnesses. The team was supported by surviving Neuengamme prisoners, who belonged to the "Committee of Former Political Prisoners" and who contacted the WCIT via the Secret Intelligence Service . They reported on the crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and handed over to WCIT No. 2 the previously hidden books of the dead and a quarterly report from the Neuengammer on-site doctor. These documents were later important evidence in the main Neuengamme trial. In addition, the former Neuengamme prisoners helped WCIT No. 2 in tracking down and identifying the perpetrators.

Several perpetrators such as the camp commandant Max Pauly were caught in May 1945. Pauly had left after the final evacuation of the concentration camp by early May 1945 at the latest. With the canteen manager of the Jacobsen concentration camp, Pauly had loaded a truck with packages from the Swedish Red Cross containing 400,000 cigarettes, 20,000 chocolate bars and 20,000 packets of coffee and tea. On the way to his hometown in Schleswig-Holstein, Jacobsen dumped part of the booty with Pauly's in-laws in Westerdeichstrich . Pauly himself drove his company car to his family in Wesselburen at the beginning of May 1945 and then hid with his sister-in-law in Flensburg , where he was arrested on May 15, 1945 at 11 p.m. and taken to the Neumünster internment camp .

Some perpetrators such as the former SS medical officer Alfred Trzebinski initially went into hiding . Trzebinski also loaded a truck with packages from the Swedish Red Cross in Neuengamme concentration camp and drove to Husum , where he exchanged his SS uniform for a Wehrmacht uniform . He pretended to be a medical officer in the Wehrmacht and initially worked as a doctor in the Husum reserve hospital. From there he came to a hospital in Hamburg and eventually worked as a military doctor in the Hesedorf release camp. There he moved into an apartment with his family. Trzebinski, who was able to hide his true identity for a long time, was tracked down by the WCIT officer Freud in Hesedorf. On February 1, 1946, he was arrested and transferred to the Westertimke internment camp. A short time later he was asked about the whereabouts of the twenty Jewish children whose disappearance the WCIT had been informed by former Neuengammen inmates. This crime later played a central role in the main Neuengamme trial.

Other former members of the Neuengammer SS camp personnel were able to go into hiding, had died, were not in the catchment area of ​​the British occupation zone or were convicted in other concentration camp proceedings. Pauly's predecessor as Neuengammer camp commandant, Martin Gottfried Weiß , was sentenced to death in the main Dachau trial on December 13, 1945 and was later executed. Arnold Strippel , who was involved in the twenty-fold child murder, was able to hide for years before he was caught in December 1948.

Legal basis

The legal basis of the proceedings was the Royal Order (Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals made under Royal Warrant) of June 14, 1945, through which war crimes committed after September 1, 1939 should be punished.

accusation

Accused were members of the former SS camp personnel of the lower, middle and management levels of the former Neuengamme main camp, who had been caught. Among them were the last camp commandant Max Pauly, his adjutant Karl Totzauer , the SS medical officer Alfred Trzebinski, the protective custody camp leader Anton Thumann , the commander of the guard battalion Karl Wiedemann, the camp doctor Bruno Kitt , the paramedic Wilhelm Bahr as well as block, command and Report leader.

The content of the indictment was the "killing and mistreatment of nationals of the Allied Nations" in the main camp of Neuengamme concentration camp. In order not only individual crimes such as murder to abuse or punish the accused was the joint conspiracy ( " conspiracy accused"), d. This means that even membership of the camp SS or the concentration camp system without proof of an individually committed act was considered punishable. In this way, verifiably committed concentration camp crimes could be punished without a specific suspicion. Nevertheless, there were specific allegations against several of the defendants. Crimes against German nationals were not the subject of the proceedings; related proceedings were handed over to German courts that were controlled by the Control Commission for Germany (CCG).

dish

According to the Royal Warrant, the court was composed of three British military judges, who were possibly assisted by a judge advocate . The prosecution took over the so-called Prosecutor . As before in the Bergen-Belsen Trial and later in the Ravensbrück Trial , this task was entrusted to Stephen Malcolm Stewart in the Neuengamme main trial, with CL Stirling acting as Judge Advocate . In contrast to the Bergen-Belsen trial, the defendants could choose a German legal advisor . After the verdict was announced, an appeal was not allowed, only a petition or a petition for clemency . The judgments only became final after being confirmed by a British commander-in-chief, who, however, considered submissions.

Process flow

The Neuengamme main trial opened on March 18, 1946 in the Hamburg Curiohaus and comprised 39 days of negotiations. At the beginning of the trial, 13 of the 14 defendants pleaded innocent after reading out the charges, the former SS medical officer Wilhelm Bahr pleaded guilty to a limited extent, but pleaded an imperative to order . Bahr had already admitted as a witness on March 2, 1946 in the Zyklon B trial , which also took place in the Curiohaus, that he had carried out the gassing of 197 Soviet prisoners of war in September 1942.

Stewart held the opening speech for the indictment, in which he first referred to the Allied radio report of April 23, 1942, where perpetrators of the concentration camp SS were threatened with severe punishment for committing crimes. He then stated that the accused had committed war crimes in the Neuengamme concentration camp and that the trial had proven that these crimes had taken place with the participation of the accused. He pointed out that crimes committed in the main camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp should not only prove individual guilt when presented in the process, but also exemplify the camp conditions and crimes there. Stewart specifically addressed the murders at Bullenhuser Damm and ended his address as follows:

“I know, Mr President, that it is very difficult to hold down your human excitement when you hear of human beings who have sunk so low as to experiment with children and liquidate them. However, I ask you not to judge this charge with the anger of indignant humanity, but only according to the wording of the law. "

- Prosecutor Major Stephen Malcolm Stewart in his opening speech on March 18, 1946

After Stewart's pleading, the hearing of the prosecution's sworn witnesses began. The witnesses could be questioned and cross-examined by the prosecution and defense counsel . Former inmates of the Neuengamme concentration camp, who reported on the camp conditions and the concentration camp atrocities, could only participate in the trial as witnesses while they were testifying. During the hearing of the witnesses, the court only intervened in the case of inadmissible questions. The 19 witnesses who testified personally reported abuse, killings (shootings on the “escape”, gassings and injections of poison) as well as the conditions in the prisoner infirmary, medical experiments and the circumstances of the evacuation of the camp. Several witnesses testified about individual incidents so that the prosecution could prove individual guilt of individual defendants. The sworn interrogation protocols of another witness were read out because he could not appear due to illness. Camp documents, such as a report from the on-site doctor dated March 29, 1945, were also included in the prosecution's evidence. This report, which the inmate clerk of the infirmary Emil Zuleger was able to hide in the course of the destruction of documents, gives a number of 6,224 deaths in the main and sub-camps of the Neuengamme concentration camp for the first quarter of 1945. Zuleger testified in court that, to the best of his knowledge, the figures given in the report were still underestimated.

After the opening speech of the defense, the witnesses of the defense were called from the 13th day of the trial, mostly former SS members who were also interned by the British. These denied or played down the accounts of the witnesses. The defendants were also questioned. The concentration camp crimes in the context of extermination through labor as well as mistreatment, murder and other acts of violence were mostly denied by the accused and, if it can be proven that they had taken place, such as the gassing of Soviet prisoners of war, they were justified by a lack of orders or denied due to lack of presence. The camp conditions themselves were glossed over. Block and command leaders admitted that they had also beaten prisoners, but this was done on the orders of their superiors. The defendants seldom incriminated each other.

Camp commandant Pauly, for example, who saw overall responsibility for the camp conditions in "Berlin", stated that he had not become aware of crimes committed against prisoners in the camp and that prisoners' statements about mistreatment were accordingly a lie. With regard to the gassing of Soviet prisoners of war in September 1942, he untruthfully denied that he had already been the camp commandant at that time; therefore he did not know anything about the gassing. He directed the best run concentration camp, also with a view to the welfare of the prisoners. Twenty witnesses testified for Pauly, including the former Hamburg Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann and the Higher SS and Police Leader Georg-Henning von Bassewitz-Behr . Confronted with the child murder on Bullenhuser Damm, Pauly appealed to an emergency and declared that an "execution order for children" had to be carried out. In his testimony, Pauly got involved in contradictions: He stated that he had read the execution order issued by Oswald Pohl , but that it was addressed directly to the on-site doctor Trzebinski. Although he had instructed Trzebinski to carry out the order, Trzebinski had not received the order from him, but from Pohl. These statements are doubtful, since execution orders usually went to the camp commandant.

Trzebinski, on the other hand, denied having ever seen the order; rather Pauly had instructed him to kill the children. He described the course of events in detail in court and admitted to having given the children an injection of morphine for "relief" prior to their murder . He cited the defendants Wilhelm Dreimann and Adolf Speck as those involved in the crime; He said of Johann Frahm , who was involved in the crime and who was later sentenced to death in a secondary trial:

"Frahm picked up the twelve-year-old boy and said to the others: 'He's going to be put to bed now.' He went with him into a room maybe six or eight meters from the lounge, and there I saw a noose on a hook. Frahm hung the sleeping boy in this noose and hung himself on the boy's body with his body weight so that the noose would tighten. "

- Alfred Trezebinski in the main Neuengamme trial of the Bullenhuser Damm child murder

After the end of the testimony and evidence, the prosecution and defense held the closing arguments. Pauly's lawyer Curt Wessig , communist and former prisoner of the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, presented Pauly to the court in his closing argument as a tool of the inhumane Nazi system, which should not be accused of unproven crimes. In the case of child murder, his guilt lies only in the delivery of the car in which the children were transported to the scene of the murder. In his closing argument, the prosecutor went into the child murders again and described the crime as a "cold-blooded murder", in which Pauly was also significantly involved as the ordering authority. The Judge Advocate then summarized the evidence for the court. The court then discussed the sentence and the presiding judge announced the verdict on May 3, 1946.

The 14 judgments in detail

Anton Thumann in British internment
Defendant rank function judgment
Max Pauly SS-Obersturmbannführer Camp commandant Death sentence, executed
Anton Thumann SS-Obersturmführer Protective custody camp leader Death sentence, executed
Alfred Trzebinski SS-Hauptsturmführer Site doctor Death sentence, executed
Bruno Kitt SS-Hauptsturmführer Camp doctor Death sentence, executed
Wilhelm Dreimann SS-Unterscharführer Report leader Death sentence, executed
Adolf Bacon SS squad leader Block and command leaders Death sentence, executed
Johann Reese SS-Unterscharführer Block and command leaders Death sentence, executed
Wilhelm Bahr SS-Unterscharführer Medical grade Death sentence, executed
Andreas Brems SS-Unterscharführer Block leader Death sentence, executed
Wilhelm Warnke SS Rottenführer Block leader Death sentence, executed
Heinrich Ruge SS-Unterscharführer Block leader Death sentence, executed
Karl Totzauer SS-Obersturmführer Adjutant and court officer 20 years imprisonment
Karl Wiedemann SS-Obersturmführer Commander of the guard battalion and base leader 15 years imprisonment
Walter Caraway SS-Unterscharführer 2. Report leader 10 years imprisonment

Execution of judgments

After the verdict, the condemned men were on May 3, 1946 from the prison Altona in the prison Fuhlsbüttel transferred, where they waited for their execution. The defense attorneys tried in vain to obtain a pardon through further references and affidavits . All judgments were confirmed on August 26, 1946 by the chief military lawyer of the British Army of the Rhine, Lord Russell of Liverpool . On October 2, 1946, those sentenced to death were escorted to Hamelin in a British military transporter . The executioner Albert Pierrepoint hanged all those sentenced to death in the main Neuengamme trial on October 8, 1946, one after the other in the Hameln prison .

Of the three sentenced to prison terms, Kümmel were released early on February 26, 1952, and Karl Totzauer and Karl Wiedemann on August 5, 1954 from the Werl war crimes prison. Against Kümmel was investigated again in 1970, the public prosecutor's office in Hamburg assumed that he had murdered two infants in the subcamp Hamburg-Eidelstedt as camp manager. The trial was reopened in 1982 and Kümmel was charged with three murders. He was accused of killing two babies and a young Hungarian woman suffering from tuberculosis. Caraway was acquitted in two cases, and in the case of one of the murdered infants, the court found Caraway's complicity in the murder to be proven. However, in accordance with the Introductory Act to the Law on Administrative Offenses (EGOWiG), the proceedings were discontinued due to the statute of limitations .

Ancillary processes to the Neuengamme main process and the subcamps

From July 1946 onwards, the main Neuengamme trial was followed by seven subsidiary proceedings in the Curiohaus for the crime complex in the main camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp with 15 defendants, one of whom was a prison officer . The death penalty was imposed on 13 suspects, eight of which were confirmed and carried out. The former protective custody camp leader and predecessor Thumanns Albert Lütkemeyer was also sentenced to death in these proceedings and then executed.

Crimes in the Neuengamme satellite camps were prosecuted in 26 follow-up trials. In addition to male members of the SS camp crew, 19 female concentration camp guards were also charged. The accused also included prison functionaries and civilians who had used concentration camp prisoners as forced laborers in their companies . British military trials were carried out for crimes in 16 of the eighty satellite camps of Neuengamme: Hamburg-Neugraben, Hamburg-Sasel , Hamburg-Tiefstack, Hamburg-Wandsbek , Hannover-Ahlem , Hannover-Mühlenberg , Hannover-Stöcken (Continental) , Helmstedt-Beendorf , Hildesheim , Husum-Schwesing , Ladelund , Meppen-Dalum , Meppen-Versen , Salzgitter-Drütte , Schandelah and Wilhelmshaven "Alter Banter Weg" . Due to the time limit of the royal mandate for the military court proceedings, further proceedings, including those for which investigations had already started, no longer took place from August 1948.

Further processes

In the Federal Republic and the GDR , 142 criminal proceedings were carried out in relation to the crime complex in Neuengamme concentration camp and satellite camps from 1946 onwards. In Hamburg alone, more than a hundred such proceedings were initiated, but only ten of them were prosecuted.

Valuations and effects

Commemorative plaque to the left of the entrance to the Curio-Haus in Hamburg-Rotherbaum , which also reminds of the British military trials.

Between 1946 and 1948, a total of 120 people were indicted by a British military court in the Neuengamme main trial, the secondary trials to the main trial and the subcamps. In contrast to the ancillary trials at the Neuengamme satellite camps, where a fifth of the accused were acquitted, in the Neuengamme main trial and the follow-up trials to the main camp, all accused were convicted.

The death sentences imposed in the Neuengamme main trial were based on the one hand on individually verifiable crimes. This particularly affected the defendants at the lower and middle levels of the former camp staff. On the other hand, defendants from former camp personnel were also sentenced to death for their responsibility for the crimes. The three sentenced to prison terms were the exception in the main trial. Kümmel, who burst into tears during the trial, was credited with his relatively brief activity in the main camp. His activity as camp manager of the Hamburg-Eidelstedt satellite camp was not the subject of the proceedings. The former adjutant and court officer Totzauer was untruthfully able to convey to the court that he only performed administrative tasks in the camp and that as a court officer he had prosecuted crimes committed by members of the SS. The former company commander Wiedemann made the court believe that the guard company was not part of the camp crew. His function as base manager of the Neuengammer satellite warehouse in Hamburg was not taken into account in the process.

Justifications based on imperfect orders were not recognized in the process. As a witness, the former Neuengamme inmate Fritz Bringmann differentiated between those giving orders and those carrying out orders. Not only individually verifiable acts, but also the corresponding orders were punished in the process. The example of Bringmann, who in September 1942 had successfully refused to carry out the gassing of Soviet prisoners of war ordered by the Defendant Bahr, proved that orders could be refused without endangering life and limb. Gauleiter Kaufmann and the Higher SS and Police Leader Bassewitz-Behr were not charged, despite their "political responsibility" for the crimes in Neuengamme.

The Neuengamme trials, which were conducted under the rule of law, make it clear that the British military courts resolutely punished concentration camp crimes; The fact that there were no more lawsuits or charges was due to a lack of staff and limited time resources.

Further information

A four-volume protocol transcript of the proceedings was published in Hamburg in 1969 under the title Curiohaus-Prozess. Hearing before the British military tribunal from March 18 to May 3, 1946 against those primarily responsible for the Neuengamme concentration camp issued by former Neuengamme prisoners.

On January 27, 2011, the documentary piece 39 Days Curiohaus, staged by Michael Batz, premiered in the Great Festsaal in Hamburg City Hall . In this scenic performance, which is accompanied by music, the course of the Neuengamme main process was shown using quotations read out by the perpetrators and victims. The performance took place as part of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of National Socialism .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Hermann Kaienburg: The Neuengamme Concentration Camp 1938–1945. Ed .: Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Bonn 1997, p. 319 f.
  2. ^ Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): The exhibitions. Bremen 2005, p. 95.
  3. ^ Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): The exhibitions. Bremen 2005, p. 129.
  4. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History . Issue 6, 2005, p. 526.
  5. ↑ a b Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): The exhibitions. Bremen 2005, p. 157.
  6. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 76.
  7. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 79.
  8. ↑ a b c Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Giving orders and direct perpetrators before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 527.
  9. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 664.
  10. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 527 ff.
  11. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Volume 6, 2005, p. 525.
  12. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 528 f.
  13. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 526 ff.
  14. ^ A b Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 83.
  15. ^ A b c d Hermann Kaienburg: The British military trials on the crimes in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Hamburg 1997, p. 58.
  16. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 528.
  17. ↑ Quoted from: Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 83.
  18. ↑ a b c Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Giving orders and direct perpetrators before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 529 f.
  19. ^ A b Hermann Kaienburg: The British military trials on the crimes in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Hamburg 1997, p. 62.
  20. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 85 f.
  21. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 89.
  22. ↑ Quoted from: Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, pp. 60/61.
  23. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 89 f.
  24. ↑ Related to: Hermann Kaienburg: The British military trials on the crimes in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Hamburg 1997, p. 57 ff.
  25. ^ A b Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 90 f.
  26. ^ Hermann Kaienburg: The British military trials on the crimes in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Hamburg 1997, p. 59.
  27. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt, August 6, 1954, p. 1.
  28. ↑ Detlef Garbe: Neuengamme main camp. In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Vol. 5: Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme. Munich 2007, p. 401.
  29. ^ Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): The exhibitions. Bremen 2005, p. 158.
  30. ↑ a b c Detlef Garbe: Neuengamme main camp. In: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Vol. 5: Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme. Munich 2007, p. 339 f.
  31. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 533.
  32. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Volume 6, 2005, p. 537.
  33. ^ Hermann Kaienburg: The Neuengamme Concentration Camp 1938–1945. Ed .: Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Bonn 1997, p. 284.
  34. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Volume 6, 2005, p. 538.
  35. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 532 f.
  36. ^ Günther Schwarberg: The SS doctor and the children from Bullenhuser Damm. Göttingen 1988, p. 84.
  37. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 540 f.
  38. ↑ Alyn Bessmann, Marc Buggeln: Commander and direct offender before the military court. British prosecution of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp and its satellite camps. In: Journal of History. Issue 6, 2005, p. 542.
  39. ↑ Andreas Wirsching : From law to history. Files from Nazi trials as sources of contemporary history. Göttingen 2009, p. 51.
  40. ↑ Hamburg Citizenship : 39 Days Curiohaus - Premiere of the documentary in the Hamburg City Hall
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 30, 2012 .