Wojciechy

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Wojciechy
Wojciechy does not have a coat of arms
Wojciechy (Poland)
Wojciechy
Wojciechy
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Bartoszyce
Gmina : Bartoszyce
Geographic location : 54 ° 15 ′  N , 20 ° 40 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  N , 20 ° 40 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 300
Postal code : 11-216



Wojciechy [ vɔjˈtɕɛxɨ ] (German Albrechtsdorf ) is a village in the rural municipality of Bartoszyce in Poland . It is located 11 km west of Bartoszyce ( Bartenstein ) halfway to Górowo Iławeckie ( Landsberg ) in the powiat Bartoszycki , Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .

history

Albrechtsdorf was founded in 1335 by Bartenstein as a German farming village. Unfortunately, the first Charter has been lost and it is also only the Tangible before 20 May 1392. The first locator and first schoolboy in the village was a Lambert Krumm . But soon afterwards, at the latest in 1362, the place lost its independence and did not become independent again until the subordination of the estate was lifted. In the course of time it changed very often the landlord and was also divided several times between two or more lords. In 1362 Albrechtsdorf came into the possession of the Prussian knight Santunge to Magdeburg rights , after it had previously been in the possession of the Malgedins, to whom it later returned when the Santunge property fell apart.

In the war of the Teutonic Order against Poland in 1414, the place suffered great damage. It is given as 3000 Marks for the town and 300 Marks for the church. Quite a number of hooves were certainly left lying in disrepair, although no precise information is available.

In 1419 Joseph Malgedin's widow was given a quarter of the town. In 1429 half of Albrechtsdorf belonged to Lorenz and Ambrosius Malgedin, with two pitchers now. In 1470 the Malgedin family acquired a further 11 hooves in Albrechtsdorf and in 1491 a "Vogt zu Preußisch Eylau " bought 8 hooves from Hans Lossau. In 1504 the mercenary leader Hans Ponnau was awarded 8 hooves there. After the war of 1520 with a lot of damage, Melchior von Kreytzen bought 14 hooves with a jug in Albrechtsdorf in 1535 on Groß Peisten. With this he laid the foundation stone for the later entire ownership of the village. In 1542 Georg von Aulack bought parts of the village and in 1555 received the church loan. In 1572 Hans von Kalckstein sold 45 hooves to the Aulack family. This belonged to the largest part of Albrechtsdorf. In 1584 a prescription was given to Caspar von Aulack auf Loyden for 8 hooves. In the same year (1584) Hans von Kalckstein received 10 hooves from Albrechtsdorf as court servant of the Elector of Brandenburg. 1584 a comparison between Johann von Kreytzen and Jakob von Kalckstein via Albrechtsdorf, according to which Johann von Kreytzen received 40 hooves from Albrechtsdorf for himself and his descendants Albrecht von Kreytzen and his heirs and heirs, including 8 free school hooves including the free jug. Albrecht von Kreytzen , together with the 4 church hooves, now owned a total of 63 hooves in the village. He only acquired the rest of 17 hooves later.

After 1600, the whole of Albrechtsdorf with the church patronage was owned by the von Kreytzen family on Groß Peisten. It stayed that way for over 200 years until 1820. So we can see that the place has changed landlords quite often and part of its hooves was pledged to other lords or was made usufruct. Nevertheless, the village retained its handicrafts according to kulm law, which protected its residents in their rights and property. Only the sovereignty and the interest payments went to the noble liege lords. The size of the village has remained with 80 hooves since the village was founded. The layout also remained unchanged and the village street still runs in a north-south direction today.

The time when the Reformation began in Albrechtsdorf cannot be precisely determined. But so much emerges from the information available that at the end of 1523 no interest was paid on the outstanding capital which belonged to the church. After the final peace in Krakow was concluded on April 8, 1525 between the former last Grand Master and now Duke of Prussia, Margrave Albrecht I of Brandenburg-Ansbach , and King Sigismund of Poland , the last prospect of restoring the previous situation disappeared. Due to a lack of clergymen who could preach the new evangelical doctrine, the service was held in many small village churches around this time, and in Albrechtsdorf you can also find the news that the church, like that of the neighboring town of Reddenau, was in desolation a long time after the Reformation has been. Reddenau got the first Protestant pastor in 1568 and Gregorius Braun was the first Protestant pastor in Albrechtsdorf from 1577.

It has not been possible to determine whether the plague-like disease that raged in Prussia in 1529 under the name " English sweat sickness " claimed victims in Albrechtsdorf. The area suffered another severe blow from the plague that broke out at the beginning of the 17th century. In the church register one does not find a significantly higher death rate in Albrechtsdorf, but one finds in the family chronicle of the von Kreytzen auf Peisten that several family members were killed by the plague .

In 1785 the aristocratic church village Albrechtsdorf had 42 fireplaces, in 1820 there were 45 fireplaces and Albrechtsdorf had 274 inhabitants.

In 1820 the estate was replaced with the 18 farmers. In addition to the crowd, they were obliged to pay an annual interest of 544 thalers, 18 geese, 108 chickens, 540 eggs, 18 pieces of canvas and 18 pieces of swath groats to the feudal lord in Groß Peisten. The peasants kept their entire land as free property without crowd service, paid an annual pension of 665 thalers, 15 silver groschen, 4 pfennigs and for the “Hofwehr” (that was the former “stock”, i.e. cattle, seeds, provided by the feudal lords and the tools for a farm) the one-time amount of 1829 thalers. (Anything beyond that belonged to the farmers as personal property.) The annual property tax to the district treasury was now 136 thalers, 22 silver groschen, 6 pfennigs.

In 1831 Albrechtsdorf had 5,340 Prussian acres of land. The Vorwerk of Gr. Peisten had 810 acres and 18 farms owned 4,252 acres. A parish church with 272 acres of land. 29 cottagers, 3 craftsmen, 6 instemen; together 318 inhabitants. 15 years later, in 1846, there were 74 houses and 646 inhabitants in Albrechtsdorf. After the separation, the village continued to grow quickly because the Vorwerkland belonging to Groß Peisten was sold to farmers. This and the division of farms resulted in many new properties. In 1859, 58 farmers owned 4,436 acres of land and 48 kätner 350 acres. In 1871 there were 147 residential buildings, 280 households and 1109 residents in the village, including 2 Catholics and 41 Baptists. In 1885 the village corridor was 1325 hectares in size; of which 922 ha of arable land and 183 ha of meadows. There were 156 houses, 236 households and 1214 residents in the village. This was the highest number of inhabitants in the place. In 1895 there were 162 houses and 237 households, but only 1048 inhabitants. These missing inhabitants probably emigrated to West Germany and maybe also to the Ukraine , because Albrechtsdorf families like Scheffler and Fuhr emigrated to Volhynia and Russia as early as 1862 .

The municipality of Albrechtsdorf, formed in 1928, was 1,270.70 hectares in size, had 156 houses, 220 households and 834 inhabitants. In the place were church, registry office and district. Albrechtsdorf belonged to the Bartenstein District Court. The property tax net income was 7.47 Rm per hectare and indicated a slight middle ground.

The school is said to have been established in 1662. A church school teacher is mentioned in the church book in the 18th century. Since 1863 it was two-class, from 1886 three-class. In 1925 two classes again. The last headmasters and organists were August Eduard Guske (1873–1910), Karl Anton Guske (1910–1928), and Karl Reichwald (1928–1945). Ewald Weißgräber was the second teacher in Albrechtsdorf from 1920 to 1945.

The old religious order church, founded in 1335, was located in the center of the village and was built of plastered field stones. It was renovated in 1655 and 1818.

The so-called "equestrian war" from 1519 to 1521 brought new times of need to Prussia and Natangen. Albrechtsdorf also suffered in the civil war from 1454 to 1466, because fights often raged around Bartenstein. The city of Bartenstein was besieged by the Poles and the surrounding villages were sacked. Most of the residents of Albrechtsdorf, like the noble lords, would have withdrawn to Bartenstein at that time, along with their belongings, in order to be safer there. Despite repeated requests, lost preliminary battles and loss of the Johannis suburb in Bartenstein, the city bravely held out and did not surrender. As a result of this looting and devastation, many documents that would have given more information about Albrechtsdorf at that time were certainly lost.

Little can be ascertained about the history of Albrechtsdorf from the entire time of the 17th and 18th centuries and the unfortunate war of 1806/07. The battle at Prussian Eylau of the allied Prussians and Russians against Napoleon on 7./8. February 1807 certainly brought hardship and distress again. At that time it was common for the armies passing through to requisition all the things they needed from the population. This inevitably led to hardship and misery. The pastor Kolbe from Landsberg / Ostpr. determined exactly what damage he suffered from the crew.

The hygienic conditions were certainly not the best either, so that diseases could spread quickly. The pastor of Landsberg recorded in the church book in February 1807: “From 7th to 20th d. Mon. (Febr. 1807) the hostile French army was standing here, the war unrest continued, and since that time a great number of newly developed putrid diarrhea, almost all of which were buried in silence and without registration, have died. After a long effort, the following deceased have been averaged out and entered here ”. About 44 deaths followed by March 1st. Up to December 31, 1807, 396 deaths were registered in the parish of Landsberg, compared to 50 to 70 in the other years. This dysentery epidemic also reached Albrechtsdorf in the summer of 1807. The Albrechtsdorf church book records an average of 20 deaths per year from 1800 to 1805. In 1807 157 people died in the parish, in August alone there were 29 deaths. The vast majority died of dysentery, especially children and people between the ages of 55 and 65.

Apart from a few prescriptions, nothing essential about Albrechtsdorf is recorded in Bartenstein's old house books. Of these from the period 1603–1700, the following can be determined:

Contract between Ludwig and Friedrich von Aulack and Hans von Malgedin for an inheritance of 5 hooves left in Albrechtsdorf, which are lent by Aulack auf Loyden.

Contract between Albrecht von Kreytzen and Ludwig and Friedrich von Aulack. According to this purchase agreement, Aulack will award 11 hooves.

In 1638 Albrechtsdorf was assigned to Mr. von Lehndorf as a legal pledge. This lawful pledge of Albrechtsdorf to Herr von Lehndorf explains perhaps the inscription CBvL with the coat of arms in the old stand to the right of the main entrance of the church.

Protestation by Albrechts von Kreytzen because of 3 hooves from Albrechtsdorf from 1675.

In 1695, the brothers Wolf and Achatius von Kreytzen were awarded Albrechtsdorf along with the free jug when they were confirmed about their estates.

Before Albrechtsdorf fell to the von Kreytzen auf Groß Peisten family, it was in the hands of the then powerful House of Tettau auf Tolks, which is also remembered by the old stand in the church, adorned with the von Tettau family coat of arms and the inscription GAvT. Albrechtsdorf finally fell from the hands of the von Tettau family through a sponsorship gift from Mr. von Tettau to a boy from Kreytzen to Peisten.

When the place came to Peisten, the local lordship had a Vorwerk built here in Albrechtsdorf. However, only 12 hooves were cultivated from this Vorwerk. The remaining area, which at that time still had a lot of forest, was cultivated by 20 farmers and 24 workers.

In 1811 the manor distributed 60 hooves to the 20 farmers in such a way that each of them received 1 ½ hooves interest-free and 1 ½ hooves subject to interest on their property. As was customary at the time, the land was farmed jointly by all in three fields until the separation. The 24 workers and the teacher had grazing rights. When they were separated, they were made up for by grazing land. When the Vorwerk had become dilapidated, the lordship no longer wanted to build it up and leased the Vorwerk land to individual interested parties. These 12 hooves were later sold to landlords in Albrechtsdorf.

In the time around 1825 Albrechtsdorf had the following farms:

  • 24 farmers with 3 hooves each
  • 24 owners and owners of pasture land
  • 6 Halbhüfner (small farmers)
  • 3 residents (tenants)

So at that time there were a total of about 53 families living in the village. The residents earned their maintenance almost exclusively through agriculture. After the separation in 1831, new households were soon created. Those landlords who had sons began to divide their properties. Others, who lived in poor circumstances, sold parts of their land and new properties were created. So the number of families and thus the population increased. The landlords finally got the idea to expand in order to have their lands closer to work. The houses in the village were not demolished, but sold along with the garden and courtyard. In this way, the number of owners, residents and craftsmen rose again. Until around 1880 the village had only one inn, which must have always stood where the jug still stands today opposite the church. By 1890 Albrechtsdorf already had three inns. In 1945 there were 2 inns. The third jug probably ceased to exist around 1920/25. Craftsmen of all genres were already represented back then. For some genealogists, the job title “Wirth” has caused confusion in the church records. This does not mean an innkeeper, but a farmer. The innkeeper was always called "Kruger".

Around 1880 Albrechtsdorf was the second largest village in the entire Preußisch Eylau district . The population had risen to around 1200. The massive houses became more and more popular. The village made a very good impression on the viewer, to which the good quality of the village streets contributed in particular. The mayor Friedrich Krause did a lot in the years 1876–1879 for the improvement of the village and the beautification of the village streets. Gravel was driven over them, trees were planted and curbstones were set. At that time, the sidewalk from the church to the south end of the village was also being built.

In the ecclesiastical situation, a major change has taken place since 1858, when Pastor Götz officiated. The first Baptists appeared . They and their followers held their devotions here and there, and they were often interrupted. A blacksmith journeyman, Ferdinand Schirmann, who had just returned from his wanderings, soon became the focus of the whole movement. He was hospitable in the family of the host at the time, Saat, and was soon known as the preacher. After he became the host Saat's son-in-law, the number of Baptists grew steadily. Finally a chapel was built, next to it a preacher's house, for which the father-in-law bought a piece of land. People came from far and wide to prayer, feasts and baptisms. This Baptist church existed until 1945. The Baptist Church's own cemetery was outside the village.

The handicrafts experienced a great boom in Albrechtsdorf towards the end of the last century, but then the emerging industrialization destroyed a number of handicraft businesses here too. The vital businesses of bakers and butchers, tailors and shoemakers, bricklayers and carpenters, who were still able to get ahead until 1945, performed most advantageously. Much was done for the village around 1880/90. The construction of the new school, the construction of the Landsberg-Bartenstein road, and the improvement of the land routes to Tappelkeim and Reddenau all required high costs. The transfer of the hunting lease from 1883 to the people affected by the flooding on the Rhine should also not go unmentioned.

On October 1, 1912, the voluntary fire brigade was founded in the Schulzenamt in the presence of the district administrator and district fire chief . The then main teacher and cantor Guske became their leader. The fire brigade had 20 active members at that time. During the war (1914–1918) work in the fire department was suspended. After the war, the first general assembly took place on June 2, 1919. Cantor Guske was once again unanimously commissioned to lead the fire brigade. In 1923 he resigned from his position as a leader because of his advanced age and handed it over to Oberstrasse master Plehn, who held it until 1929. In 1929 the chairmanship passed into the hands of the farmer Zilian. During his time, the motorized sprayer was purchased and handed over to the fire brigade in 1932. After 1933, innkeeper Scheffler became the leader of the fire brigade, which encompasses the entire district and was divided into the Albrechtsdorf and Bartelsdorf fire engines.

The place Albrechtsdorf had a lot of "dismantling", that is plots that were not built directly in the village, but on the land outside the place. A list of the plots in the village and the plots outside the town center as of 1945 follow in the map of the town.

Demographics

Population development of the municipality until 1945
year population Remarks
1885 1214
1933 882
1939 841

Chronicle for the parish of Albrechtsdorf

drawn up by Hans-Georg Stritzel, the author of the Albrechtsdorf local family book :

  • 1335 Foundation of Albrechtsdorf as a German farming village
  • 1335/62 Albrechtsdorf becomes a noble, subordinate village to the possession of Groß Peisten
  • 1347 First mention of Tappelkeims as a Cologne good "Tapelkeym"
  • 1350/1379 Foundation of Bartelsdorf ("Bertholdesdorf") as a submissive farming village of private landlords
  • 1352/62 construction of the religious order church in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1354 First mention of Bandel as a Prussian noble seat "Bandelen"
  • 1362 Gut Bandels is given Santunge to the Prussians
  • 1414 Serious war damage after the Polish invasion of Albrechtsdorf and Bandels
  • 1424 First mention of Marguhnen as a Prussian settlement "Mergunen"
  • 1454/66 devastation and looting in the places during the civil war, the "class war"
  • 1520/21 Complete destruction of Marguhnen in the "cavalry war"
  • 1520 Melchior von Kreytzen on Gr. Peisten acquired parts of Albrechtsdorf
  • around 1523 Reformation began in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1577 Resettlement of Marguhnen by Simon Dittrich
  • 1583 Albrecht von Kreytzen acquires further land in Albrechtsdorf from the Aulack family
  • 1600 All Albrechtsdorf with the church patronage owned by the von Kreytzen family on Gr. Peisten
  • from 1610 outbreak of the plague with many victims in the parish
  • 1638 Pledging of Albrechtsdorf to the Lords of Lehndorff
  • 1695 Wolf and Achatius von Kreytzen become masters of Albrechtsdorf
  • around 1720 establishment of the school in Albrechtsdorf. First known written mention in 1754
  • 1755 New school building in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1794 Feudal lord Erdmann FA von Kreytzen cancels hereditary servitude for his villages.
  • 1807 Battle of Pr. Eylau, Prussia and Russians against the French under Emperor Napoleon. No Napoleon's victory
  • 1807 High mortality in the parish by a, by Franz. Troops introduced dysentery
  • around 1807 establishment of the school in Tappelkeim
  • 1819 Foundation of the Prussian Eylau district
  • 1858 Foundation of the Baptist community in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1864 Construction of the chapel and the preacher's house for the Baptist congregation
  • 1874 Introduction of the Royal Prussian registry office in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1885 New school building in Albrechtsdorf
  • 1897 Foundation of the Albrechtsdorf Warrior Association
  • 1912 Foundation of the Albrechtsdorf Volunteer Fire Brigade
  • 1914 Mobilization on August 1st, drafting of 12 parish reservists
  • 1928 Formation of the municipality of Albrechtsdorf, the municipality of Bandels-Sand with the Vorwerke Kobbelbude and Suiken and the municipality of Bartelsdorf with the districts of Marguhnen and Tappelkeim
  • 1929 Sale of the Bartelsdorf estate with the Marguhnen Vorwerk to the "Gemeinnützige Siedlungsgesellschaft Ostbund"
  • 1935 Celebration of the 600th anniversary of Albrechtsdorf
  • Febr. 1945 Heavy losses and occupation of the place by Soviet troops
  • 1945 Division of the district into the northern Soviet and southern Polish occupations
  • 1946/47 expulsion of the last German residents from the parish. The place was named Wojciechy and became part of Poland.

Estate submission

Goods and villages were given as fiefs by the Teutonic Order and later by the rulers or the king. The feudal lords were mostly knights who had stood by the order in times of war and to whom the order could not pay the due wages or other debts. They were then given a village (or several villages or estates) as a fief. The peasants had to pay their interest for the farm to the landowners, as their liege lords. The offices were responsible for the villages that belonged to the king. All villages that had a landowner as a feudal lord were called "Gutsuntertan" and all villages that belonged to the sovereignty or the king were "royal villages". All this ended with the peasants' liberation.

Personalities

Web links

credentials

  1. ^ A b c M. Rademacher, German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of East Prussia, Friedland / Bartenstein district (online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)