Bagrationovsk
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Bagrationovsk
Prussian Eylau Багратионовск
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Bagrationowsk ( Russian Багратио́новск ; German Prussian Eylau , 1945–1946 Cyrillic Прейсиш-Эйлау ) is a city in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad ( Königsberg ). It has 6400 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and is the administrative center of the municipal self-government unit of the Bagrationovsk district in the Bagrationovsk district of the same name .
Geographical location
The city is located in the historical region of East Prussia , about 37 kilometers southeast of Koenigsberg ( Kaliningrad ).
Bagrationowsk is connected to the road network via the A195 (former German Reichsstrasse 128 ) from Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ) to Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . The border crossing is two kilometers south of the city.
history
Until 1945
In 1325, the Teutonic Order founded Yladia Castle in the old Prussian Gau Natangen , at whose feet the later Prussian Eylau was built in 1336. In 1348 the Balga Commander gave the settlement a festival . The castle was destroyed by fire in 1455. Market justice was granted in 1514 , and Duke Georg Friedrich granted full town charter in 1585 . In 1520 and 1525 the place was devastated by Polish troops, but the castle was besieged in vain.
A large fire caused great damage in the city in 1802.
On February 7th and 8th, 1807 the undecided battle of Prussian Eylau between Napoleon Bonaparte's troops and Russian troops under General Graf Bennigsen took place near the city , which the Russian troops with the help of a Prussian contingent under General L'Estocq could not decide for themselves, but achieved that Napoléon did not leave the battlefield victorious for the first time. The city is named after the Russian general, Prince Bagration , who took part in the battle.
After the Prussian administrative reform , Preußisch Eylau became the district town of the Prussian Eylau district in 1819 . On January 8, 1835, the teachers' seminar in Preussisch Eylau was opened. In 1866 the connection to the East Prussian Southern Railway was completed.
During the First World War , the city was temporarily occupied by Russian troops in August 1914.
In 1939 Preussisch Eylau had 7461 inhabitants. A cloth weaving mill, an iron foundry, the Johnen machine factory, the cooperative dairy, Schadwinkel's grain mill and Taulien's barrel factory were all business operations.
Since 1945
On February 9, 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army . In the former infantry barracks on Warschkeiter Chaussee, the NKVD prisoner of war and internment camp 533 for German prisoners of war of the Second World War and civilians existed from May 1945 to autumn 1948 . Of the approximately 13,000 civilians in Camp 533, about 6,000 were killed. The resident German population, if they had not already fled, was subsequently expelled .
In 1945 the city was under Polish administration and was called Iławka. When establishing the demarcation line that divided East Prussia between the Soviet Union and Poland with effect from January 1, 1946, the Soviet side pushed through that Prussian Eylau was added to their territory; since then the border has been running immediately south of the city. On September 7, 1946, Preußisch Eylau was renamed Bagrationowsk after Prince Bagration (see above). Due to the location on the new Soviet-Polish border, the city was now in an economically and infrastructural blind spot, which hindered the further development of the city. First, collectivized forms of agriculture were established in the vicinity of the city by the new citizens from Central Russia , Belarus , the Volga region and the Ukraine . The city's economic life was completely geared towards this. The townscape of Bagrationowsk changed significantly with the construction of new houses, the demolition of the many buildings destroyed in the war and the neglect of the old buildings.
Bagrationovsk became the seat of a Rajon . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the city regained importance as a transit city, as the most important border crossing of the Kaliningrad Oblast to Poland is located here .
In 2008 a memorial stone with German and Russian inscriptions was erected: To commemorate the residents of Preussisch Eylau who lost their lives in the Second World War / Erected by the survivors and their descendants / 2008 .
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 1,455 | without the garrison (three companies of infantry) |
| 1875 | 3,738 | |
| 1890 | 3,446 | including 42 Catholics and 42 Jews |
| 1910 | 3,270 | |
| 1933 | 4,322 | |
| 1939 | 7,461 | |
| 1959 | 4,438 | |
| 1970 | 5,563 | |
| 1979 | 6,049 | |
| 1989 | 6,728 | |
| 2002 | 7.216 | |
| 2010 | 6,400 |
Note: census data
coat of arms
Blazon : “Divided by black and silver; above a growing, golden, red-armored lion, below three black Teutonic crosses next to each other. "
Grand Master Johann von Tiefen gave the castle Ilaw and the adult place to the friar Heinrich Reuss von Plauen for life. Its coat of arms was a golden lion in black. The above coat of arms shows the oldest known SIGILLVM CIVITATIS EILV. BORVSS. ANNO 1558.
Attractions
Ordensburg Eylau
Parts of the building were preserved from the Ordensburg built in 1325. Grand Master Johann von Tiefen (around 1440–1497) gave the castle and settlement to the friar Heinrich Reuss von Plauen (1400–1470) for life. It was destroyed by fire in 1455, devastated by Polish troops in 1520 and 1525, but not captured.
Ruin Ordensburg Eylau
Eylau Castle, image 2
Eylau Castle, picture 3
Eylau Castle, picture 4
Eylau Castle, picture 5
Eylau Castle, image 6
Eylau Castle, image 7
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church
Evangelical
Parish
The Reformation gained a foothold in Prussian Eylau early on. The first Lutheran clergyman known by name was Pastor Johann Karaus , who was in office in the city as early as 1535. Very soon a second clergyman ("deacon") was appointed. If Preußisch Eylau originally belonged to the Bartenstein Inspection (now Polish: Bartoszyce), the city was then the seat of superintendent and eponymous place of the church district until 1945 , which was incorporated into the church of the Old Prussian Union within the church province of East Prussia .
Flight and displacement in 1945 and later caused the community to shrink to almost zero. In the 1990s, new Protestant congregations emerged in the Kaliningrad Oblast, but not in Bagrationovsk. The closest municipality is the village parish in Gwardeiskoje (Mühlhausen) ten kilometers away. It is a subsidiary of the Church of the Resurrection in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) and belongs to the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia (ELKER).
Church building
Between 1525 and 1945 the old parish church was a Protestant church. It was built between 1317 and 1325 in the brick Gothic style . In 1807 it was damaged in connection with the Battle of Preussisch Eylau , underwent a fundamental change in 1879 and survived the last days of the war in 1945 with only a few damage. Until the 1960s the church served as a horse stable, since then as a factory hall and warehouse. The structural condition is stable, the building is a listed building.
Pastor
The town of Preußisch Eylau and the parish that belonged to it looked after two clergymen until 1945:
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Church district
Before 1945, Preußisch Eylau was the seat of the superintendent and eponymous place of a church district within the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . The church district Preussisch Eylau belonged to 21 parishes with their parishes , which today are partly on Russian (RUS), but partly also on Polish (PL) territory:
| Name (until 1946) | Current name / state | Name (until 1946) | Current name / state | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albrechtsdorf | Wojciechy / PL | Kreuzburg | Slavskoye / RUS | |
| Almenhausen – Abschwangen | Kaschtanowo - Tischino / RUS | Landsberg | Górowo Iławeckie / PL | |
| Bark | Borki / PL | Mulhouse | Gwardeiskoje / RUS | |
| Buchholz | Bukowiec / PL | Petershagen | Pieszkowo / PL | |
| Dollstädt | Krasnosnamenskoje / RUS | Prussian Eylau | Bagrationovsk / RUS | |
| Squirrel | Wiewiórki / PL | Reddenau | Rodnowo / PL | |
| Groß Peisten – Hanshagen | Piasty Wielkie - Janikowo / PL | Schmoditten | Ryabinovka / RUS | |
| Guttenfeld | Dobrzynka / PL | Stablack (from 1938) | Dolgorukovo / RUS | |
| Jesau | Juschny / RUS | Tharau | Vladimirovo / RUS | |
| Candids | Kandyty / PL | Uderwangen | Chekhovo / RUS | |
| Klein Dexen (until 1937) | Furmanowo / RUS |
Catholic
Until 1945 there was a Roman Catholic parish in Preussisch Eylau, the existence of which also ended after the Second World War due to flight and expulsion. At that time Prussian Eylau belonged to the Diocese of Warmia .
Orthodox
Since the 1990s there has been an Orthodox congregation in Bagrationovsk with a newly built church. It is incorporated into the diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltijsk ( Königsberg and Pillau ) of the Russian Orthodox Church .
Town twinning
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Verden , Germany -
Bartoszyce , Poland -
Górowo Iławeckie , Poland
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Korsze , Poland
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Jonava , Lithuania
Sons of the city
- Christoph Caesar (1540–1604), German educator and poet
- Theophil Ernst Kriese (1785–1848), German writer and educator
- Anton von Wegnern (1809–1891), Prussian administrative officer and politician, member of the Frankfurt National Assembly 1848/1849
- Carl Böttcher (1838–1900), German educator
- Hugo Falkenheim (1856–1945), German doctor and last chairman of the Königsberg Jewish community
- Konrad Theodor Preuss (1869–1938), German ethnologist
- Robert Kudicke (1876–1961), German medical officer and tropical medicine, university professor in Guangdong and Frankfurt am Main
- Karl Heidmann (1889–1946), German actor and director
- Ernst Scharnowski (1896–1985), German politician (SPD), member of the German Bundestag
- Fritz Plaumann (1902–1994), German-Brazilian entomologist
- Georg Matern (1921–2005), German painter
- Dietmar Görlitz (* 1937), German psychologist
- Lothar Anys (* 1940), German pastor and politician (DSU), member of the People's Chamber
- Reinhart T. Grundmann (* 1944), German surgeon
Prussian Eylau in world literature
The 1807 battle of Preussisch Eylau is the starting point for the story Le Colonel Chabert, written by Honoré de Balzac in 1832 . The titular hero is seriously wounded as a colonel under the French field marshal Joachim Murat (1806–1808 Grand Duke of Berg-Düsseldorf / North Rhine-Westphalia) at "Eylau" and believed dead, buried alive in a mass grave at Heilsberg , but saved by a Heilsberg peasant woman .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ^ A b Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I, Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 16, No. 5).
- ^ The seminar on Pr. Eylau . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 13, Königsberg 1835, pp. 411-412.
- ↑ Erich Maschke (ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977.
- ^ Horst Schulz: Preussisch Eylau - a district town in East Prussia. History, documentation, memories, literature . Lübeck 1998.
- ↑ Memorials and memorials outside the Federal Republic of Germany (Federation of Expellees)
- ^ A b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. preylau.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ German town book - Handbook of urban history by Prof. Dr. Erich Keyser , published in 1939 by W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart Volume I Northeast Germany, page 95/96
- ^ German local coats of arms by Prof. Otto Hupp , published in 1925 by Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft Bremen
- ↑ Ev.-luth. Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento of August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ The Protestant Church in Preußisch Eylau
- ^ Friedwald Moeller, Old Prussian Evangelical Pastor's Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945 , Hamburg, 1968, pp. 114–115
- ^ Church district Preussisch Eylau
literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I, Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 16, No. 5).
- Horst Schulz (arrangement): In Natangen. The East Prussian district of Preußisch Eylau in 1470 pictures . Verden 1986. ISBN 3-9801029-1-2 .
- Horst Wolf: I am telling the truth or I am silent. As a doctor in Prussian Eylau / East Prussia with the Red Army . Leer 2nd edition 1987.
- Horst Schulz (edit.): The towns and communities of the Preussisch Eylau district. History and documentation . Verden 1990.
- Horst Schulz: Prussian Eylau - a district town in East Prussia. History, documentation, memories, literature . Lübeck 1998.
Web links
- Bagrationovsk on mojgorod.ru (Russian)
- Extensive private website on Bagrationovsk (Russian)
| Cities |
Bagrationovsk R | Baltiysk R | Guryevsk R | Gusew R | Gwardeisk R | Kaliningrad S | Krasnosnamensk R | Ladushkin S | Mamonowo S | Neman R | Nesterow R | Osjorsk R | Pionerski S | Polessk R | Pravdinsk R | Primorsk | Zelenogradsk R | Slavsk R | Sovetsk S | Svetlogorsk R | Swetly S | Chernyakhovsk R |
|
| Urban-type settlements |
