Jantarny
| Urban-type settlement
Jantarny
Palmnicken Янтарный
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Jantarny ( Russian Янтарный ( ), transcription also as Yantarni ; Prussian Palweniken (1398) and Palmenicken (1491), German Palmnicken , Polish Palmniki , Lithuanian Palmininkai and Palvininkai ) is an urban-type settlement in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast . It has 5524 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010). The settlement is the administrative seat of the Jantarny district .
Geographical location
The place is located in the northwest of the historic East Prussia region on the amber coast of the Baltic Sea , about 40 kilometers northwest of Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ). Neighboring towns are Donskoje ( Groß Dirschkeim ) in the north and Primorsk ( Fischhausen ) in the south.
To the east of Jantarny is the 90 meter high Große Hausenberg , which offers a good view.
history
History until 1945
The place Palmnicken, a secluded estate for centuries, is located in Samland , a former Prussian Gau that came to the Teutonic Order in 1234 . In 1389 the village was called Palwenicken (Prussian palwe : Urland, heathland, with mossy grass and often still with low undergrowth, mostly Kaddig , only usable / nodding : place) From 1525 Palmnicken was in the Duchy of Prussia .
During the Thirty Years' War Palmnicken was occupied by Sweden for six years . Russian troops occupy the place in the Seven Years' War from 1758 to 1762. In 1785 the size of the royal farming village is given as twelve hearths (households).
In the course of the Prussian administrative reorganization, Palmnicken came to the Fischhausen district in 1818 . Industrial amber mining began in 1827 . At the beginning of the 20th century, Palmnicken developed into a seaside resort. On September 30, 1928, the rural communities of Bardau and Kraxtepellen (immediately to the north) were incorporated into Palmnicken. In 1939 the place had 3,079 inhabitants. At the beginning of April 1945 the city was captured by the Red Army .
Palmnicken District 1874–1945
From 1874 to 1945, Palmnicken was the seat and eponymous place of an administrative district in the Fischhausen district (1939 to 1945 Samland district ) in the Königsberg district of the Prussian province of East Prussia . Initially, three rural communities (LG) or manor districts each belonged to this administrative district , later three more rural communities were added:
| German name | Russian name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Dorbnicken (GB) | Krasnopolje | later incorporated into the Palmnicken manor district |
| Kraxtepellen (LG) | 1928 incorporated into the rural community of Palmnicken | |
| Lesnicken (LG) | Rakushino | 1901 in the Gutsbezirk Nodems, District Gauts , incorporated |
| Palm Nod (GB) | Jantarny | Converted to a rural community in 1928 |
| Sorgeau (LG) | Pokrovskoye | |
| Warschken (GB) | Vershkovo | later incorporated into the Palmnicken manor district |
| later: Bardau (LG) | Gordowo | 1928 incorporated into the rural community of Palmnicken |
| from 1910: Groß Hubnicken (LG) | Sinyavino | |
| from 1910: Klein Hubnicken (LG) | Klenowoje |
Due to the restructuring, only four municipalities formed the Palmnicken district on January 1, 1945 : Groß Hubnicken, Klein Hubnicken, Palmnicken and Sorgenau.
Palmnicken massacre in 1945
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In view of the advancing Soviet troops , the East Prussian satellite camps of the Stutthof concentration camp were closed in January 1945 and the inmates were driven to Palmnicken via Königsberg . Of the originally over 7,000 Jewish female prisoners, mainly from Poland and Hungary, only around 3,000 survived the death march , who arrived in Palmnicken on January 27th. The next morning, dozens of shot and slain women in prison clothing lay in the streets, many of them terribly disfigured. Not all of the terrified Palmnickers were silent. The original plan of the SS guards to wall the prisoners in a tunnel of the Anna amber mine failed due to resistance from the works director Landmann and the goods manager and Volkssturm commander Feyerabend, who had potatoes and food distributed to the women penned in the metalworking shop . Other residents also tried to help the inmates. Because the plan of extermination by walling in failed, the SS drove the prisoners to the beach at Palmnicken on the night of January 31st to February 1st and chased them into the Baltic Sea under machine gun fire. Ten weeks later, Soviet troops took the place and discovered the bodies on the beach. The commander, himself a Russian Jew, forced the civilian population remaining in Palmnicken to dig the dead out of the beach and bury them in mass graves. No more than 15 of the 7,000 prisoners survived this last major massacre of Jews in World War II . A memorial stone was erected in 1999 on a mass grave for 263 victims at the Anna mine. The Palmnicken Holocaust Memorial was inaugurated in 2011 .
History from 1945
The former East Prussian population fled or was expelled after the war . After Palmnicken was placed under Soviet administration by the Soviet occupying power in the summer of 1945, along with the entire northern half of East Prussia, the immigration of Russian, but also Belarusian, Ukrainian and Tatar migrants began. The last Germans were expelled in 1948.
In June 1947, the place name Jantarny was introduced for palm nodding , based on the Russian word for amber, jantar . At the same time, the place got the status of an urban-type settlement (workers' settlement) and also became the seat of a village soviet in Primorsk Raion . From July 1947 to April 1953 there was an internment camp for up to 2,700 people who were used in amber processing.
After the village soviet was dissolved in 1959, Jantarny was subordinated to the Svetlogorsk city soviet in 1965 and belonged to the so-called Svetlogorsk spa-industrial zone, the forerunner of the Svetlogorsk urban district established in 1994 . In 2004 Jantarny itself became the seat of a (municipal) urban district , which was also established administratively and territorially in 2010.
Jantarski selski Sowet 1947–1959
The village soviet Jantarski selski Sowet (ru. Янтарский сельский Совет) was established in June 1947 in Primorsk Raion . In 1959, the village soviet was dissolved and partially existed until 1960 as Krasnotorowski selski Sowet , before it was then largely absorbed in the Powarowski selski Sowet .
The following places were administered from Jantarny:
| Place name | Name until 1947/50 | Year of renaming |
|---|---|---|
| Alexino (Алексино) | to Germau | 1950 |
| Bakalino (Бакалино) | Circle paints | 1947 |
| Barkassowo (Баркасово) | New cat germ | 1947 |
| Blisnezowo (Близнецово) | Powayen | 1947 |
| Donskoye (Донское) | Great Dirschkeim | 1947 |
| Filino (Филино) | Klein Kuhren | 1947 |
| Gordowo (Гордово) | Bardau | 1947 |
| Isobilnoe (Изобильное) | Little Powayen | 1950 |
| Jagodnoye (Ягодное) | Nodding | 1950 |
| Jantarowka (Янтаровка) | Cheek nod | 1947 |
| Yenishevo (Енисеево) | Willkau | 1947 |
| Klenowoje (Кленовое) | Small nod | 1947 |
| Krasnolessje (Краснолесье) | Nod | 1947 |
| Krasnotorowka (Красноторовка) | Heiligenkreutz | 1947 |
| Maiski (Майский) | Mandtkeim | 1950 |
| Mayak (Маяк) | Breasted | 1950 |
| Marjinskoye (Марьинское) | Marches | 1947 |
| Molodogwardeiskoje (Молодогвардейское) | Finches | 1950 |
| Nowinki (Новинки) | Rosenort (?) | 1947 |
| Ochotnoje (Охотное) | Bieskobnod | 1947 |
| Orechowo (Орехово) | Shells | 1947 |
| Ossokino (Осокино) | Panjes | 1950 |
| Pokrovskoye (Проковское) | Worried | 1947 |
| Powarowka (Поваровка) | Cherries | 1947 |
| Primorye (Приморье) | Groß Kuhren | 1947 |
| Prislowo (Прислово) | Nod | 1947 |
| Rakushino (Ракушино) | Nod | 1947 |
| Russkoye (Русское) | Germau | 1947 |
| Sarajevo (Сараево) | I nod | 1947 |
| Shchorsovo (Щорсово) | Lenght rivets | 1950 |
| Sinyavino (Синявино) | Big nod | 1947 |
| Storoschewoje (Сторожевое) | Cat germ | 1950 |
| Tolbuchino (Толбухино) | Old cat germ | 1950 |
| Werschkowo (Вершково) | Warsaw | 1947 |
Population development
- until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1816 | 153 | |
| 1831 | 123 | |
| 1858 | 258 | 97 of them in the village and 161 on the estate, all of them Protestants |
| 1864 | 228 | on December 3rd |
| 1905 | 1,001 | |
| 1910 | 1,289 | |
| 1933 | 2,361 | |
| 1939 | 3,080 |
- since 1945
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1959 | 4,307 |
| 1970 | 4,973 |
| 1979 | 4,714 |
| 1989 | 4,948 |
| 2002 | 5,455 |
| 2010 | 5,524 |
Note: census data
church
See the main article (with parish and pastor list) : Church Jantarny
Church building
The church, which is located at the southern exit of the town on the eastern side of the street, was inaugurated as a Protestant church on January 3, 1892 after five years of construction . It is a massive field stone and brick building with a pointed tower. The interior was in Romanesque style.
The structure was not used between 1945 and 1990. In 1990 it was given to the Russian Orthodox Church , which undertook extensive restoration and is now using it as a place of worship.
Parish
Evangelical
Until 1945 there was a Protestant parish in Palmnicken, which had only become independent in 1906 and previously belonged to the parish church in Germau (today in Russian: Russkoje) and before that to Lochstädt (Pawlowo). The parish was incorporated into the parish of Fischhausen (Primorsk) in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union . Between 1938 and 1947 the future bishop of the ecclesiastical province of Saxony, Johannes Jänicke , was pastor in Palmnicken.
After 1945, due to flight and expulsion of the population, there was no longer any Protestant church life in Jantarny, today the place is in the catchment area of the newly built Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Resurrection in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) in the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church European Russia .
Russian Orthodox
A Russian Orthodox community has existed in Jantarny since 1990. It is incorporated into the Diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltijsk (until 2009: Diocese of Smolensk and Kaliningrad) of the Russian Orthodox Church .
Economy and Infrastructure
Amber mining
Amber was already being collected on the Samland coast during the time of the Teutonic Order. The order had the amber monopoly , which later passed to the Prussian state. In the 17th century, the amber collected on the Amber Coast was brought to Palmnicken, where it was sorted and sent to Königsberg for further processing. From 1811 the amber mining was leased, in 1870 the company Stantien & Becker , founded in 1858, set up the world's only open-cast amber mine, but from 1883 onwards it mainly mined amber in underground mining in the "Anna" and "Henriette" pits. The annual production averaged several hundred tons. The "Henriette" mine was abandoned in 1896; The lease ended in 1899. The plant subsequently belonged to the Prussian Mining and Hütten-Aktiengesellschaft , which continued civil engineering and, in parallel, introduced open-cast mining at the same location in 1913 , which finally completely displaced the civil engineering that had taken place in the “Anna” mine until 1923. Production increased from 50 tons per year at the beginning to 650 tons of raw amber by 1937, which was mined by around 700 employees.
The Soviet Union ran the plant under the name Amber Combine No. 9 , from 1993 as Russkij Jantar (Russian amber) and from 1947 to 2007 it produced between 127 tons (1948) and 820 tons (1989) of amber annually (on average more than 500 tons, see graphic). The opencast mine, founded in 1913, remained in operation a little north of Jantarny until 1970. Since 1976, amber has been mined not far from the old, now flooded mine in the "Primorskoje" opencast mine near the Baltic Sea coast. At the beginning of 2014, work began on developing the Sinyavino deposit directly on the beach for mining, which will only take one year and produce a production volume of almost 100 tons. So-called blue earth is mined , from which the amber is washed out under water pressure; in 2010 it was around 340 tons. The amber content in the middle section of this formation is on average over 2 kg / m³ and in some places can be several times this. At least 80% of all amber stocks in the world are in Kaliningrad Oblast.
traffic
rail
A branch line of the East Prussian Southern Railway connected Palmnicken with Groß Dirschkeim (today Russian: Donskoje) and (from 1945) Rauschen (Swetlogorsk) as well as with the district town of Fischhausen (Primorsk) and the seaport of Pillau . Today this Fischhausen – Groß Dirschkeim railway line is no longer used in regular rail traffic.
Street
Jantarny is easily accessible via the Russian trunk road A 192 in the Krasnotorowka (Heiligenkreutz ) junctions from the north and Russkoje (Germau) in the south. With the completion of the Primorskoje Kolzo (coastal motorway ring), the city receives a direct feeder.
air
The Kaliningrad airport in Khrabrovo (Powunden) is more than 70 kilometers away and can be reached via long-distance and side streets. After the completion of Primorskoye Kolzo, travel time will be significantly reduced, as both Jantarny and the airport will have a direct feeder to the motorway ring.
Attractions
- The Protestant parish church , built in 1892, is used today by the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Water tower
- There is a German military cemetery in neighboring Russkoje (Germau) .
- Local museum
Personalities
- Pastor Johannes Jänicke (1900–1979) and his wife Eva Jänicke (1901–1965) worked in the Palmnicken parish from 1935 to 1947. Johannes Jänicke belonged to the Confessing Church and later became bishop in the ecclesiastical province of Saxony . Eva Jänicke documented the events from 1945 to 1947 in a diary.
Movie
- Julia Bourgett (Director): Bernsteinland. A death march in East Prussia . The documentary tells the fate of the victims of the death march on the East Prussian amber coast in January 1945. The documentary about the memorial day January 31st, Jantarnyj, the Anna shaft, the locksmith's shop of the amber factory, an interview with the survivor Maria Blitz , the current residents and their homeland .
See also
literature
- Martin Bergau : Death March to the Amber Coast. The massacre of Jews in Palmnicken, East Prussia, in January 1945. Contemporary witnesses remember. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-8253-5201-3 .
- Martin Bergau: The boy from the Amber Coast. A Nazi crime in East Prussia. In: Elke Fröhlich (Ed.): When the earth burned. German fates in the last days of the war. Knaur, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-426-77825-4 . (First with the subtitle Erlebte Zeitgeschichte 1938–1948, with foreword by Michael Wieck and with documents about the Jewish death marches in 1945. Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt, 1994, ISBN 3-89426-068-8 ).
- Martin Bergau: In the haze of doom. German Literature Society, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86215-291-9 .
- Daniel Blatman: The Death Marches 1944/45. The last chapter of the National Socialist mass murder . Rowohlt, 2011, ISBN 978-3-498-02127-6 .
- Maria Blitz: End times in East Prussia. A silent chapter of the Holocaust . Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-942240-01-7 .
- Andreas Kossert : “Final solution” on the amber shore. The massacre in January 1945 on the Baltic seashore. A repressed chapter of East Prussian history. In: Leo Baeck Institut (Ed.): Leo Baeck Yearbook 49. 2004. (English)
- Gunter Nitsch: Weeds like us. AuthorHouse, Bloomington 2006, ISBN 1-4259-6755-8 .
- Eva Pultke-Sradnick: A piece of amber in my hand. Stories from East Prussia. Frieling & Partner, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8280-1062-8 .
- Klaus Schulz-Sandhof: Building blocks for a regional history of the Samland. Part 2: Radau in Rudau: History of an East Prussian village. Drethem / Elbe 2007, pp. 152–170: The Palmnicken disaster.
- Arno Surminski : Winter Forty-five or The Women of Palm Nods. Novel. Ellert & Richter Verlag, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8319-0421-1 .
Web links
- Rolf Jehke: Palmnicken District (2005)
- GenWiki: Palm Nod
- Reinhard Henkys: Final solution on the amber beach. In: Die Zeit 45/2000, November 2, 2000, p. 94. (detailed article on the Palmnicken massacre)
- Holocaust memorial opened in Jantarny. In: Russia up to date. January 31, 2011.
- The almost forgotten mass murder on Amber Beach
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon. 6th edition. Volume 15, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 344.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I, Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, Complete Topography of the East Prussian Cammer Department , p. 129.
- ^ Rolf Jehke: District Palmnicken .
- ↑ Königsberger Bürgerbrief No. 77, Duisburg 2011, p. 87.
- ^ Mass murder on the "Amber Beach". 70 years after the massacre in Palmnicken, East Prussia, on www.stiftung-denkmal.de , January 23, 2015
- ↑ The almost forgotten mass murder on Amber Beach , Spiegel Geschichte, January 31, 2020
- ↑ The Holocaust Memorial in Jantarny opens in Russia today, January 31, 2011
- ↑ a b The Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 июня 1947 г. "Об образовании сельских советов, городов и рабочих поселков в Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 June 1947: On the Formation of village Soviets , Cities and workers' settlements in Kaliningrad Oblast).
- ↑ a b It resulted in the contradicting legal situation that the place was declared on the one hand as Jantarny to be a workers' settlement, on the other hand as Jantarnoje to the seat of a village soviet. In practice, the so-called village soviet will probably have been administered by the Jantarn settlement council.
- ↑ ITL des Kombinat No. 9 (PalmnikenLag) in the GULAG website of Memorial Deutschland e. V.
- ↑ Through the Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 12 января 1965 г. "Об изменениях в административно-территориальном делении Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 12 January 1965: About changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Kaliningrad Oblast ).
- ↑ information on klgd.ru .
- ↑ Dorbnicken was also renamed Krasnopolje .
- ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state. Volume 4: P-S. Halle 1823, p. 5, item 156.
- ^ Leopold Krug : The Prussian Monarchy; presented topographically, statistically and economically. According to official sources. Part I: Province of Prussia. Berlin 1833, p. 140, item 53.
- ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources. Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 72, paragraphs 243–244.
- ^ Prussian Ministry of Finance: The results of the property and building tax assessment in the administrative district of Königsberg. Berlin 1966, p. 26, paragraph 195.
- ↑ Palm nod
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. samland.html # ew33fschpalmnicken. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty of Kaliningrad ( Memento of August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ A. Brekenfeld: The entrepreneurs Friedrich Wilhelm Stantien and Moritz Becker. In: Amber - Tears of the Gods. Bochum 1996.
- ↑ K. Andrée: The amber and its meaning in the natural sciences and humanities, art and applied arts, technology, industry and trade. Koenigsberg 1937.
- ↑ ZV Kostyashova: The history of the Kaliningrad Amber Factory. Kaliningrad 2007.
- ↑ Delivery pit right on the beach. In: Königsberger Express. 5/2014 (online at: koenigsberger-express.com )
- ↑ Amber mining on the beach. In: Königsberger Express. 5/2011. (online at: koenigsberger-express.com )
- ↑ B. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz: Bernstein - the deposit and its formation. In: Amber - Tears of the Gods. Bochum 1996, ISBN 3-921533-57-0 , pp. 161-168.
- ↑ Amber - the global natural wonder. In: Königsberger Express. 11/2012 (online at: koenigsberger-express.com )
- ↑ The records of Pastor Eva Jänicke in: Martin Bergau: Death March to the Amber Coast. The massacre of Jews in Palmnicken, East Prussia, in January 1945. Contemporary witnesses remember. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 200, pp. 157–205.
- ↑ TV film: Death March across the Ice , Tagesspiegel, July 5, 2010
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