Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe

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Holocaust Memorial in Berlin (2006)

The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe , or Holocaust Memorial for short , in the historic center of Berlin commemorates the approximately 6 million Jews who were murdered under the rule of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists .

The memorial , which was designed by Peter Eisenman , consists of 2,711 cuboid concrete steles . It was built between 2003 and spring 2005 on an area of ​​around 19,000 m² south of the Brandenburg Gate . Inaugurated on May 10, 2005, it has been open to the public since May 12, 2005. Over 3.5 million visitors came in the first year.

The memorial and the associated information center are looked after by the Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe , which was founded in 2000 and also acted as the client. The foundation also looks after the memorial for the homosexuals persecuted under National Socialism , the memorial for the Sinti and Roma of Europe murdered under National Socialism and the memorial and information center for the victims of the National Socialist “euthanasia” murders .

location

The memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe is located in the west of the Mitte district , south of the Brandenburg Gate , on an approximately rectangular area of ​​19,000 m² between Behrenstrasse in the north, Cora-Berliner-Strasse in the east, Hannah-Arendt-Strasse and the Ebertstrasse in the west. Before the Second World War , the area belonged to the so-called ministerial gardens . Joseph Goebbels' city ​​villa stood on the site ; its bunker, which last served as the command post of the SS division "Nordland" during the Battle of Berlin , came to light again during the construction work on the monument and, according to documentation, was sealed in the ground. Between 1961 and 1989 the area was in the undeveloped strip of land directly east of the Berlin Wall , the so-called " death strip " as part of the border security systems.

construction

View from the south of the memorial
A corridor of the Holocaust memorial with a wavy floor

On the corrugated base, 2711 cuboid steles - inclined between 0.5 ° and 2 ° - were placed in parallel rows (54 north-south and 87 east-west axes). With an identical floor plan (2.38 m × 95 cm), the steles have different heights, between ground level (112 pieces in the sidewalk) and 4.7 meters. Originally 367 of the non-level steles were lower than one meter, 869 were one to two meters high, 491 were between two and three meters high, 569 were between three and four meters high and 303 were greater than four meters . The heaviest column weighs around 16  tons . There are 41 trees on the edge of the field of stelae. The paved floor area of ​​around 19,000 m² leads below the level of the surrounding streets. The even 95 centimeter wide paths between the steles are fully accessible to visitors, but do not offer enough space for two people to walk next to each other. Thirteen axes of travel are suitable for the disabled and wheelchairs and are specially marked.

In a multi-stage process, the steles are specially surface treated to ensure easy removal of graffiti . The original number of 4,000 steles was reduced to 2,711 when the concept was later changed and, according to information from the Monument Foundation, has no symbolic meaning. Since 2008 there have been increasing cracks on the steles.

An underground, 930 m² memorial exhibition (information center) complements the complex. It consists of four exhibition rooms (778 m²), two lecture rooms (106 m²) and a bookshop (46 m²). Around four million names of Jewish Holocaust victims can be viewed at computer stations; the database is based on the memorial book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany and the Central Database of the Names of Shoah Victims at the Yad Vashem Memorial .

Panorama of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (2006)

history

Planning and drafting

The memorial under construction (March 2004)

In 1988, the publicist Lea Rosh suggested the construction of the monument. A support group was set up and the proposal received increasing support, including in the form of donations.

In May 1994 a competition was announced, sponsored by the State of Berlin, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Förderkreis, to which 528 works were submitted. The jury, chaired by Walter Jens , did not make a clear decision, but instead awarded two first prizes to the designs by Simon Ungers and an artist group around Christine Jackob-Marks . The representatives of the state, the federal government and the support group finally favored the Jackob-Marks design: a 20,000 m² inclined concrete level with the names of the victims carved into it. However, Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl rejected the draft in June 1995.

In July 1997, drafts from 25 architects and sculptors were again obtained for the project, which should not be given the character of a central memorial. The task description for this said: “The memorial cannot and should not perform the task of a memorial, but should complement the existing memorials at historical sites of the Nazi crimes and provide them with additional public attention. Compared to the information and documentation task of a memorial, the memorial and the place of remembrance are geared towards the contemplative and emotional receptivity of the visitor ”.

The search committee voted in favor of the proposal made up of a field of stelae by the New York architect Peter Eisenman and the New York sculptor Richard Serra as well as a design by Gesine Weinmiller ; by the competition organizers depending on a design yet by Jochen Gerz and Daniel Libeskind introduced into the discussion. While Lea Rosh favored the Gerz design and the Berlin Senator for Culture the Libeskind design, Chancellor Kohl advocated the Eisenman / Serra design, which, however, suggested a revision: the monument should be surrounded by a green belt and the steles should be spaced a greater distance apart and inscriptions should be added.

After Minister of State for Culture Michael Naumann, a sharp critic of the planned monument, had put forward his counter-proposal, which included the construction of a museum, Eisenman revised his design again and added a "House of Remembrance" in a 115 m long perimeter development.

Lea Rosh , the initiator of the memorial , had several controversies with various Jewish representatives who were critical of her or her project, including Julius H. Schoeps . She was also accused of criticizing the content and suggestions for improvement "as a hidden hindrance to the whole project" and "defaming unreasonable critics as anti-Semites ...".

“Of course it is important that the Jews can agree, but the sponsors are the federal government, the state and us. I said to the chairman of the Central Council at the time, Heinz Galinski : 'Stay out of this, the descendants of the perpetrators are building the memorial, not the Jews. But it would be nice if you could nod. ' Galinski said he would nod. "

- Lea Rosh: Holocaust Reception and History Culture.

Decision and construction

On June 25, 1999, the German Bundestag debated in detail the construction of the monument. Applications not to build the memorial and instead to use the financial resources for other Nazi memorial sites or for the construction of a Jewish university in Berlin did not find a majority, as did the proposal of SPD member Richard Schröder for a memorial draft suggested by him . The request to dedicate the memorial beyond the murdered Jews to all victims of Nazi rule was rejected. The decision was made to build the monument, supplemented by an underground information center based on the modified Eisenman draft, with a majority of 312 to 207 negative votes, whereby the MPs did not vote in closed groups in all votes.

The Israeli Yad Vashem memorial agreed in 2000 to provide a list of all the names of the known Jewish Holocaust victims for the information center .

By law of March 17, 2000, the Federal Republic transferred the construction and maintenance of the memorial to a newly established Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, whose first chairman was Bundestag President Wolfgang Thierse . The historian Sybille Quack became the foundation's first manager.

Construction began on April 1, 2003 and was interrupted in October 2003 when it became known that Degussa AG would be commissioned with anti- graffiti protection for the construction of the foundations and steles . The Degussa subsidiary, the German Society for Pest Control (Degesch), produced the poison gas Zyklon B during the Nazi era , which was used in concentration camps to murder Jews . The fact that Lea Rosh wanted to exclude Degussa from building the monument without further consultation caused a scandal. Many critics, including the architect Eisenman, accused her of only doing this on the basis of personal vanity and alleged that Degussa in particular had dealt with her past in an exemplary manner. Degussa was also able to prove that it had already supplied a concrete liquefier for the memorial through a subsidiary - which would have made it necessary to demolish the previously delivered steles if excluded. On November 13, 2003, the Board of Trustees of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation decided to continue building with Degussa also involved.

"In order to devote himself to other scientific projects", Sybille Quack resigned from the management on March 31, 2003. Her successor was the former Frankfurt building department head Hans-Erhard Haverkampf, who had previously headed the new building of the Federal Chancellery and later the Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders- and Paul-Löbe-Haus. According to the building physics reports available for the construction of the steles, the field of 2711 steles was completed by December 15, 2004 with a public ceremony. The outside area was mainly planted with conifers. Dagmar von Wilcken designed the place of remembrance below the field of stelae .

opening

On May 10, 2005, the ceremonial opening of the monument took place in the presence of around 1300 guests from all over the world. In addition to Federal President Horst Köhler , Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , the Chairman of the Bishops' Conference, Karl Cardinal Lehmann , and the President of the Central Council of Jews, Paul Spiegel , Holocaust survivors such as Sabina van der Linden and Gabor Hirsch also attended the ceremony. For reasons of age, managing director Haverkampf resigned in August 2005. The historian Uwe Neumärker took his place. He still heads the foundation today.

Events

On May 9, 2008, a concert took place on the occasion of the third anniversary of the opening of the Holocaust memorial. The work Before the Silence by Harald Weiss , composed especially for the occasion, was premiered in the middle of the field of stelae by musicians from the Berlin Chamber Symphony Orchestra under the direction of the conductor Lothar Zagrosek in front of thousands of visitors. The listeners had a different sound experience depending on their location in the field of stelae. With every step through the monument, the musical impression changed, here one of the 24 instruments was heard, there another of the 24 instruments, there the singer again. Because of the great effort involved, the concert could only be played once. This concert has existed as a virtual reconstruction on a smartphone app since 2013 . With the support of Rundfunk Berlin Brandenburg, all 24 musical instruments and vocals were re-recorded in December 2012 using a specially developed process.

vandalism

On August 23, 2008, several pillars were smeared with a total of eleven swastikas . This is the greatest damage to the monument since 2005. In general, vandalism on the monument does not seem to be a problem.

Construction defects

Cracks at the memorial (2008)

The steles are hollow in order to keep manufacturing costs and weight low. Its wall thickness is around 15 cm. In addition, in the case of steles that are up to two meters high, inner steel reinforcement was dispensed with, trusting the selected concrete recipe. After just three years, however, around 50 percent of the steles showed cracks . To determine the cause, expert reports were commissioned, initially by the foundation and then - also to secure evidence for any warranty liability - by the Berlin Regional Court. The results known so far include that inside the steles, on the side facing the sun, temperatures of up to 80 ° C occur, while the other side remains significantly cooler, which leads to material tension.

On the night of December 23rd to 24th, 2010, two damaged steles were removed from the memorial and taken to the Institute for Building Research (IBAC) of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen without notice to the public . One of them was dismantled there for investigation, the other reinstalled in the memorial in spring 2011, so that the memorial has only consisted of 2,710 steles since then. According to a report by the Tagesspiegel , 23 steles had already been secured with steel cuffs in 2012 and the “Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe” announced that every seventh stele was a candidate for security. In 2014, well over 2,200 steles were now criss-crossed by cracks. The number of steles secured with cuffs has increased to almost 50, and another 380 cuffs have been ordered. The expected renovation costs are estimated at a double-digit million amount.

costs

For the construction of the monument, 27.6 million euros were spent from the federal budget: 14.8 million euros for the field of stelae, 10.5 million euros for the construction of the Information Center and 2.3 million euros for the exhibition. The federal government, as the owner of the former wall strip, provided the property with a value of approx. 40 million euros. Until the opening, 900,000 euros had been donated from private sources.

The foundation, which bears the monument and does the public relations work, has an annual budget of 3.124 million euros (as of 2012), which is financed from the budget of the Minister of State for Culture . Wolfgang Thierse resigned from his position as Chairman of the Board of the Monument Foundation in June 2006 because he considered this budget to be underfunded. He called for an increase in the budget and an organizational merger with other memorials.

Interpretative approaches

In the original design by Eisenman / Serra, the steles were not theme-related symbols, but rather an individually comprehensible field of experience in a “zone of instability”. “The extent and scale of the Holocaust make any attempt to represent it by traditional means inevitably a futile undertaking. […] Our memorial tries to develop a new idea of ​​memory ”Peter Eisenman called the field of stelae a“ place of no meaning ”.

In the course of the discussion, the initially abstract role of the stelae was increasingly filled with interpretive content, for example the stelae were supposed to remind of gravestones or sarcophagi or the ashes of burned Jews, which were mostly thrown into bodies of water or pits. Lea Rosh's support group interprets the steles as cenotaphs and compares them with war memorials and military cemeteries : This is necessary because most of the murdered Jews do not have their own grave. The foundation sees the barely noticeable inclination of the pillars and the apparently swaying ground as an opportunity to create a “feeling of insecurity”.

Peter Eisenman himself also contributed to the meaning with the pictures of the "billowing wheat field" and the "moving sea surface".

criticism

Conception

The historian Reinhart Koselleck complained that in the memorial in the Neue Wache in Berlin for the victims of war and tyranny with this dedication text, the murdered Jews were placed in a "community of victims" with the perpetrators. The memorial for the murdered Jews, which is to be erected as a result of the criticism of the “Neue Wache” memorial, would, according to Koselleck, be a “forced concession ... to commemorate only the Jews and not the millions of other culpable murdered”. He made Lea Rosh and the chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Ignatz Bubis responsible for this exclusion . Thereupon Bubis referred to the fact that the sponsorship group is supported by non-Jews and, like most Jews, he does not need this memorial for their mourning:

“It is up to the non-Jews whether they want to erect a memorial for murdered European Jewry in the German capital or not. The Central Council is therefore not a member of the sponsorship group and is not represented on the jury or on any other body. "

- Ignatz Bubis: Holocaust memorial: a replica of Reinhart Koselleck. Who is intolerant here?

As a result of a memorial for the murdered Jews, Koselleck saw the need to erect their own memorials to other groups of victims who also lost their lives in the Holocaust .

Jan Philipp Reemtsma sees memorials as “demonstrations of collective emotions” that cannot be used to convey any insights. From this point of view he posed the hitherto unanswered question of the “fundamental emotion” at the Holocaust memorial; he himself named grief , guilt , shame and horror as offers , whereby he only sees this last emotion as a solid basis for Holocaust remembrance. Since a common memorial for all victims had no chance of being realized, he demanded a separate one for each group of victims. As a result, a memorial for the Sinti and Roma of Europe murdered under National Socialism , a memorial for homosexuals persecuted under National Socialism and a memorial and information center for the victims of the National Socialist “euthanasia” murders were erected in the capital.

Originally there were considerations to erect the memorial on the site of the former Gestapo headquarters in Berlin-Kreuzberg, but this was rejected by the Berlin Senate in favor of building the “ Topography of Terror ” memorial .

At the beginning of the planning, the representatives of the concentration camp memorials turned against a “centralization of remembrance” with the fear that this would devalue the commemoration of the “authentic places”. Often it was also demanded that the memorial should be abandoned and that the financial means be given to the existing underfunded memorials. The then Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , who ultimately approved the memorial, would have preferred a decentralized commemoration at existing memorials, "because the horror itself also took place decentrally". His much-quoted and criticized wish that the memorial should be a place that one would like to go to, he later put into concrete terms in an interview: “I don't want school classes to be dragged there, because that's the way it should be. Rather, you should go there because you feel the need to remember and deal with things. "

Shape, size and location

View from the field of steles to the Great Zoo , in the background the Reichstag building

In public there were and are controversial discussions about the monumentality of the monument and its construction in the heart of the capital Berlin.

Even before his time as Minister of State for Culture, Michael Naumann was a sharp critic of the Holocaust memorial, which he compared " with the architecture of Hitler's master builder Albert Speer " because of its monumentality . In minimalist abstraction, he saw the “manifestation of an understandable need to flee, away from history […] towards abstraction.” After two or three generations, history is no longer understood. Instead, he advocated a museum as a “memorial” in order to convey the history of the Holocaust in a didactically rational way: “A museum can also be a memorial.”

The memorial was also a topic in the context of the “ Walser-Bubis controversy ”. The writer Martin Walser described it in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt in 1998 as a “football field-sized nightmare in the heart of the capital”, “wreath dropping point” and “monumentalization of shame”. After completion, however, he made positive comments about the monument. In 1998, Spiegel founder Rudolf Augstein turned against the “Schandmal”, which was “directed against the capital and the newly forming Germany” in Berlin, and wrote that this memorial creates “ anti-Semites who might otherwise not be”. Tobias Jaecker criticized this statement because it made Jews themselves guilty of anti-Semitism. The governing mayor Eberhard Diepgen was one of the critics in 1998 for fundamental reasons; he feared that the memorial might make Berlin a “capital of repentance”.

Manufacturing costs

The publicist Henryk M. Broder is one of the memorial's prominent critics. In an episode of the satirical television series Entweder Broder - Die Deutschland-Safari in 2010 he spoke of a waste of money: With the money provided, "many survivors [of the Holocaust] who now live on the subsistence level in Poland , the Czech Republic and elsewhere could really have been helped". He had already set out his attitude in essays .

Promotions

The manner of advertising for the new construction of a memorial, which is completely unnecessary in Germany in view of the large number of authentic Holocaust memorials, has been criticized. Spectacular promotions through Lea Rosh's initiative would have caused other memorials to fall behind in the public eye. Among other things, Rosh had an 0190 number switched in a telephone advertising campaign and only stopped the campaign after violent protests.

A poster campaign under the slogan “The Holocaust never existed” and the announcement by Rosh at the inauguration event that she would have a molar that she found in the Belzec extermination camp memorial concreted in one of the memorial's steles led to controversy. Lea Rosh has been relieved of direct responsibility for the memorial.

Misuse by thoughtless visitors

Controversial is the misuse of the site by residents and tourists that the memorial for example as a children's playground and picnic area, and as Selfie use -Kulisse or take the (bikini) on the stelae sunbathing. Architect Peter Eisenman had already foreseen this at the opening and was calm about such a use:

“When you hand the project over to the client, he does what he wants with it - it belongs to him, he has the work. If you want to knock down the stones tomorrow, honestly, then it's okay. People will picnic in the field. Children will play catch in the field. There will be mannequins posing here and films will be made here. I can well imagine a spy shootout in the field ending. It's not a holy place. "

- Peter Eisenman : Interview with Spiegel Online (2005)

Victims' representatives, on the other hand, reject such use and point out that such behavior would understandably be viewed as inappropriate in a concentration camp memorial, for example.

The artist Shahak Shapira took up this critical view in January 2017 with his satirical project Yolo caust . On the website yolocaust.de he combined online selfies that were taken at the memorial with historical photos of mass graves and concentration camp prisoners in a pitiful state. When navigating the images with the mouse pointer, the viewer suddenly saw the people from the selfies no longer in the vicinity of the Holocaust memorial, but in the middle of a National Socialist extermination camp. The website was visited by 2.5 million people and the project was well received in the media. After a week, Shapira finished the project. In fact, all twelve people who were shown on the selfies used had contacted Shapira. Almost all of them apologized and deleted the selfies from their Facebook or Instagram profiles.

In 2011 and 2012, an increasing number of users of the Grindr app posed for their profile pictures in front of the memorial. The CEO of Grindr, who described such recordings as inspiring in 2011, finally distanced himself.

Positive criticism and success

Background noise while walking through the monument

An architectural review describes astonishing acoustics that quickly recede the urban environment when stepping into the narrow paths and create a field of tension between strict geometrical form and diverse and metaphorical associations. This turns a visit to the field of stelae into an event, a direct experience that is superimposed on a substantive discussion.

The work of art was very popular in the first few months and was already actively involved in Berlin city life - especially among young people - and Berlin tourism shortly after it opened. After it opened in May 2005, around 350,000 guests had visited the information center by the end of the year ; In 2012 it was one of the ten most frequented museums and memorials in Berlin with around 470,000 visitors.

In 2006 the Holocaust memorial received the award of the US magazine Travel and Leisure in the category “Cultural Buildings / Cultural Spaces”, in the same year it received second place in the “Globe Award for Best Worldwide Tourism Project” of the “British Guild of Travel Writers” and in 2007 the “Institute Honor Award for Architecture” from the American Institute of Architects , which is considered the highest recognition for architecture in the USA.

At the beginning of 2017, Kia Vahland paid tribute to the importance of the Holocaust memorial for the culture of remembrance and coming to terms with the past in Germany.

Trivia

Holocaust memorial Bornhagen

"Holocaust Memorial Bornhagen" with 24 steles , a replica of the Berlin Holocaust Memorial

In January 2017, the chairman of AfD Thuringia Björn Höcke gave a speech in the Ballhaus Watzke in Dresden, in which he said: “We Germans [...] are the only people in the world who have planted a monument of shame in the heart of their capital . ”Höcke then called for a“ 180 degree change in the politics of memory ”. The speech sparked protests and violent reactions in the media and in politics.

To protest against Höcke's speech, the Center for Political Beauty (ZPS) built a scaled-down replica of the Berlin Holocaust memorial in Bornhagen, Thuringia, in November 2017 under the motto “Build the Holocaust memorial right in front of Höcke's house!” . The “Holocaust Memorial Bornhagen” is located on a leased, 18 × 13 meter large neighboring property within sight of Höcke's house and consists of 24 concrete steles that protrude two meters from the ground. This "extension" of the Berlin Holocaust Memorial was built in just five days and was unveiled on November 22, 2017.

Related shapes

Garden of Exile in front of the Jewish Museum Berlin

In the garden of the Jewish Museum in Berlin there is a small field of pillars, which also gives the feeling of a swaying floor. The similarity of Eisenman's field of steles with the Garden of Exile of the Jewish Museum, which was then under construction, prompted its architect Daniel Libeskind to accuse plagiarism , but the dispute was settled.

The French artist Aurélie Nemours created a similar field consisting of 72 identical granite columns (each 4.5 m high and 90 cm wide) under the name L'alignement du XXIe siècle in a park in the French city of Rennes since the 1980s ; but this facility has no relation to the Holocaust.

See also

literature

  • Daniel Baranowski u. a .; Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe (Ed.): Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe. Information center, with an overview of memorials and historical information in the vicinity. In: DKV-Edition , Deutscher Kunstverlag DKV, Berlin / Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-422-02235-5 (English under the title: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe . Guide to the Information Center, ISBN 978-3- 422-02236-2 ).
  • Ute Heimrod (Ed.): The monument dispute - the monument? The debate about the “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe”. A documentation. Philo Verlagsgesellschaft, Philio, Berlin / Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-8257-0099-2 (1,300-page collection of public discussion contributions on the way to the memorial, including documentation of the competition designs).
  • Jan-Holger Kirsch: National Myth or Historical Mourning? The dispute over a central “Holocaust memorial” for the Berlin republic. In: Contributions to the culture of history, volume 25, Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 2003, ISBN 3-412-14002-3 , doi : 10.14765 / zzf.dok.1.1.v1 .
  • Claus Leggewie , Erik Meyer: A place to go to. The Holocaust memorial and German historical policy after 1989. Hanser, Munich / Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-446-20586-1 .
  • Hans-Ernst Mittig : Against the Holocaust Memorial of the Berlin Republic. Kramer, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-87956-302-0 .
  • Lea Rosh, Eberhard Jäckel: The Jews are the others. The dispute over a German monument. Philo, Berlin / Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-8257-0127-1 .
  • Karen Rebhahn: The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin: Conceptual Development and Stylistic Means , VDM, Saarbrücken 2010, ISBN 978-3-639-28313-6 .
  • Christian Saehrendt : Information is more impressive than art. A survey among schoolchildren after they had visited the Holocaust memorial. In: FAZ , January 23, 2007.
  • Joachim Schlör , Jürgen Hohmuth (photos), Paul Aston (translator): Memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe / Memorial to the murdered Jews in Europe. 2nd edition Prestel, Munich / Berlin / London / New York, 2008 (first edition 2005), ISBN 978-3-7913-4028-9 (German and English).
  • Hans-Georg Stavginski: The Holocaust Memorial. The dispute over the “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe” in Berlin (1988–1999). Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-506-78635-0 (also dissertation at the Free University of Berlin 2001).
  • Holger Thünemann: Holocaust Reception and History Culture . Central Holocaust Monuments in Controversy. A German-Austrian comparison. In: Writings on historical didactics. Volume 17, Schulz-Kirchner, Idstein 2005, ISBN 3-8248-0381-X (also dissertation at the University of Münster (Westphalia) 2004/2005).
  • Karen E. Till: The New Berlin. Memory, Politics, Place . University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN 2005, ISBN 978-0-8166-4011-9 .
  • Heidemarie Uhl: Going underground. The “Information Center” of the Berlin Holocaust Memorial . In: Zeithistorische Forschungen / Studies in Contemporary History 5 (2008), pp. 452–462.

Web links

Commons : Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin shows first cracks  - news
 Wikinews: Holocaust memorial must be renovated  - message

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Monuments Website of the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
  2. ↑ Maik Kopleck: Berlin 1933-1945. 4th edition, Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2006 ISBN 978-3-86153-326-9 , pp. 9, 26-27.
  3. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: "Contaminated" by German history. 10. Sequence of contributions to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 51, 2004, pp. 10–11.
  4. ↑ Maik Kopleck: Berlin 1945–1989. 2nd edition, Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-86153-375-7 , p. 8.
  5. ↑ a b c d Thorsten Schmitz: Kaputt - Why doesn't anyone find out for three years that a stele is missing here? In: Süddeutsche Zeitung No. 117, May 22, 2014, p. 3 ( short version ).
  6. ↑ a b c d Information sheet from the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe ( Memento from January 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ↑ Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe: Place of Information.
  8. ↑ a b c Stefanie Endlich: Realize at any price? To the planned memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 43, 1998, pp. 9–10.
  9. ↑ Interview with Michael Naumann. In: Der Tagesspiegel , December 21, 1998.
  10. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: Pedagogy as a calculation? 4. To the planned memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 45, 1999, pp. 10–11.
  11. ↑ J.-H. Kirsch: National Myth or Historical Mourning? 2003, p. 161.
  12. ↑ a b Stefanie Endlich: "Less is more". For discussion about the memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 42, 1997, pp. 15–19.
  13. ↑ a b c d Stefanie Endlich: Election campaign, hide and seek and the question of alternatives. To the planned memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 44, 1998, pp. 8–9.
  14. ↑ Lea Rosh: Holocaust Reception and History Culture. In: Holger Thünemann : Central Holocaust Monuments in the Controversy: A German-Austrian Comparison. Schulz-Kirchner Verlag, 2005.
  15. ↑ Plenary minutes of the German Bundestag from June 25, 1999 (PDF)
  16. ↑ A chronology .
  17. ↑ Info: Sybille Quack . In: Berliner Morgenpost , November 11, 2003
  18. ↑ Hostage of History . In: Die Zeit , October 30, 2003
  19. ^ Holocaust Foundation: Managing Director Sibylle Quack leaves . In: Die Welt , December 17, 2003
  20. ↑ We're on schedule . In: Berliner Morgenpost , March 22, 2004
  21. ↑ The silent stone forest . In: Tagesspiegel , October 31, 2004
  22. ^ Opening of the Holocaust memorial In: Deutschlandradio , May 10, 2005
  23. ↑ In a field full of stumbling blocks . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 11, 2005
  24. ^ Berlin celebrates five years of the Holocaust memorial . In: Berliner Morgenpost , May 5, 2010
  25. ↑ Fates and feelings of the Holocaust victims . In: Berliner Morgenpost , May 7, 2005
  26. ↑ Support group Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe: The Foundation , accessed on January 13, 2020.
  27. ^ Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe: Office , accessed on January 13, 2020.
  28. ↑ Holocaust Memorial Berlin - Virtual concert in the memorial
  29. ↑ Berliner Zeitung , August 19, 2008
  30. ↑ Philip Volkmann-Schluck: Holocaust Memorial - When every stone says more than a thousand words- In: Berliner Morgenpost , May 10, 2015
  31. ↑ Holocaust memorial: already every second stele with cracks. In: Die Welt , January 22, 2008
  32. ↑ A secret stele crack. In Der Tagesspiegel , April 28, 2013
  33. ↑ Everything was weathered . In: Die Zeit No. 23, May 28, 2014, p. 46, interview with P. Eisenman about this.
  34. ↑ tagesspiegel.de: Every second stele crumbles
  35. ↑ Thorsten Schmitz: The concrete head. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin, issue 17/2005, May 9, 2006.
  36. ↑ fact sheet. Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe.
  37. ↑ Peter Eisenman on the memorial , 1998, Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe
  38. ↑ Article in: Peter Eisenman im Stelengang . In: FAZ , August 16, 2003
  39. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: The stele as a design principle. 7. Series of contributions to the memorial for the memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 48 (2001), p. 11.
  40. ↑ Support group Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe: Why a memorial (only) for the Jews?
  41. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: Irrungen - Wirrungen. 9. Series of contributions to the memorial for the memorial for the murdered Jews of Europe. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 50 (2003), pp. 10–11.
  42. ↑ a b Reinhart Koselleck : Who can be forgotten? The Holocaust Memorial hierarchizes the victims. The wrong impatience . In: Zeit online , March 19, 1998
  43. ^ Holocaust memorial: A replica of Reinhart Koselleck. Who is intolerant here? In: Zeit Online , April 2, 1998
  44. ↑ Jan Philipp Reemtsma: "If mourning were the emotion that should be expressed, a memorial would have to be erected for each group of victims." ( The only solution . In: Die Zeit No. 25, June 17, 1999)
  45. ↑ Claudia Keller: New memorial in Berlin: A glass wall for the euthanasia victims . In: Der Tagesspiegel , July 9, 2013
  46. ↑ a b Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe stiftung-denkmal.de, see section on the history of the monument.
  47. ↑ An open republic. In: Zeitonline.de, February 4, 1999.
  48. ↑ The debate about the Holocaust memorial: Monument for Germany - victims honored, question of guilt ended.
  49. ↑ "A museum can also be a memorial." In: tagesspiegel.de December 21, 1998.
  50. ↑ a b Tobias Jaecker: The Walser-Bubis Debate: Remembering or Forgetting? In: hagalil.com. October 24, 2003, accessed January 19, 2017 .
  51. ↑ Michael Brenner: 1998: The Walser-Bubis Controversy. In: Jüdische Allgemeine November 15, 2013.
  52. ↑ Karsten Luttmer: The Walser-Bubis controversy. In: Zukunft- sucht-erinnerung.de April 5, 2004, updated August 20, 2018.
  53. ↑ Rudolf Augstein: "We are all vulnerable" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 49 , 1998 ( online - Nov. 30, 1998 ).
  54. ^ Henryk M. Broder: Above the Führerbunker, Berlin . In: Stephan Porombka , Hilmar Schmundt (Hrsg.): Bad places. Sites of National Socialist self-expression today. Claaßen, Berlin 2005.
  55. ↑ Claus Leggewie, Erik Meyer: Don't switch off! Memorials in the Economy of Attention. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , August 9, 2001
  56. ↑ Hartmut Ziesing: Lea Rosh buries molar in Belzec , Network for Eastern Europe Reporting, July 20, 2005. Finally, Rosh returned the molar that she had taken 17 years ago to the Belzec concentration camp. The date of the ceremony on a Saturday, the Shabbat, which is holy for Orthodox Jews, was criticized, on which no funerals are allowed.
  57. ↑ Jörg Lau : Sharp judge . In: Die Zeit , November 6, 2003, No. 46
  58. ↑ See Sascha Adamek, Jo Goll, Norbert Siegmund: Spielwiese Holocaustdenkmal - Difficult commemoration of the murdered Jews. In: contrasts . July 25, 2019, accessed August 4, 2019 .
  59. ^ Charles Hawley, Natalie Tenberg: Interview with memorial architect Peter Eisenman: "It is not a holy place". In: Spiegel Online . May 10, 2005, accessed August 4, 2019 .
  60. ↑ Shahak Shapira on “Yolocaust”: “Then people would understand that it's just stupid” faz.net, January 21, 2017.
  61. ↑ Internet project yolocaust.de: Satirist Shapira assembles memorial selfies with concentration camp photos rbb24.de, January 18, 2017
  62. ↑ Author Shapira suspends “Yolocaust” campaign faz.net, January 27, 2017.
  63. ^ Report by the initiator Shahak Shapira after the end of the project on yolocaust.de
  64. ↑ Grindr Users Post 'Sexy' Pictures From Holocaust Memorial In Bizarre, Ironic Trend. In: huffpost.com. January 31, 2013, accessed May 26, 2020 .
  65. ↑ Stefanie Endlich: Harmony and dissonances. In: kunststadt stadtkunst 53, 2006, pp. 25–26.
  66. ↑ Philip Volkmann-Schluck: Holocaust Memorial - When every stone says more than a thousand words- In: Berliner Morgenpost , May 10, 2015
  67. ↑ The number of visitors to Berlin's museums is still increasing. art-in-berlin.de, December 20, 2012.
  68. ^ Foundation Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe: History of the Monument .
  69. ^ Rationale of the AIA jury
  70. ↑ Kia Vehland: No Shame In: Süddeutsche Zeitung January 21, 2017.
  71. ↑ Höcke speech in full: "State of mind of a totally defeated people" tagesspiegel.de, January 2017.
  72. ↑ Arno Frank: Action by the Center for Political Beauty: A Holocaust Memorial - at Björn Höcke's front door. In: Spiegel Online . November 22, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017 .
  73. ^ The Holocaust Memorial Bornhagen Website of the Center for Political Beauty

Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 50 ″  N , 13 ° 22 ′ 44 ″  E