Seto made her international debut at FIS jumping in Sapporo in March 2013. In September of the same year she started in Râşnov for the first time in the FIS Cup . She jumped into the top five twice.
On December 5, 2014 Setō made her World Cup debut in Lillehammer . In 32nd place, she just missed the second round and thus also her first World Cup points. It was not until she finished 22nd in January at the World Cup in Sapporo that she managed to win World Cup points for the first time. Shortly thereafter, she jumped at the Zao ski jump for the first time in the top 20. At the Junior World Championships in 2015 in Kazakhstan's Almaty , she won together with Nozomi Maruyama , Yurina Yamada and Shihori Ōi the bronze medal in the team event behind the teams from Germany and Russia. At the Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 in Falun at the end of February , she started in the individual from the normal hill and reached 31st place. After finishing 30th in Oslo, she finished 27th in the overall World Cup ranking.
In the summer of 2015, Setō started in the Ski Jumping Grand Prix . She reached the points in all four competitions in Tchaikovsky and Almaty and was 17th in the overall Grand Prix standings. In the winter of 2015/16 she started with a 16th place in Lillehammer . In January 2016 she achieved her best individual result in the World Cup as fifth on the Zaō hill. At the Junior World Championships in 2016 in Râșnov, Setō finished fifth in the singles and sixth in the mixed team with her teammates. After the Junior World Championships she did not take part in any other World Cups and ended the season only in 17th place in the overall World Cup ranking. In the summer, Setō secured fifth place in the overall ranking of the 2016 Ski Jumping Grand Prix with three top 10 placements .
At the Nordic World Ski Championships 2017 in Lahti , Seto jumped 14th in the individual from the normal hill. After she successfully started again in the Grand Prix in the summer, Setō got a permanent place in the Japanese squad in the ski jumping World Cup for the winter of 2017/18 . During the season she won the first two team competitions in the history of the Women's World Cup in Hinterzarten and Yamagata with the Japanese team . At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, she finished 17th in the individual competition on the normal hill . On March 25, 2018, she achieved her best individual result in the World Cup, finishing fourth at the World Cup final in Oberstdorf .
Private
Yūka Setō has a younger sister, Rio Setō (* 2001), who is also active as a ski jumper.