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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{automatic taxobox |
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| image = Calostoma cinnabarina.jpg |
| image = Calostoma cinnabarina.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' |
| image_caption = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' |
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| taxon = Calostoma |
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| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]] |
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| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] |
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| ordo = [[Boletales]] |
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| subordo = [[Sclerodermatineae]] |
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| genus = '''''Calostoma''''' |
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| type_species = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' |
| type_species = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' |
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| type_species_authority = [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] (1809) |
| type_species_authority = [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] (1809) |
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'''''Calostoma''''' is a [[genus]] of 29 species of [[gasteroid fungi]] in the suborder [[Sclerodermatineae]]. Like other gasteroid fungi, ''Calostoma'' do not have the [[basidiospore|spore]] discharge mechanism associated with typical [[lamella (mycology)|gilled]] fungi ([[ballistospore|ballistospory]]), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round |
'''''Calostoma''''' is a [[genus]] of 29 species of [[gasteroid fungi]] in the suborder [[Sclerodermatineae]]. Like other gasteroid fungi, ''Calostoma'' do not have the [[basidiospore|spore]] discharge mechanism associated with typical [[lamella (mycology)|gilled]] fungi ([[ballistospore|ballistospory]]), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round [[puffball]]s with raised, brightly colored spore openings (ostioles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous [[stipe (mycology)|stalks]], species have been collected in regions of [[deciduous]], [[temperate]], [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]] forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and [[Australasia]]. The [[common name]] given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the brightly colored raised openings (ostioles) that may somewhat resemble lips. Other common names include "hotlips" and "puffball in aspic". |
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The unusual fruit body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other [[puffball]] or [[Gasteromycete|"stomach mushrooms"]]. [[Phylogenetic]] analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the [[Bolete]] mushrooms. ''Calostoma'' species are [[ectomycorrhiza]]l, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The [[type species]], ''[[Calostoma cinnabarinum]]'', is ectomycorrhizal with [[oak]]. |
The unusual fruit body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other [[puffball]] or [[Gasteromycete|"stomach mushrooms"]]. [[Phylogenetic]] analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the [[Bolete]] mushrooms. ''Calostoma'' species are [[ectomycorrhiza]]l, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The [[type species]], ''[[Calostoma cinnabarinum]]'', is ectomycorrhizal with [[oak]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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| ⚫ | The original genus description, based on the [[type species]] ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (synonymous with ''cinnabarina''),<ref name="urlCalostoma cinnabarina">{{cite web |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/calostoma_cinnabarina.html |title=''Calostoma cinnabarina'' (MushroomExpert.Com)|author=Kuo M|publisher=MushroomExpert.Com|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> was published by French botanist [[Nicaise Auguste Desvaux]] in 1809.<ref name="Desvaux 1809"/> Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the ''Calostoma'' was considered to be part of the [[Gasteromycetes]], a grouping of fungi with enclosed [[spore]]-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Tulostomatales|stalked puffballs]],<ref name="Sussman 1973"/> although some mycologists have suggested that the genus ''Calostoma'' should be merged with ''[[Tulostoma]]''<ref name="Burnap 1897"/> ([[wikt: xerophilous|xerophilic]] stalked puffballs), ''[[Scleroderma (genus)|Scleroderma]]''<ref name="Fischer 1884"/> (hard puffballs), ''[[Geastrum]]''<ref name="Massee 1888"/> (earthstars), or ''[[Pseudocolus]]''<ref name="de Bary 1887"/> (stinkhorns). Some authors have placed ''Calostoma'' in its own [[family (biology)|family]], the Calostomataceae.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/><ref name="Li 1994"/><ref name="Coker 1926"/> |
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| ⚫ | In the 2000s, a [[phylogenetic]] analyses using [[cell nucleus|nuclear]] and [[mitochondria]]l [[RRNA|ribosomal gene]] sequences helped to clarify the [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of ''Calostoma''. Using the species ''C. cinnabarinum'' and ''C. ravenelli'' as representative examples, the research showed the genus to be evolutionarily part of the [[monophyletic]] Boletales [[clade]], and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> ''Calostoma'' belongs to the suborder [[Sclerodermatineae]] within the Boletales. The suborder comprises the following genera: ''[[Boletinellus]]'', ''Calostoma'', ''[[Gyroporus]]'', ''[[Phlebopus]]'', ''[[Pisolithus]]'', ''[[Scleroderma]]'', and ''[[Veligaster]]''.<ref name="Binder 2002"/> ''Calostoma'' is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from other Boletales taxa between 52 and 115 million years ago.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> The most recent age estimates suggest ''Calostoma'' diverged from the most recent common ancestor in the "Core Sclerodermatineae" at a median age of 66.02 million years ago (highest posterior density range 49.27-90.28 million years ago). The median age of the most recent common ancestor for extant ''Calostoma'' is 42.73 million years ago (highest posterior density range 28.76-57.15 million years ago).<ref name=Wilson2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson AW, Binder M, Hibbett DS |title=Diversity and evolution of ectomycorrhizal host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota) |journal=New Phytologist |volume=194 |pages=1079–1095 |doi= 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04109.x |pmid=22471405 |year=2012 |issue=4|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The original genus description, based on the [[type species]] ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (synonymous with ''cinnabarina''),<ref name="urlCalostoma cinnabarina">{{cite web |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/calostoma_cinnabarina.html |title=''Calostoma cinnabarina'' (MushroomExpert.Com)|author=Kuo M|publisher=MushroomExpert.Com| |
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| ⚫ | The genus name ''Calostoma'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''{{lang|grc-Latn|kallos}}'' or "beauty", and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|stoma}}'' ({{lang|grc|στóμα}}) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in [[common name|the vernacular]] as "prettymouths". In [[Korea]], it is called ''Yongi'', or "red cheeks".<ref name="Kim 2007"/> |
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| ⚫ | In the 2000s, a [[phylogenetic]] analyses using [[cell nucleus|nuclear]] and [[mitochondria]]l [[RRNA|ribosomal gene]] sequences helped to clarify the [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of ''Calostoma''. Using the species ''C. cinnabarinum'' and ''C. ravenelli'' as representative examples, the research showed the genus evolutionarily |
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| ⚫ | The genus name ''Calostoma'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kallos'' or "beauty", and ''stoma'' (στóμα) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in [[common name|the vernacular]] as "prettymouths". In [[Korea]], it is called ''Yongi'', or "red cheeks".<ref name="Kim 2007"/> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[Image:Calostoma cinnabarina 18252 crop.jpg|thumb|right|The outer tissue layer of ''Calostoma |
[[Image:Calostoma cinnabarina 18252 crop.jpg|thumb|right|The outer tissue layer of ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (shown) is gelatinous.]] |
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Fruit bodies, technically known as ''gasterocarps'', form spherical spore-bearing heads with a [[peridium]] (outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly colored peristome that has a star-shaped pore through which [[basidiospore|spores]] may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the [[wikt:apex|apex]] of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruit bodies may either have no stalk ([[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]), or be atop a [[stipe (mycology)|stalk]]. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of [[hypha]]e, is [[hygroscopic]], and will expand upon absorbing moisture.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> The spore mass in the head, the [[gleba]], is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal [[hyphae]] called ''capillitia''. [[Clamp connection]]s are present in the fungal hyphae.<ref name="Sussman 1973"/> |
Fruit bodies, technically known as ''gasterocarps'', form spherical spore-bearing heads with a [[peridium]] (outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly colored peristome that has a star-shaped pore through which [[basidiospore|spores]] may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the [[wikt:apex|apex]] of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruit bodies may either have no stalk ([[Sessility (botany)|sessile]]), or be atop a [[stipe (mycology)|stalk]]. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of [[hypha]]e, is [[hygroscopic]], and will expand upon absorbing moisture.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> The spore mass in the head, the [[gleba]], is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal [[hyphae]] called ''capillitia''. [[Clamp connection]]s are present in the fungal hyphae.<ref name="Sussman 1973"/> |
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===Spores=== |
===Spores=== |
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The [[basidiospore|spores]] are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are [[wikt:reticulate|reticulate]] (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/> The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as [[scanning electron microscopy]] and [[atomic force microscopy]]. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the [[nanometer]] scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various ''Calostoma'' species.<ref name="Kim 2007"/> The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with [[nurse cell#Mycology|nurse cells]] and scaly [[hyphae]], the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.<ref name="Ing 1989"/> |
The [[basidiospore|spores]] are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are [[wikt:reticulate|reticulate]] (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/> The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as [[scanning electron microscopy]] and [[atomic force microscopy]]. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the [[nanometer]] scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various ''Calostoma'' species.<ref name="Kim 2007"/> The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with [[nurse cell#Mycology|nurse cells]] and scaly [[hyphae]], the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.<ref name="Ing 1989"/> |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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| ⚫ | When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a [[temperate]] [[deciduous forest]], ''Calostoma'' species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidium and a raised [[peristome]]—the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the [[common name]], "prettymouth".<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/> The exoperidium may help to protect the maturing [[gleba]] of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/> |
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| ⚫ | When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a [[temperate]] [[deciduous forest]], ''Calostoma'' species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the |
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==Habitat and distribution== |
==Habitat and distribution== |
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| ⚫ | The species in ''Calostoma'' have been collected in regions of [[deciduous]], [[temperate]], [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]] forests, containing tree species from the families [[Fagaceae]], [[Nothofagaceae]], [[Myrtaceae]], and [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The [[type species]] ''C. cinnabarinum'' was shown to form [[Mycorrhiza#Types of mycorrhiza|ectomycorrhizae]] with ''[[Quercus]]'' species, using [[isotopic labeling]], [[sequence analysis|molecular]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] analyses.<ref name="Wilson 2007"/> Southeast Asian ''Calostoma'' have also been described as ectomycorrhizal. ''Calostoma sarasinii'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species of ''Lithocarpus'' ([[Fagaceae]]) while ''Calostoma retisporum'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species from the [[Myrtaceae]].<ref name="Wilson2012"/> The ectomycorrhizal mode of nutrition is predominant in the [[Sclerodermatineae]] suborder. Historically, it had been assumed to be [[saprobic]], due to its taxonomic uncertainty, and presumed relatedness to other saprobic fungi like the stalked puffballs and the [[earthstars]].<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/><ref name="Bougher98"/> |
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| ⚫ | The distribution of the genus is limited to Australasia ([[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Papua New Guinea]]), Southeast Asia, Asia, and North and Central America. Species have been described from [[Indonesia]] ([[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], New Guinea), [[Sri Lanka]], [[Himalaya]], [[Nepal]], China, New Zealand, North America, and [[Latin America]].<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/> Australian species include ''C. fuhreri'', ''[[Calostoma fuscum|C. fuscum]]'', ''C. insigne'', ''C. rodwayi'', and ''C. viride''.<ref name="Orchard 1996"/> [[David Arora]] mentions a preference for humid forests in eastern North America, particularly in the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="Arora 1986"/> |
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| ⚫ | The species in ''Calostoma'' have been collected in regions of [[deciduous]], [[temperate]], [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]] forests, containing tree species from the families [[Fagaceae]], [[Nothofagaceae]], [[Myrtaceae]], and [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The [[type species]] ''C. cinnabarinum'' was shown to form [[Mycorrhiza#Types of mycorrhiza|ectomycorrhizae]] with ''[[Quercus]]'' species, using [[isotopic labeling]], [[sequence analysis|molecular]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] analyses.<ref name="Wilson 2007"/> Southeast Asian ''Calostoma'' have also been described as ectomycorrhizal. ''Calostoma sarasinii'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species of ''Lithocarpus'' ([[Fagaceae]]) while ''Calostoma retisporum'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species from the [[Myrtaceae]].<ref name=Wilson2012 |
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| ⚫ | The distribution of the genus is limited to Australasia ([[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Papua New Guinea]]), Southeast Asia, Asia, and North and Central America. Species have been described from [[Indonesia]] ([[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]], New Guinea), [[ |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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===Edibility=== |
===Edibility=== |
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| ⚫ | In general, ''Calostoma'' species are not considered [[edible mushroom|edible]]; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of [[Tenango de Doria]] ([[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] state, Mexico), ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas"or “little yolks”.<ref name="Bautista-Nava 2009"/> |
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===Biochemistry=== |
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| ⚫ | In general, ''Calostoma'' species are not considered [[edible mushroom|edible]]; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of [[Tenango de Doria]] ([[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]] state, Mexico), ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas".<ref name="Bautista-Nava 2009"/> |
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===Bioactive compounds=== |
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==Species list== |
==Species list== |
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| ⚫ | The following species list is compiled from [[Index Fungorum]]<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Search Page">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/names.asp?strGenus=Calostoma |title=''Calostoma'' at Index Fungorum|publisher=CABI Bioscience|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> as well as species published in the literature, but missing in Fungorum, specifically ''C. formosanum'', ''C. junghuhnii'', and ''C. sarasinii''. The name listed under the species [[binominal nomenclature|binomial]] is the authority—the author of the original description of that species, followed by the year of publication. |
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| ⚫ | The following species list is compiled from [[Index Fungorum]]<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Search Page">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/names.asp?strGenus=Calostoma |title=''Calostoma'' at Index Fungorum|publisher=CABI Bioscience| |
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[[Image:Calostoma fuscum.jpg|thumb|right|''Calostoma fuscum'']] |
[[Image:Calostoma fuscum.jpg|thumb|right|''Calostoma fuscum'']] |
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[[Image:Calostoma cinnabarina3.jpg|thumb|right|''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' showing peristome and exposed [[gleba]]]] |
[[Image:Calostoma cinnabarina3.jpg|thumb|right|''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' showing peristome and exposed [[gleba]]]] |
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| ''C. cinnabarinum''<br /><small>[[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]]</small> |
| ''[[Calostoma cinnabarinum|C. cinnabarinum]]''<br /><small>[[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]]</small> |
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| 1809 |
| 1809 |
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| China,<ref name="Liu 1984"/> Colombia,<ref name="Dumont 1978"/> Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Calonge FD, Mata M, Carranza J |year=2005 |title= Contribución al catálogo de los Gasteromycetes (Basidiomycotina, Fungi) de Costa Rica |journal=Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=23–45 |doi=10.3989/ajbm.2005.v62.i1.26}}</ref> India,<ref name="Boedijn 1938"/> Mexico,<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/><ref name="Guzmán 1973"/> Taiwan,<ref name="Chen 1975"/> and the United States<ref name="Burnap 1897"/><ref name="Coker 1926"/> |
| China,<ref name="Liu 1984"/> Colombia,<ref name="Dumont 1978"/> Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Calonge FD, Mata M, Carranza J |year=2005 |title= Contribución al catálogo de los Gasteromycetes (Basidiomycotina, Fungi) de Costa Rica |journal=Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=23–45 |doi=10.3989/ajbm.2005.v62.i1.26|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/27754 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> India,<ref name="Boedijn 1938"/> Mexico,<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/><ref name="Guzmán 1973"/> Taiwan,<ref name="Chen 1975"/> and the United States<ref name="Burnap 1897"/><ref name="Coker 1926"/> |
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| 1986 |
| 1986 |
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| In damp depressions on sand ridges in Victoria, Australia |
| In damp depressions on sand ridges in Victoria, Australia |
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|It has dark grey to brown fruit bodies made of a short gelatinous stalk, up to {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} long, and a spherical head up to {{convert|0.8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. The outer layer of the peridium does not fall off in one piece (as in ''C. fuscum'') but persists as small black granules. The spores are elliptical, white, and smooth-walled, with dimensions of 22–25 by 10–11.5 [[micrometre| |
|It has dark grey to brown fruit bodies made of a short gelatinous stalk, up to {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} long, and a spherical head up to {{convert|0.8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. The outer layer of the peridium does not fall off in one piece (as in ''C. fuscum'') but persists as small black granules. The spores are elliptical, white, and smooth-walled, with dimensions of 22–25 by 10–11.5 [[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="urlCalostoma fuhreri">{{cite web |url=http://fungimap.rbg.vic.gov.au/fsp/sp058.html|author=McBain M |title=''Calostoma fuhreri'' |publisher=Fungimap|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830175124/http://fungimap.rbg.vic.gov.au/fsp/sp058.html |archive-date = August 30, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Calostoma fuscum|C. fuscum]]''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
| ''[[Calostoma fuscum|C. fuscum]]''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
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| Collected in the [[Himalayas]],<ref name="Massee 1888"/> southeast [[Tibet]] and [[Bhutan]],<ref name="Balfour-Browne 1955"/> several times in Nepal,<ref name="Berkeley 1854"/><ref name="Kobayasi 1965"/><ref name="Singh 1976"/> Japan,<ref name="Otani 1976"/> and Taiwan.<ref name="Chen 1975"/> |
| Collected in the [[Himalayas]],<ref name="Massee 1888"/> southeast [[Tibet]] and [[Bhutan]],<ref name="Balfour-Browne 1955"/> several times in Nepal,<ref name="Berkeley 1854"/><ref name="Kobayasi 1965"/><ref name="Singh 1976"/> Japan,<ref name="Otani 1976"/> and Taiwan.<ref name="Chen 1975"/> |
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|Originally described as ''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' by Schlechtendal and Müller in 1844, this species was discovered in 1842 on an expedition to collect biota in the forest of Batta-Lauder, near Tapoilang, [[Java]].<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844"/> It has bright orange to red fruit bodies made of a stalk {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|to|2.0|cm|1|abbr=on}} thick. The spores are spherical, covered with rounded to pyramid-shaped warts 1–2 |
|Originally described as ''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' by Schlechtendal and Müller in 1844, this species was discovered in 1842 on an expedition to collect biota in the forest of Batta-Lauder, near Tapoilang, [[Java]].<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844"/> It has bright orange to red fruit bodies made of a stalk {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|to|2.0|cm|1|abbr=on}} thick. The spores are spherical, covered with rounded to pyramid-shaped warts 1–2 μm long, with diameters of 12.5–15 [[micrometre|μm]]; the spore surface ornamentation appears to be unique in the genus.<ref name="Miller 1988"/> |
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| ''C. luridum''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
| ''C. luridum''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
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| ''C. lutescens''<br /><small>(Schw.) Burnap</small> |
| ''C. lutescens''<br /><small>(Schw.) Burnap</small> |
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|This species is commonly known as the "lattice puffball".<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> |
|This species is commonly known as the "lattice puffball".<ref name="McKnight 1987" /> |
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| ''C. miniata''<br /><small>M. Zang</small> |
| ''C. miniata''<br /><small>M. Zang</small> |
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| 1987 |
| 1987 |
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| Growing with moss in [[Sichuan]], China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> |
| Growing with moss in [[Sichuan]], China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> |
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|''C. naaxtututs''Deloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno |
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|2023 |
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|Southern Mexico<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deloya-Olvera |first=Miriam |last2=Xoconostle-Cazares |first2=Beatriz |last3=Vasquez |first3=SofíA Virgen |last4=PéRez-Moreno |first4=JesúS |last5=MartíNez-GonzáLez |first5=CéSar Ramiro |last6=Almaraz |first6=Juan J. |last7=Jimenez |first7=Mario |last8=SáNchez-GarcíA |first8=MartíN E. |date=2023-09-05 |title=Two new neotropical species of the ectomycorrhizal gasteroid genus Calostoma (Sclerodermatineae, Boletales) used as a food source by the Ayuuk jä’äy ethnic group from Southern Mexico |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.612.2.3 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=612 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.612.2.3 |issn=1179-3163|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|This variant was first described by George Atkinson in 1903, who noticed a close resemblance to ''C. ravenelii'', but believed that an often longer stalk and smaller, oblong spores (measuring 6–9 by 3.5–4.5 |
|This variant was first described by George Atkinson in 1903, who noticed a close resemblance to ''C. ravenelii'', but believed that an often longer stalk and smaller, oblong spores (measuring 6–9 by 3.5–4.5 μm) were sufficient to warrant naming it a new species.<ref name="Atkinson 1903"/> |
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| ''C. ravenelii'' var. ''ravenelii'' <small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
| ''C. ravenelii'' var. ''ravenelii'' <small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
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| 1995 |
| 1995 |
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| Singapore<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense"/> |
| Singapore<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense"/> |
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|''C. tooteic''Deloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno |
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|2023 |
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|Southern Mexico<ref name=":0" /> |
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| 1975 |
| 1975 |
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| China |
| China |
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|Characterized by its variable sized elliptical spores, which range from 9–18.9 by 5.7–8.6 |
|Characterized by its variable sized elliptical spores, which range from 9–18.9 by 5.7–8.6 μm.<ref name="Po 1975"/> |
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| ''C. viride''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
| ''C. viride''<br /><small>(Berk.) Massee</small> |
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| 2006 |
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|First studied by Brazilian mycologist Johann Rick, the species was published posthumously, 15 years after his death in 1946.<ref name="Rick 1961"/> Initially named ''Myremyces zanchianus'', only a single specimen is known.<ref name="Baseia 2006"/> The species has an egg-shaped head, {{convert|1.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide, atop a stalk. The "mouth" is star-shaped and made of 4 long slits that open at maturity. The spores are 30–35 by 15–20 |
|First studied by Brazilian mycologist Johann Rick, the species was published posthumously, 15 years after his death in 1946.<ref name="Rick 1961"/> Initially named ''Myremyces zanchianus'', only a single specimen is known.<ref name="Baseia 2006"/> The species has an egg-shaped head, {{convert|1.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide, atop a stalk. The "mouth" is star-shaped and made of 4 long slits that open at maturity. The spores are 30–35 by 15–20 μm, spindle-shaped to elliptical, smooth, and have a prominent longitudinal groove.<ref name="Baseia 2006"/> |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
||
<ref name="Arora 1986">{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |page=715 |isbn=0-89815-169-4}} [ |
<ref name="Arora 1986">{{cite book |author=Arora D. |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=1986 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/715 715] |isbn=0-89815-169-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/715 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=n3rVpkZII8IC&dq=calostoma&pg=RA1-PA715 Google Books]</ref> |
||
<ref name="Atkinson 1903">{{cite journal |author=Atkinson GF. |year=1903 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Journal of Mycology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=14–17 |doi=10.2307/3752913 |jstor=3752913}}</ref> |
<ref name="Atkinson 1903">{{cite journal |author=Atkinson GF. |year=1903 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Journal of Mycology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=14–17 |doi=10.2307/3752913 |jstor=3752913}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Balfour-Browne 1955">{{cite journal |author=Balfour-Browne FL. |year=1955 |title=Some Himalayan fungi |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum |
<ref name="Balfour-Browne 1955">{{cite journal |author=Balfour-Browne FL. |year=1955 |title=Some Himalayan fungi |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=189–218}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Baseia 2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baseia IG, Cortez VG, Calonge FD |year=2006 |title=Rick's species revision: ''Mitremyces zanchianus'' versus ''Calostoma zanchianum'' |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=95 |pages=113–6}}</ref> |
<ref name="Baseia 2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baseia IG, Cortez VG, Calonge FD |year=2006 |title=Rick's species revision: ''Mitremyces zanchianus'' versus ''Calostoma zanchianum'' |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=95 |pages=113–6}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Bautista-Nava 2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bautista-Nava E, Moreno-Fuentes A |year=2009 |title=First record of the edibility of ''Calostoma cinnabarina'' Desv. (Sclerodermatales) |journal=Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=561–64 |language= |
<ref name="Bautista-Nava 2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bautista-Nava E, Moreno-Fuentes A |year=2009 |title=First record of the edibility of ''Calostoma cinnabarina'' Desv. (Sclerodermatales) |journal=Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=561–64 |language=es |url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/bio/BIO80-02/BIO080000225.pdf |access-date=2009-09-24 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716192148/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/bio/BIO80-02/BIO080000225.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Berkeley 1854">{{cite journal |author=[[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berkeley MJ]]. |year=1854|title=Decades XLIV—XLVI. Indian fungi |journal=Hooker's Journal of Botany |volume=6 |
<ref name="Berkeley 1854">{{cite journal |author=[[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berkeley MJ]]. |year=1854|title=Decades XLIV—XLVI. Indian fungi |journal=Hooker's Journal of Botany |volume=6 |pages=161–74}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Binder 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Binder M, Bresinsky A |title=Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors |journal=Mycologia |year=2002 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.2307/3761848 |jstor=3761848 |pmid=21156480 |
<ref name="Binder 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Binder M, Bresinsky A |title=Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors |journal=Mycologia |year=2002 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.2307/3761848 |jstor=3761848 |pmid=21156480 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Boedijn 1938">{{cite journal |author=Boedijn KB. |year=1938 |title=The genus ''Calostoma'' in the Netherlands Indies (Fung. Bas.) |journal=Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=64–75}}</ref> |
<ref name="Boedijn 1938">{{cite journal |author=Boedijn KB. |year=1938 |title=The genus ''Calostoma'' in the Netherlands Indies (Fung. Bas.) |journal=Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=64–75}}</ref> |
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| Line 243: | Line 241: | ||
<ref name="Bougher98">{{cite book |title=Fungi of Southern Australia|vauthors=Bougher NL, Syme K |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Western Australia]] Press |location=Nedlands, WA |isbn=1-875560-80-7}}</ref> |
<ref name="Bougher98">{{cite book |title=Fungi of Southern Australia|vauthors=Bougher NL, Syme K |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Western Australia]] Press |location=Nedlands, WA |isbn=1-875560-80-7}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Burnap 1897">{{cite journal |author=Burnap CE. |year=1897 |title=Contributions from the Cryptogamic Laboratory of Harvard University XXXVIII: Notes on the genus ''Calostoma'' |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=180–96 |doi=10.1086/327486}}</ref> |
<ref name="Burnap 1897">{{cite journal |author=Burnap CE. |year=1897 |title=Contributions from the Cryptogamic Laboratory of Harvard University XXXVIII: Notes on the genus ''Calostoma'' |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=180–96 |doi=10.1086/327486|s2cid=84236489 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/222761 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983">{{cite journal |vauthors=Castro-Mendoza E, ((Miller OK Jr)), Stetler DA |year=1983 |title=Basidiospore wall ultrastructure and tissue system morphology in the genus ''Calostoma'' in North America |journal=Mycologia |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=36–45 |doi=10.2307/3792921 |jstor=3792921 |
<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983">{{cite journal |vauthors=Castro-Mendoza E, ((Miller OK Jr)), Stetler DA |year=1983 |title=Basidiospore wall ultrastructure and tissue system morphology in the genus ''Calostoma'' in North America |journal=Mycologia |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=36–45 |doi=10.2307/3792921 |jstor=3792921 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Chen 1975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen ZC, Yeh KY |year=1975 |title=Notes on new Formosan forest fungi part 3 the genus ''Calostoma'' |journal=Taiwania |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=229–33}}</ref> |
<ref name="Chen 1975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen ZC, Yeh KY |year=1975 |title=Notes on new Formosan forest fungi part 3 the genus ''Calostoma'' |journal=Taiwania |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=229–33}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Crichton 1986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crichton GA, Willis JH |year=1986 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' Desv. (Gasteromycete fungi) |journal=Victorian Naturalist |volume=103 |
<ref name="Crichton 1986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crichton GA, Willis JH |year=1986 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' Desv. (Gasteromycete fungi) |journal=Victorian Naturalist |volume=103 |pages=4–7}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Coker 1926">{{cite book |vauthors=Coker WC, Couch JN |title=The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada |year=1928|publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=North Carolina}}</ref> |
<ref name="Coker 1926">{{cite book |vauthors=Coker WC, Couch JN |title=The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/gasteromycetesof00coke |year=1928|publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=North Carolina}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="de Bary 1887">{{cite book |author=de Bary A. |title=Fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria, English edition |year=1887 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |
<ref name="de Bary 1887">{{cite book |author=de Bary A. |title=Fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria, English edition |year=1887 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Desvaux 1809">{{cite journal |author=Desvaux NA. |year=1809 |title=Observations sur quelques genres à établir dans la famille dês Champignons |journal=Journal de |
<ref name="Desvaux 1809">{{cite journal |author=Desvaux NA. |year=1809 |title=Observations sur quelques genres à établir dans la famille dês Champignons |journal=Journal de Botanique |volume=2 |pages=88–105 |language=fr}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Dumont 1978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dumont KP, Umana MI |year=1978 |title=Fungi of Colombia part 5 ''Laternea triscapa'' new record and ''Calostoma cinnabarina'' new record in Colombia |journal=Caldasia |volume=12 |issue=58 |pages=349–52 |language= |
<ref name="Dumont 1978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dumont KP, Umana MI |year=1978 |title=Fungi of Colombia part 5 ''Laternea triscapa'' new record and ''Calostoma cinnabarina'' new record in Colombia |journal=Caldasia |volume=12 |issue=58 |pages=349–52 |language=es}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Fischer 1884">{{cite journal |author=Fischer E. |year=1884 |title=Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gasteromyceten |journal=Botanischer Zeitung (Regensberg) |volume=42 |
<ref name="Fischer 1884">{{cite journal |author=Fischer E. |year=1884 |title=Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gasteromyceten |journal=Botanischer Zeitung (Regensberg) |volume=42 |pages=433–94}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Gruber 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gruber G, Steglich W |title=Calostomal, a polyene pigment from the gasteromycete ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (Boletales) |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |year=2007 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=129–31 |url=http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v62b/62b0129.pdf |format=Abstract (PDF)}}</ref> |
<ref name="Gruber 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gruber G, Steglich W |title=Calostomal, a polyene pigment from the gasteromycete ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (Boletales) |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |year=2007 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=129–31 |url=http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v62b/62b0129.pdf |format=Abstract (PDF)|doi=10.1515/znb-2007-0120 |s2cid=28501033 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Guzmán 1973">{{cite journal |author=[[Gaston Guzman|Guzmán, G]]. |year=1973 |title=Observaciones sobre el gênero Calostoma en México |journal=Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia |volume=7 |
<ref name="Guzmán 1973">{{cite journal |author=[[Gaston Guzman|Guzmán, G]]. |year=1973 |title=Observaciones sobre el gênero Calostoma en México |journal=Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia |volume=7|pages=99–116 |language=es}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Hughey 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hughey BD, Adams GC, Bruns TD, Hibbett DS |year=2000 |title=Phylogeny of ''Calostoma'', the gelatinous-stalked puffball, based on nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycologia |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=94–104 |doi=10.2307/3761453 |jstor=3761453}}</ref> |
<ref name="Hughey 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hughey BD, Adams GC, Bruns TD, Hibbett DS |year=2000 |title=Phylogeny of ''Calostoma'', the gelatinous-stalked puffball, based on nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycologia |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=94–104 |doi=10.2307/3761453 |jstor=3761453}}</ref> |
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| Line 269: | Line 267: | ||
<ref name="Ing 1989">{{cite journal |author=Ing B. |year=1989|title=First steps. Puffballs |journal=Mycologist |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=126–7 |doi=10.1016/S0269-915X(89)80048-5}}</ref> |
<ref name="Ing 1989">{{cite journal |author=Ing B. |year=1989|title=First steps. Puffballs |journal=Mycologist |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=126–7 |doi=10.1016/S0269-915X(89)80048-5}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kim 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim M, Kim KW, Jung HS |title=Morphological discretion of basidiospores of the puffball mushroom ''Calostoma'' by electron and atomic force microscopy |journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1721–26 |year=2007 |pmid=18156793 |
<ref name="Kim 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim M, Kim KW, Jung HS |title=Morphological discretion of basidiospores of the puffball mushroom ''Calostoma'' by electron and atomic force microscopy |journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1721–26 |year=2007 |pmid=18156793 |url=http://www.jmb.or.kr/submission/Journal/017/JMB017-10-22.pdf }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Kobayasi 1962">{{cite journal |author=Kobayasi Y.|year=1962 |title=The ''Calostoma'' of eastern Asia |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica |volume=20 |issue=Spec. No |
<ref name="Kobayasi 1962">{{cite journal |author=Kobayasi Y.|year=1962 |title=The ''Calostoma'' of eastern Asia |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica |volume=20 |issue=Spec. No |pages=252–57}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Kobayasi 1965">{{cite journal |author=Kobayasi Y. |year=1965 |title=Himalayan ''Calostoma'' and ''Isaria'' |journal=Journal of Japanese Botany |volume=40 |
<ref name="Kobayasi 1965">{{cite journal |author=Kobayasi Y. |year=1965 |title=Himalayan ''Calostoma'' and ''Isaria'' |journal=Journal of Japanese Botany |volume=40 |pages=228–29}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Li 1994">{{cite book |vauthors=Li F, Bo L, Hua LY |title=The gasteromycetes of China: A supplement to Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |year=1994 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=3443510302}}</ref> |
<ref name="Li 1994">{{cite book |vauthors=Li F, Bo L, Hua LY |title=The gasteromycetes of China: A supplement to Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |year=1994 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=3443510302}}</ref> |
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| Line 279: | Line 277: | ||
<ref name="Lim 1969">{{cite journal |author=Lim G. |year=1969 |title=''Calostoma sarasinii'' from Malaya |journal=The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=109–10}}</ref> |
<ref name="Lim 1969">{{cite journal |author=Lim G. |year=1969 |title=''Calostoma sarasinii'' from Malaya |journal=The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=109–10}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Liu 1984">{{cite journal |author=Liu B. |year=1984 |title=The Gasteromycetes of China |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=74 |
<ref name="Liu 1984">{{cite journal |author=Liu B. |year=1984 |title=The Gasteromycetes of China |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=74 |pages=1–235 |isbn=3768254763 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Vaduz}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Lloyd 1925">{{cite journal |author=Lloyd CG. |year=1925 |title=Mycological notes |journal=Mycological Writings |volume=7 |issue=75 |pages=1349–64}}</ref> |
<ref name="Lloyd 1925">{{cite journal |author=Lloyd CG. |year=1925 |title=Mycological notes |journal=Mycological Writings |volume=7 |issue=75 |pages=1349–64}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Massee 1888">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1888|title=A monograph of the genus ''Calostoma'' Desv. (''Mitremyces'' Nees) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=2 |
<ref name="Massee 1888">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1888|title=A monograph of the genus ''Calostoma'' Desv. (''Mitremyces'' Nees) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=2 |pages=25–46|doi=10.1093/aob/os-2.1.25|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431579}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Massee 1903">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' (reply) |journal=Nature |volume=1761 |issue=68 |page=296 |doi=10.1038/068296c0}}</ref> |
<ref name="Massee 1903">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' (reply) |journal=Nature |volume=1761 |issue=68 |page=296 |doi=10.1038/068296c0|s2cid=409784 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429419 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=343 |isbn=0-395-91090-0}} [ |
<ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomush00mckn_960 |url-access=limited |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomush00mckn_960/page/n361 343] |isbn=0-395-91090-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&dq=calostoma&pg=RA1-PA343 Google Books]</ref> |
||
<ref name="Miller 1988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller OK, Van Cotter H |year=1988 |title=Observations on tissue morphology and spore ultrastructure of ''Calostoma junghuhnii'' (Gasteromycetes) |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=2470–73 |doi=10.1139/b88-335}}</ref> |
<ref name="Miller 1988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller OK, Van Cotter H |year=1988 |title=Observations on tissue morphology and spore ultrastructure of ''Calostoma junghuhnii'' (Gasteromycetes) |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=2470–73 |doi=10.1139/b88-335}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Miller HR, Miller OK |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |
<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Miller HR, Miller OK |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |isbn=0-916422-74-7}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Minakata 1903">{{cite journal |author=Minakata K. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=1761 |issue=68 |pages=296 |doi=10.1038/068296b0}}</ref> |
<ref name="Minakata 1903">{{cite journal |author=Minakata K. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=1761 |issue=68 |pages=296 |doi=10.1038/068296b0|bibcode=1903Natur..68Q.296M |s2cid=3971793 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429416 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Orchard 1996">{{cite book |author=Orchard AE. |title=Fungi of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |location=Canberra |year=1996 |page=332 |isbn=0-643-06907-0}} [ |
<ref name="Orchard 1996">{{cite book |author=Orchard AE. |title=Fungi of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |location=Canberra |year=1996 |page=332 |isbn=0-643-06907-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTJsa5a3ZpcC&dq=calostoma&pg=PA332 Google Books]</ref> |
||
<ref name="Otani 1976">{{cite journal |author=Otani Y. |year=1976 |title=On the genus ''Calostoma'' in Japan |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan (Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho) |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=358–62}}</ref> |
<ref name="Otani 1976">{{cite journal |author=Otani Y. |year=1976 |title=On the genus ''Calostoma'' in Japan |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan (Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho) |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=358–62}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Po 1975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Po L, Tsung-Ying L, Fu T |year=1975 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=130 |url=http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL13-1-12.pdf |
<ref name="Po 1975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Po L, Tsung-Ying L, Fu T |year=1975 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=130 |url=http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL13-1-12.pdf }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Rick 1961">{{cite journal |author=Rick J.| year=1961 |title=Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul |journal=Iheringia Série |
<ref name="Rick 1961">{{cite journal |author=Rick J.| year=1961 |title=Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul |journal=Iheringia, Série Botânica |volume=9 |pages=451–90}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlechtendal V, Müller K |year=1844 |title=''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' eine neue Art, beschreiben und abgebildet |journal=Botanische Zeitung |volume=2 |issue=23 |pages=401–4}}</ref> |
<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlechtendal V, Müller K |year=1844 |title=''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' eine neue Art, beschreiben und abgebildet |journal=Botanische Zeitung |volume=2 |issue=23 |pages=401–4}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="Singh 1976">{{cite journal |author=Singh SC, Nisha. |year=1976 |title=Some fleshy fungi of Nepal |journal=Journal of Science (Kathmandu, Nepal) |volume=6 |
<ref name="Singh 1976">{{cite journal |author=Singh SC, Nisha. |year=1976 |title=Some fleshy fungi of Nepal |journal=Journal of Science (Kathmandu, Nepal) |volume=6 |pages=73–88}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Sussman 1973">{{cite book |author=Sussman AS. |title=Fungi: An Advanced Treatise; Part B |publisher=Academic Pr |location=London, UK |year=1973 |
<ref name="Sussman 1973">{{cite book |author=Sussman AS. |title=Fungi: An Advanced Treatise; Part B |publisher=Academic Pr |location=London, UK |year=1973 |isbn=0-12-045644-3}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma brookei">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363400 |title=''Calostoma brookei'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience | |
<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma brookei">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363400 |title=''Calostoma brookei'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma guizhouense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105115 |title=''Calostoma guizhouense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience | |
<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma guizhouense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105115 |title=''Calostoma guizhouense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105961 |title=''Calostoma hunanense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience | |
<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105961 |title=''Calostoma hunanense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363399 |title=''Calostoma singaporense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience | |
<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363399 |title=''Calostoma singaporense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma yunnanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105962 |title=''Calostoma yunnanense'' at Index Fungorum| publisher=CABI Bioscience | |
<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma yunnanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105962 |title=''Calostoma yunnanense'' at Index Fungorum| publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref> |
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<ref name="urlMycoBank: Calostoma">{{cite web |title=''Calostoma'' Desvaux 1809 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=94039&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association | |
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Calostoma">{{cite web |title=''Calostoma'' Desvaux 1809 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=94039&Fields=All |publisher=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Wilson 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson AW, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS |year=2007 |title=The ectomycorrhizal status of ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=385–93 |doi=10.1139/B07-026}}</ref> |
<ref name="Wilson 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson AW, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS |year=2007 |title=The ectomycorrhizal status of ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=385–93 |doi=10.1139/B07-026}}</ref> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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| ⚫ | * {{cite web|url=http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/downloads2%20syllabi%20proposals%20etc/Wilson%20DDIG%20proposal%20text.pdf|author=Wilson A|title=Ecology and evolution of ''Calostoma''|publisher=Hibbett Lab at Clark University|access-date=2009-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529193914/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/downloads2%20syllabi%20proposals%20etc/Wilson%20DDIG%20proposal%20text.pdf#|archive-date=2010-05-29|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{IndexFungorum|19049}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q4239136}} |
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[[Category:Boletales]] |
[[Category:Boletales]] |
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[[Category:Boletales genera]] |
[[Category:Boletales genera]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:51, 12 May 2024
| Calostoma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Calostoma cinnabarinum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Sclerodermataceae |
| Genus: | Calostoma Desv. (1809) |
| Type species | |
| Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda (1809)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Calostoma is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, Calostoma do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round puffballs with raised, brightly colored spore openings (ostioles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and Australasia. The common name given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the brightly colored raised openings (ostioles) that may somewhat resemble lips. Other common names include "hotlips" and "puffball in aspic".
The unusual fruit body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other puffball or "stomach mushrooms". Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the Bolete mushrooms. Calostoma species are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The type species, Calostoma cinnabarinum, is ectomycorrhizal with oak.
Taxonomy[edit]
The original genus description, based on the type species Calostoma cinnabarinum (synonymous with cinnabarina),[2] was published by French botanist Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1809.[3] Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the Calostoma was considered to be part of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the order of stalked puffballs,[4] although some mycologists have suggested that the genus Calostoma should be merged with Tulostoma[5] (xerophilic stalked puffballs), Scleroderma[6] (hard puffballs), Geastrum[7] (earthstars), or Pseudocolus[8] (stinkhorns). Some authors have placed Calostoma in its own family, the Calostomataceae.[9][10][11]
In the 2000s, a phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny of Calostoma. Using the species C. cinnabarinum and C. ravenelli as representative examples, the research showed the genus to be evolutionarily part of the monophyletic Boletales clade, and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes.[12] Calostoma belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae within the Boletales. The suborder comprises the following genera: Boletinellus, Calostoma, Gyroporus, Phlebopus, Pisolithus, Scleroderma, and Veligaster.[13] Calostoma is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from other Boletales taxa between 52 and 115 million years ago.[12] The most recent age estimates suggest Calostoma diverged from the most recent common ancestor in the "Core Sclerodermatineae" at a median age of 66.02 million years ago (highest posterior density range 49.27-90.28 million years ago). The median age of the most recent common ancestor for extant Calostoma is 42.73 million years ago (highest posterior density range 28.76-57.15 million years ago).[14]
The genus name Calostoma is derived from the Greek kallos or "beauty", and stoma (στóμα) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in the vernacular as "prettymouths". In Korea, it is called Yongi, or "red cheeks".[15]
Description[edit]
Fruit bodies, technically known as gasterocarps, form spherical spore-bearing heads with a peridium (outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly colored peristome that has a star-shaped pore through which spores may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the apex of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruit bodies may either have no stalk (sessile), or be atop a stalk. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of hyphae, is hygroscopic, and will expand upon absorbing moisture.[12] The spore mass in the head, the gleba, is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal hyphae called capillitia. Clamp connections are present in the fungal hyphae.[4]
Spores[edit]
The spores are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are reticulate (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted.[9] The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the nanometer scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various Calostoma species.[15] The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with nurse cells and scaly hyphae, the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.[16]
Development[edit]
When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a temperate deciduous forest, Calostoma species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidium and a raised peristome—the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the common name, "prettymouth".[17] The exoperidium may help to protect the maturing gleba of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.[9]
Habitat and distribution[edit]
The species in Calostoma have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests, containing tree species from the families Fagaceae, Nothofagaceae, Myrtaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae. The type species C. cinnabarinum was shown to form ectomycorrhizae with Quercus species, using isotopic labeling, molecular and morphological analyses.[18] Southeast Asian Calostoma have also been described as ectomycorrhizal. Calostoma sarasinii forms ectomycorrhizae with species of Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) while Calostoma retisporum forms ectomycorrhizae with species from the Myrtaceae.[14] The ectomycorrhizal mode of nutrition is predominant in the Sclerodermatineae suborder. Historically, it had been assumed to be saprobic, due to its taxonomic uncertainty, and presumed relatedness to other saprobic fungi like the stalked puffballs and the earthstars.[9][19]
The distribution of the genus is limited to Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Southeast Asia, Asia, and North and Central America. Species have been described from Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea), Sri Lanka, Himalaya, Nepal, China, New Zealand, North America, and Latin America.[17] Australian species include C. fuhreri, C. fuscum, C. insigne, C. rodwayi, and C. viride.[20] David Arora mentions a preference for humid forests in eastern North America, particularly in the southern Appalachian Mountains.[21]
Uses[edit]
Edibility[edit]
In general, Calostoma species are not considered edible; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption.[21] However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of Tenango de Doria (Hidalgo state, Mexico), Calostoma cinnabarinum used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas"or “little yolks”.[22]
Biochemistry[edit]
Calostoma cinnabarinum contains a pigment named calostomal that is responsible for its red color. The IUPAC name of this molecule is all-trans-16-oxohexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenoic acid.[23]
Species list[edit]
The following species list is compiled from Index Fungorum[24] as well as species published in the literature, but missing in Fungorum, specifically C. formosanum, C. junghuhnii, and C. sarasinii. The name listed under the species binomial is the authority—the author of the original description of that species, followed by the year of publication.
| Binomial Authority |
Year | Distribution | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| C. aeruginosum Massee |
1891 | ||
| C. berkeleyi Massee |
1888 | On the islands south of Sri Lanka[7] | |
| C. brookei L. Fan & B. Liu |
1995 | In a Malaysian forest[25] | |
| C. cinnabarinum Corda |
1809 | China,[26] Colombia,[27] Costa Rica,[28] India,[29] Mexico,[17][30] Taiwan,[31] and the United States[5][11] | |
| C. formosanum Sawada |
1931 | Asia | This is a form of C. junghuhnii with a very short rooting stem.[32] |
| C. fuhreri Crichton & J.H. Willis[33] |
1986 | In damp depressions on sand ridges in Victoria, Australia | It has dark grey to brown fruit bodies made of a short gelatinous stalk, up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long, and a spherical head up to 0.8 cm (0.3 in) wide. The outer layer of the peridium does not fall off in one piece (as in C. fuscum) but persists as small black granules. The spores are elliptical, white, and smooth-walled, with dimensions of 22–25 by 10–11.5 μm.[34] |
| C. fuscum (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Tasmania and south Australia[7] | |
| C. guizhouense B. Liu & S.Z. Jiang |
1985 | In a montane forest in Guizhou, China[35] | |
| C. hunanense B. Liu & Y.B. Peng |
1979 | In the soil in the woods of Hunan, China[36] | |
| C. insigne (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Sri Lanka[7] | |
| C. japonica Henn. |
1902 | Japan[37] | |
| C. jiangii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu |
1985 | In a montane forest, in Guizhou, China[36] | |
| C. junghuhnii (Schlect. & Müll.) Massee |
Collected in the Himalayas,[7] southeast Tibet and Bhutan,[38] several times in Nepal,[39][40][41] Japan,[37] and Taiwan.[31] | Originally described as Mitremyces junghuhnii by Schlechtendal and Müller in 1844, this species was discovered in 1842 on an expedition to collect biota in the forest of Batta-Lauder, near Tapoilang, Java.[42] It has bright orange to red fruit bodies made of a stalk 1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.6 to 1.0 in) long and 1.5 to 2.0 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in) thick. The spores are spherical, covered with rounded to pyramid-shaped warts 1–2 μm long, with diameters of 12.5–15 μm; the spore surface ornamentation appears to be unique in the genus.[43] | |
| C. luridum (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Near the Swan river in western Australia[7] | |
| C. lutescens (Schw.) Burnap |
North America | This species is commonly known as the "lattice puffball".[44] | |
| C. miniata M. Zang |
1987 | Growing with moss in Sichuan, China[36] | |
| C. naaxtututsDeloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno | 2023 | Southern Mexico[45] | |
| C. oriruber Massee |
1888 | Larut, Perak, and the Malay Peninsula[7] | |
| C. pengii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu |
1984 | In a forest in Hunan, China[36] | |
| C. ravenelii (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | In the mountains of South Carolina,[7] and Japan[46][47] | |
| C. ravenelii var. microsporum (G.F. Atk.) Castro-Mend. & O.K. Mill. (1983) | This variant was first described by George Atkinson in 1903, who noticed a close resemblance to C. ravenelii, but believed that an often longer stalk and smaller, oblong spores (measuring 6–9 by 3.5–4.5 μm) were sufficient to warrant naming it a new species.[48] | ||
| C. ravenelii var. ravenelii (Berk.) Massee | 1988 | ||
| C. retisporum Boedijn |
1938 | ||
| C. rodwayi Lloyd[49] |
1925 | ||
| C. sarasinii | 1969 | Singapore[50] | |
| C. singaporense L. Fan & B. Liu |
1995 | Singapore[51] | |
| C. tooteicDeloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno | 2023 | Southern Mexico[45] | |
| C. variispora B. Liu, Z.Y. Li & Du |
1975 | China | Characterized by its variable sized elliptical spores, which range from 9–18.9 by 5.7–8.6 μm.[52] |
| C. viride (Berk.) Massee |
1988 | Tonglu and Sinchal, in the Sikkim Himalayas at an elevation of 7,000–9,000 feet (2,100–2,700 m)[7] | |
| C. yunnanense L.J. Li & B. Liu |
1984 | Yunnan, China[53] | |
| C. zanchianum (Rick) Baseia & Calonge |
2006 | First studied by Brazilian mycologist Johann Rick, the species was published posthumously, 15 years after his death in 1946.[54] Initially named Myremyces zanchianus, only a single specimen is known.[55] The species has an egg-shaped head, 1.3 cm (0.5 in) long by 1 cm (0.4 in) wide, atop a stalk. The "mouth" is star-shaped and made of 4 long slits that open at maturity. The spores are 30–35 by 15–20 μm, spindle-shaped to elliptical, smooth, and have a prominent longitudinal groove.[55] |
References[edit]
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- ^ "Calostoma singaporense at Index Fungorum". CABI Bioscience. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Po L, Tsung-Ying L, Fu T (1975). "A new species of Calostoma" (PDF). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. 13 (1): 130.
- ^ "Calostoma yunnanense at Index Fungorum". CABI Bioscience. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Rick J. (1961). "Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul". Iheringia, Série Botânica. 9: 451–90.
- ^ a b Baseia IG, Cortez VG, Calonge FD (2006). "Rick's species revision: Mitremyces zanchianus versus Calostoma zanchianum". Mycotaxon. 95: 113–6.
External links[edit]
- Wilson A. "Ecology and evolution of Calostoma" (PDF). Hibbett Lab at Clark University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2009-08-07.