Stielboviste
| Stielboviste | ||||||||||
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Winter Stielbovist ( Tulostoma brumale ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Tulostoma | ||||||||||
| Pers. |
The Stielboviste ( Tulostoma ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of mushroom relatives , the fruiting bodies of which have changed from former lamellar mushroom fruit bodies to stalked, belly mushroom- like fruit bodies. The genus is distributed worldwide and includes 139 species according to Wright's world monograph. The number of species is constantly increasing thanks to current genetic studies. In Europe alone, in addition to 30 known species, 27 new, as yet undescribed species were genetically discovered. The number of species for Europe is at least 57.
features
Macroscopy and fruiting body development (after Wright)
The spherical fruiting bodies develop underground. In this early stage they consist of a two-layer shell (the endo- and exoperidia ) that enclose the gleba , the fertile, inner area of the fruiting body. By stretching a protuberance of the endoperidia, which protrudes through the exoperidia on the underside of the fruiting body, a lengthening stalk is created that lifts the spherical head of the fruiting body out of the ground. Here the exoperidia becomes detached, so that the finished fruiting body consists of a stem and a single-layer peridia (the remaining endoperidia). Remnants of the exoperidia can remain on the underside of the spherical head, on which the stem base is located, which can also be pronounced as a collar. A small opening (the peristome) develops on the upper side of the sphere, the shape and color of which can be species-specific (e.g. as a short tube with a straight, smooth edge or fraying, but also as a tearing opening without upward protuberance) . The network of the gleba finally breaks down into a pronounced scalp and gray to gray-brown spore powder. The spherical head of the fruiting body has a diameter of approx. 3 to 30 mm, depending on the species. In most species, the endoperidia is paper-like, thin and fragile, but it can also be extremely thick and tough. The stalk can be longitudinally fibrous, scaly or almost smooth, white, ocher brown, reddish brown, dark brown to almost black and have a volva or rudimentary remains of a volva at the often bulbous, thickened base.
Microscopy (after Wright)
The somewhat thick-walled spores appear smooth, finely tartar or roughly tartar ornamented under the light microscope, but electron micrographs of the spore surface are helpful for differentiating between species. Even spores that appear optically smooth show electron-optically an ornament that is typical of the species. Light-optically visible warts, in turn, can only be exactly analyzed electronically with regard to their shape and the degree of cohesion and / or the development of bulges. The buckle-free scalp fibers are pigmented from colorless-hyaline to brown, thick-walled and septate. The septa can be clearly swollen in some species. The ratio of the thickness of the wall to the diameter of the lumen is an important determinant alongside the shape of the septa. The wall of the scalp fibers can be smooth and bare or has resinous incrustations or superposed crystals. The basidia can only be observed in the subterranean fruiting bodies and have already disintegrated when the stalk stretches. They are therefore not used as characteristics for the determination.
Ecology and phenology
They are ground-dwelling saprobionts . Many species colonize arid to semi-arid locations ( steppes , semi-deserts and deserts ), others in tropical rainforests (e.g. Tulostoma exasperatum ). Dry grasslands are typical locations in Germany .
The fruiting bodies appear in Germany from late summer to autumn, usually outlast winter and can therefore be found almost all year round.
Endangerment in Germany
The Stielboviste occur in Germany mainly on locations that were created by human cultivation (dry grassland). These locations and thus the fungus species that depend on them are endangered by management tasks, fertilizer input and the resulting overgrowth.
Systematics
Due to its mushroom-like fruiting bodies, the genus Tulostoma was previously placed in the class of Gastromycetes, which is known today as artificial, and there in its own order of the Tulostomatales. Genetic studies show, however, that they are relatives of mushrooms (Agaricaceae) - as is the case with other belly mushroom- like genera such as Stäublingen (genus Lycoperdon ) or Bovists (genus Bovista ). The Stielboviste are closely related to the umbrella family (genus Lepiota ) within the family .
species
In Europe there are around 60 taxa or can be expected there.
| Stielboviste ( Tulostoma ) in Europe (selection) |
meaning
The Stielboviste have no food value. In Germany, due to their habitat preference, they can serve as pointer species for valuable dry and poor grasslands.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 978-3-405-14737-2 (639 pages; one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
Individual proof
- ↑ a b c d Jorge E. Wright: The Genus Tulostoma (Gasteromycetes) - A World Monograph . In: Bibliotheca Mycologica . tape 113 . J. Cramer, Berlin / Stuttgart 1987, pp. 1-338 .
- ↑ a b Mikael Jeppson, Alberto Altes, Gabriel Moreno, R. Henrik Nilsson, Yolanda Loarce: Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales) . In: MycoKeys . tape 21 , April 24, 2017, ISSN 1314-4049 , p. 33-88 , doi : 10.3897 / mycokeys.21.12176 ( pensoft.net [accessed April 5, 2020]).
- ^ Francisco D. Calonge: Gasteromycetes, I. Lycoperdales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales . In: Flora Mycologica Iberica . tape 3 . J. Cramer, Madrid / Berlin / Stuttgart 1998, pp. 1-271 .
- ↑ P. Brandon Matheny, Judd M. Curtis, Valérie Hofstetter, M. Catherine Aime, Jean-Marc Moncalvo: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview . In: Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 6 , November 2006, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 982-995 , doi : 10.1080 / 15572536.2006.11832627 ( tandfonline.com [accessed April 5, 2020]).
- ^ A b Else C. Vellinga, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Kevin D. Hyde: The family Agaricaceae: phylogenies and two new white-spored genera . In: Mycologia . tape 103 , no. 3 , May 2011, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 494–509 , doi : 10.3852 / 10-204 ( tandfonline.com [accessed April 5, 2020]).
