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{{refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}


[[File:Australie Aborigene ancetre totemique kangourou.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Kangaroo totemic ancestor – Australian [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[bark painting]], [[Arnhem Land]], c. 1915.]]
'''Kangaroo emblems and popular culture''' deals with the uses which have been made of the image of the [[kangaroo]] such as [[coin]]s, [[emblem]]s, [[logo]]s, [[mascot]]s and in the naming of [[sport]]s teams.


[[Kangaroo]]s, [[Wallaby|Wallabies]] and other [[Macropodidae]] have become emblems and symbols of Australia, as well as appearing in popular culture both internationally and within Australia itself.
==Kangaroo emblem and logo==
[[Image:Australian Coat of Arms.png|thumb|180px|right|Australian Coat-of-Arms]]


Kangaroos are part of cultural and spiritual significance for many [[Indigenous Australians]]. Since its European discovery, Kangaroos have since become an emblem of Australia, appearing in [[Coat of arms of Australia|their coat of arms]] and in many state and city coat of arms, Australian logos such as the [[Qantas]] logo, names of Australian sport teams, mascots such as the ''[[Boxing Kangaroo]]'' and in public art. Kangaroos are also well represented in film, television, songs, toys and souvenirs around the world.
The Kangaroo and [[Emu]] are standard bearers on the [[Australian Coat of Arms]]


== European first encounters==
*Australia's national airliner, [[Qantas]], uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo. The "Company Logos" section on the Qantas article shows that the Kangaroo has always been part of the Qantas logo
The kangaroo was considered a unique oddity when [[Captain Cook]]'s [[HMS Endeavour|HMB ''Endeavour'']] arrived back in England in 1771 with a specimen on board. Over time it has come to symbolise Australia and Australian values.<ref>Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 28-29, UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. {{ISBN|978-1-921410-50-5}}</ref>


[[Joseph Banks]], the naturalist on the ''Endeavour'' voyage, commissioned [[George Stubbs]] to paint a portrait of the kangaroo specimen. When the official account of the voyage was published in 1773, it was illustrated with an engraving of Stubbs' kangaroo. From that time on, the kangaroo quickly came to symbolise the Australian continent, appearing in exhibitions, collections, art and printed works across Europe.<ref name="nmaKangaroo">[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/symbols_of_australia/kangaroo/ Symbols of Australia: Kangaroo, National Museum of Australia]</ref>
*The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] [[roundel]] features a bounding red kangaroo.


== Kangaroo status ==
<br clear=all>
It took a long time for the kangaroo to achieve official recognition in Australia. Despite being a "declared noxious animal" because of its reputation for damaging crops and fences and competing with domestic animals for resources, the kangaroo finally achieved official recognition with its inclusion on Australia's coat of arms in 1908.<ref>Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 24. UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. {{ISBN|978-1-921410-50-5}}</ref> The kangaroo is now popularly regarded as Australia's unofficial animal emblem.<ref>[http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/national_icons.html Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: About Australia – National Icons] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019233119/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/national_icons.html |date=19 October 2011 }}</ref>

==Kangaroo emblems and logos==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Australia.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Coat of arms of Australia|Australian Coat-of-Arms]]]]

The kangaroo and [[emu]] are bearers on the [[Coat of arms of Australia|Australian Coat of Arms]]. It has been claimed these animals were chosen to signify a country moving 'forward' because of a common belief that neither can move backward.<ref>Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 25. UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. {{ISBN|978-1-921410-50-5}}</ref>

Two red kangaroos serve as bearers to the [[Coat of Arms of Western Australia]].

Australia's national airline, [[Qantas]], uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo. The kangaroo has always been part of the Qantas logo,<ref>[http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/history-kangaroo-symbol/global/en Qantas: The Kangaroo Symbol]</ref> and the airline has previously been known informally as "The Flying Kangaroo".

[[Tourism Australia]] makes use of the kangaroo in its logo to "help ensure instant recognition for Australia around the world".<ref>[http://www.tourism.australia.com/en-au/brand-australia_5536.aspx Tourism Australia: Using the Brandmark]</ref>

The [[Australian made logo|Australian Grown]] logo uses a golden kangaroo in a green triangle to show that a product is made or grown in Australia.<ref>[http://www.australianmade.com.au/logo/ Australian Made | Australian Grown]</ref>

The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] [[roundel]] features a bounding red kangaroo.

Warships of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] have red kangaroo symbols (based on the kangaroo on the reverse of the [[Penny (Australian)|Australian penny]]) fixed to either side of their superstructure or funnel. This originated during the Korean War: as the destroyer {{HMAS|Anzac|D59|6}} was repeatedly mistaken for a British warship, her executive officer had a brass 'weathervane' in the shape of a kangaroo made and mounted to the ship's mainmast.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cassells |first=Vic |title=The Destroyers: their battles and their badges |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=East Roseville, NSW |isbn=0-7318-0893-2 |oclc=46829686 |pages=11–12}}</ref>

The kangaroo is part of the official emblem of the [[Royal Australian Regiment]] with a kangaroo in between two [[Lee–Enfield]] bolt-action rifles.

The [[Coat of arms of Victoria (Australia)|Victorian Coat of Arms]] includes the upper portion of a kangaroo holding an [[Imperial State Crown|Imperial Crown]] in its paws.

The red kangaroo is the animal emblem of the [[Northern Territory]].

The kangaroo is the official emblem of [[Northern Territory Police]].

British clothing and headwear company [[Kangol]], known for its berets, features a kangaroo in its logo.

[[File:Penny hapenny.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Australian 1961 half penny and 1964 penny with Kangaroos.]]


==Kangaroos and coins==
==Kangaroos and coins==
[[Image:Australian One Dollar.jpg|thumb|left|240px|The Australian [[Coins of the Australian dollar|one dollar coin]].]]
The kangaroo has been featured on coins on the pre-decimal [[Australian pound]] and decimal coins of the [[Australian dollar]]. The kangaroo appears on the pre-decimal [[Coins of the Australian pound|penny]] and [[Coins of the Australian pound|half-penny]] coins. Five kangaroos are featured on the [[Australian one dollar coin|one dollar coin]].
[[Image:Penny hapenny.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Australian 1961 half penny and 1964 penny with [[Kangaroo]]s.]]


==Kangaroo mascots in Australia==
The kangaroo has been featured on pre-decimal coins, and on [[decimal]] coins.
<!-- Commented out: [[File:Boxingkangaroo.svg|200px|thumb|Boxing Kangaroo flag, design used in 1983.]] -->


[[File:Opening ceremony (8075978683).jpg|thumb|''Matilda'', at the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]]]]
*The Kangaroo was featured on the Australian pre-decimal [[Coins of the Australian pound|penny]] coin.
*The Kangaroo was also featured on the Australian pre-decimal [[Coins of the Australian pound|half-penny]] coin.
*Five Kangaroos are featured on the Australian [[Coins of the Australian dollar|one dollar coin]]


The ''boxing kangaroo'' – mascot for the [[Australia II]] team in the 1983 [[America's Cup]]. This rendition of the kangaroo has become a sporting icon, known informally as the green and gold "Sporting Kangaroo", and is highly popular with cricket crowds and international sporting events which feature Australian participation.
<br clear=all>


''Matilda'', the mascot at the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] held in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia, was represented by both a [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208150816/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Mascot.htm cartoon kangaroo] and a 13-metre high (42 feet 8&nbsp;inches) mechanical kangaroo (which [[wink]]ed at the spectators during the opening and closing ceremonies). The 'medal', which was worn by both the cartoon and mechanical versions of ''Matilda'', features the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208150729/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Logo.htm 1982 Commonwealth Games logo] — a stylised representation of a kangaroo bounding (in "flight") – similar to the pose of the kangaroo featured on the pre-decimal half-penny coin.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208150816/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Mascot.htm 1982 Commonwealth Games Mascot]," ''[[Australian Commonwealth Games Association]]''</ref>
==Kangaroo mascots and sculptures ==
=====Kangaroo mascots and sculptures in Australia=====
[[Image:Kangaroo-sculpture-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of the ''City Roo'' sculptures in George Street, Brisbane]]
*The ''[[Boxing Kangaroo]]'' &ndash; mascot for the [[Australia II]] team in the 1983 [[America's Cup]]. This rendition of the kangaroo has become a sporting icon, known informally as the green and gold "Sporting Kangaroo", and is highly popular with cricket crowds and international sporting events which feature Australian participation


During the [[First World War]], pet kangaroos and toy kangaroos were a popular choice of mascot for Australian servicemen.<ref>[http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/RELAWM07953 Kangaroo soft toy mascot: Red Cross Hut, Rouelles], [[Australian War Memorial]]</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/australian-war-memorial/3527160248/ Photograph: Australian nurse with a kangaroo mascot, Harefield, England], [[Australian War Memorial]]</ref>
*''Matilda'', the [[mascot]] at the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]] held in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], was represented by both a [http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Mascot.htm cartoon kangaroo] and a 13-metre high (42 feet 8 inches) mechanical kangaroo (which [[wink]]ed at the spectators during the opening and closing ceremonies). The 'medal', which was worn by both the cartoon and mechanical versions of ''Matilda'', features the [http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Logo.htm 1982 Commonwealth Games logo] &mdash; a [[Wiktionary:stylized|stylised]] representation of a kangaroo bounding (in "flight") &ndash; similar to the [[Wiktionary:pose|pose]] of the kangaroo featured on the pre-decimal half-penny coin. <ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20070208150816/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1982/Mascot.htm 1982 Commonwealth Games Mascot]," ''[[Australian Commonwealth Games Association]]''</ref>


[[File:Carlton club.jpg|thumb|200px|Kangaroo gargoyles atop The Carlton Club (built 1889) in [[Carlton, Victoria]].]]
* The ''City Roos'' sculptures, which were made from [[Scrap|scrapmetal]] by [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Christopher Trotter]] during [[1999]], are in [[George Street, Brisbane|George Street]], [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].


==Architectural references==
=====Kangaroo mascots in the United States=====
The first uses of Kangaroo ornaments as architectural expression appeared during the Victorian era. This was at first limited to the use of the coat of arms on buildings; however, kangaroos soon became used as decorative motifs on their own in some commercial buildings, particularly in [[Melbourne]].
*''Kasey Kangaroo'' is the mascot for the [[University of Missouri–Kansas City]]

*''Zippy'' the kangaroo is the mascot for [[University of Akron|The University of Akron]]
It was the [[Federation architecture]], however, which brought native ornamentation into the mainstream, so that kangaroos began to be mass-produced as ornamentation on domestic houses in the large cities, as part of an Australiana movement and effort to create a uniquely Australian style. Examples of this decoration include the ornamental [[terracotta]] tile capping on residential roofs. Reproduction products using Kangaroos are still used today.
* The kangaroo is the mascot for [[Austin College]] in [[Sherman, Texas]]

*''Lizzie'' (a purple and white kangaroo) is the mascot of [[Lake Washington High School]] in [[Kirkland, Washington]]
{{Clear}}
*''Stomper'' is the new mascot for the [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling|TNA]] wrestling company.

* The kangaroo is the mascot for [[State University of New York at Canton]] in [[Canton (town), New York]]
==Public art and sculpture==
[[File:Perth Council House.jpg|thumb|[[Council House, Perth|Perth Council House]] kangaroo sculptures]]
Kangaroo motifs have been used as a form of public art.

Notable examples include:

*Victorian lamp post (1880) in front of the [[Royal Exhibition Building]] at the [[Carlton Gardens, Melbourne|Carlton Gardens]] in [[Carlton, Victoria]]
*Petrie Tableaux sculpture (1989). In front of [[Brisbane City Hall]] at [[King George Square, Brisbane|King George Square]] by Stephen Walker
*Perth kangaroo sculptures (1996, 1997 & 2000). [[St Georges Terrace, Perth|St Georges Terrace]], in several locations, [[Perth, Western Australia]], by Anne Neil, Joan Walsh-Smith, Charles Smith
*City Roo sculptures (1999). [[George Street, Brisbane|George Street]], [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]] – made from scrap metal by [[Christopher Trotter]]
*Eastern grey kangaroo sculpture in the [[City Botanic Gardens]]
*Kangaroo and joey sculpture at Queens Park in [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], [[Queensland]]

{{Clear}}

<gallery>
File:Melbourne Royal Exhibition - East Buildings.jpg|Kangaroo ornaments on a Victorian lamp post at the [[Royal Exhibition Building]]
File:City_Hall_sculpture.jpg|Petrie Tableaux sculpture in front of [[Brisbane City Hall]]
File:CityRoos_kangaroo_sculpture_1.jpg|One of the ''City Roo'' sculptures in George Street, Brisbane
File:Kangaroo sculpture at Brisbane City Botanic Gardens.jpg|Eastern Grey kangaroo sculpture in the [[City Botanic Gardens]]
File:Kangaroo-and-joey-sculpture_at_Queens_Park_in_Ipswich.jpg|Kangaroo and joey sculpture at Queens Park in [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], Queensland
</gallery>

==Decorative arts and design==
An early depiction of a kangaroo on an item of decorative art is the Macintosh & Degraves [[Token coin|Token]] Shilling 1823.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102040651/http://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/items/63320/token-1-shilling-macintosh-degraves-sawmills-hobart-tasmania-australia-1823 Macintosh & Degraves Token Shilling 1823], [[Museum Victoria]]</ref> Another early example is the Garret salver. This item of [[Tasmania]]n colonial silver incorporates a kangaroo, an emu and wattle branches in its design.<ref>[http://static.tmag.tas.gov.au/decorativeart/objects/metalware/P708/index.html Garrett salver], [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]]</ref>

The kangaroo has continued to be incorporated into decorative designs by craftspeople and designers in Australia and elsewhere in the world. The Terence Lane kangaroo collection at the [[National Museum of Australia]] consists of more than 150 objects and ephemera in a wide range of styles produced over a period of 150 years. The collection ranges from a one-metre-high [[Royal Doulton|Doulton]] ceramic kangaroo umbrella stand to small items of jewellery.<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/terence-lane-kangaroo-collection Terence Lane kangaroo collection], [[National Museum of Australia]]</ref>


==Cultural references==
==Cultural references==
{{See also|List of fictional marsupials}}
Kangaroos are extremely well-represented in [[film]]s, [[television]], [[song]]s, [[toy]]s and [[souvenir]]s around the world.
Kangaroos are extremely well represented in [[film]]s, [[television]], [[song]]s, [[toy]]s and [[souvenir]]s around the world.
*[[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo]], star of the 1960s Australian children's television series.
*There is a "Sour Kangaroo" in the Dr. Seuss tale ''[[Horton Hears a Who]]''.
* Roo is a fighting kangaroo in the [[Sega Genesis]] video game [[Streets of Rage 3]].
*[[Kanga (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Kanga]] and [[Roo]] are [[fictional]] mother and son kangaroos in the popular series of children's books and cartoons about [[Winnie-the-Pooh]].
*[[List of Crash Bandicoot characters#Ripper Roo|Ripper Roo]], a crazy kangaroo in a straitjacket villain of the video game series [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]].
*[[List of Spyro the Dragon characters#Sheila|Sheila]], a female kangaroo of the video game series ''[[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]]''.
*Kidding Kangaroo in the ''[[Sweet Pickles]]'' book series by [[Ruth Lerner Perle]], [[Jacquelyn Reinach]] and [[Richard Hefter]].
*Austin of ''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is a young Kangaroo.
*[[Roger (Tekken)|Roger]] the boxing kangaroo from the ''[[Tekken (series)|Tekken]]'' series of video games.
*[[Kangaroo Jack]], the title character of an American film of the same name.
*A giant kangaroo is featured in the movie ''[[Welcome to Woop Woop]]''.
*A team of kangaroo [[basketball]] players feature in the [[France|French]] cartoon series ''[[Kangoo (cartoon)|Kangoo]]'' and its [[spin-off]]/[[prequel]] ''[[Kangoo Juniors]]''.
*In several [[Looney Tunes]]/[[Merrie Melodies]] cartoons, [[Sylvester (Looney Tunes)|Sylvester the Cat]] is beaten up by [[Hippety Hopper]] the baby kangaroo, who always accomplishes this feat after escaping from the captivity of humans who have attempted to take him to a [[zoo]] in assorted [[United States|American]] [[city|cities]] and whom Sylvester believes to be an oversized [[mouse]].
*In ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'', the commentators are holding a kangaroo by the leash when the racers reach [[Australia]].
* In Warriors of virtue the five main heros are roos.
* Kangaroos are mentioned, or featured, in the songs ''[[Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport]]'' and ''[[Six White Boomers]]'', by [[Rolf Harris]].
* The [[Pokemon]] ''Kangaskan'' is based on a kangaroo.
* In the anime and manga series [[Reborn]] the character [[Ryohei Sasagawa]] has a kangaroo in one of his ring boxes that enables healing and advances abilities of others.
* One of the several intelligent races in the fantasy novel [[Shadowkeep]] by [[Alan Dean Foster]] are high-bounding, fun-loving marsrupials, known as "roos" and obviously meant to be intelligent kangaroos.
* In British punk style comic strips [[Tank Girl]] the protagonist`s boyfriend is Booga, the mutant anthro kangaroo. There are some other minor roo characters. In the US movie [[Tank Girl]], slightly based on the strips, protagonist is assisted by Rippers - mutant roo genetically eginered supersoldiers (ang Booga is among them, of course).


==Kangaroos and sports teams==
===Television and films===
[[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo]], star of the 1960s Australian children's television series.

''[[Wake in Fright]]'' is a 1971 movie which includes a controversial kangaroo hunting scene containing graphic footage of kangaroos actually being shot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wake in Fright – BBFC Insight|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/wake-fright-1971#bbfcinsight|website=British Board of Film Classification|access-date=4 January 2015|date=28 January 2014}}</ref> In a more comical vein, the 1986 film ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' features a scene in which the title character frightens away kangaroo hunters by making them think that a kangaroo is shooting back at them.<ref>{{cite book |last= Croft |first= David B. |title= Australian People and Animals in Today's Dreamtime: The Role of Comparative Psychology in the Management of Natural Resources |location= New York |publisher= Praeger |year= 1991 |page= 32 |ISBN= 0-275-93908-1 |quote= In Australia's latest version of the bush hero, Mick "Crocodile" Dundee, we find an explicitly totemic being who is a poacher turned conservationist as he chases away a group of kangaroo shooters at the behest of his American girlfriend.}}</ref>

''[[Matilda (1978 film)|Matilda]]'' is a 1978 movie starring [[Elliott Gould]] about a promoter working with a kangaroo.

[[Kangaroo Jack]] is the title character of an American film of the same name.

A giant kangaroo is featured in the movie ''[[Welcome to Woop Woop]].''

The Hallmark Properties television series ''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' has a character named Whazzat Kangaroo (the Canadian actress and singer [[Stevie Vallance|Stephanie Louise "Stevie" Vallance]] plays this role).

===Songs===
Kangaroos are mentioned, or featured, in the [[Rolf Harris]] songs "[[Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport]]" and "Six White Boomers".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in the [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]] song "Tenterfield Saddler".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in [[Holden]] jingle "Football, meat pies, kangaroos and Holden cars".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in the songs "Christmas Where The Gum Trees Grow", "Christmas in the Scrub" and "The Five Days of Christmas".

===Books===
There is a "Sour Kangaroo" in the [[Dr. Seuss]] tale ''[[Horton Hears a Who!]]''.

[[Kanga (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Kanga]] and [[Roo]] are [[fictional]] mother and son kangaroos in the popular series of children's books about [[Winnie-the-Pooh]].

Kidding Kangaroo in the ''[[Sweet Pickles]]'' book series by Ruth Lerner Perle, Jacquelyn Reinach and Richard Hefter.

One of the several intelligent races described in the fantasy novel ''[[Shadowkeep]],'' written by [[Alan Dean Foster]], are high-bounding, fun-loving marsupials, known as "roos" and obviously meant to be intelligent kangaroos.

A kangaroo is shot and [[Death|killed]] by [[Ernest]] in ''[[The Swiss Family Robinson]],'' a [[book]] written by [[Johann Wyss]].

===Cartoons===
[[Kiko the Kangaroo]] is a recurring character in the ''[[Terrytoons]]'' cartoons.

[[Kanga (Winnie-the-Pooh)|Kanga]] and [[Roo]] are [[fictional]] mother and son kangaroos in the popular series of cartoons about [[Winnie-the-Pooh]].

A team of kangaroo [[basketball]] players feature in the [[France|French]] cartoon series ''[[Kangoo (cartoon)|Kangoo]]'' and its [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]]/[[prequel]] ''[[Kangoo Juniors]]''.

In several ''[[Looney Tunes]]''/''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' cartoons, [[Sylvester the Cat]] is beaten up by [[Hippety Hopper]] the baby kangaroo, who always accomplishes this feat after escaping from the captivity of humans who have attempted to take him to a [[zoo]] in assorted American cities and whom Sylvester believes to be a giant [[mouse]].

In ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'', the commentators are holding a kangaroo by the leash when the racers reach [[Australia]].

In the British punk style comic strips ''[[Tank Girl]]'', the protagonist's boyfriend is Booga, the mutant anthro-kangaroo. There are some other minor kangaroo characters. In the U.S. movie ''[[Tank Girl]]'', slightly based on the comic strips, the protagonist is assisted by Rippers – mutant kangaroo genetically engineered supersoldiers (and Booga is among them, of course).

[[Rocko]] the wallaby in ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]''

''[[Dot and the Kangaroo (film)|Dot and the Kangaroo]]'' was a cartoon juxtaposed on a film of the Australian bush.

In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Bart vs. Australia]]", Homer and Bart try to escape from a crowd in the pouches of two kangaroos, which they ultimately cannot because of the kangaroos' pouches being filled with mucus.

In ''[[Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog]]'', there is a kangaroo named MacHopper, who is also a parody of [[Crocodile Dundee]], another Australian icon.

In the ''[[Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil]]'' episode "Bwar and Peace", Brad talks about his Australian self, who afterward was punched, and the kangaroo appears before and during his wedding with the girl he is with. Kick also interacted with the kangaroo.

In the fifth season of ''[[The Flintstones]]'', the Rubbles adopt Hoppy, a pet hoparoo (a Stone Age version of a kangaroo) from Down Under, for Bamm-Bamm.

===Advertisements===
[[Aussie (shampoo)|Aussie]] hair products from [[Procter & Gamble]] sports a kangaroo hopping on its label, while the magazine and television ads display an animatronic purple kangaroo in them.

[[Dunkaroos]] are a snack in the U.S. which used to feature a talking kangaroo in commercials and on product containers.

===Video games and other games===
Roo is a fighting kangaroo in the [[Sega Genesis]] video game ''[[Streets of Rage 3]]''.

[[List of Crash Bandicoot characters#Ripper Roo|Ripper Roo]], a crazy kangaroo in a straitjacket, is a boss character and antagonist of the video game series ''[[Crash Bandicoot]]''.

[[Kao the Kangaroo (2000 video game)|Kao the Kangaroo]] and its sequels are a Polish video game series involving a yellow/orange kangaroo in a boxing uniform as its protagonist.

Sheila, a female kangaroo of the video game series ''[[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]]''.

[[Roger (Tekken)|Roger]] the boxing kangaroo from the ''[[Tekken (series)|Tekken]]'' series of video games.

In the Game Boy Color games ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages]]'', there is a kangaroo by the name of Ricky which will help you in your quest.

In ''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]'', [[Johnny Cage]] turns into a kangaroo.

In ''[[Bomberman]]'' 3 and 5 on [[SNES]], the animals which hatch from eggs are called rooeys and they are based on kangaroos.

The ''[[Animal Crossing]]'' series features kangaroos as possible neighbours.

There are at least three homonymous [[fairy chess pieces]] called kangaroo.

===Others===
Austin of ''[[The Backyardigans]]'' is a young kangaroo.

In ''[[Warriors of Virtue]]'', the five main heroes are kangaroos.

In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, '' Kangaskhan'' is a Normal type based on a kangaroo with reptilian features. ''Breloom'', a Grass and Fighting type, is also partly based on a kangaroo with mushroom and boxing features.

In the anime and manga series ''[[Reborn!]]'' the character [[Ryohei Sasagawa]] has a kangaroo in one of his ring boxes that enables healing and advances abilities of others.

Chimera Punch, a kangaroolike monster in ''[[Tokyo Mew Mew]]''.

==Kangaroos and sporting teams==
The kangaroo features prominently in sport. Australian sports teams with nicknames derived from the kangaroo (and [[wallaby]]) include the following:
The kangaroo features prominently in sport. Australian sports teams with nicknames derived from the kangaroo (and [[wallaby]]) include the following:


===National teams===
===Australia===
*The [[Australian national rugby league team]] is nicknamed the ''Kangaroos''.
*The [[Australia national rugby union team]] is nicknamed the ''Wallabies''.
*The [[Australia national football (soccer) team]] (men's) is nicknamed the ''Socceroos''.
**The [[Australia national under-23 football team]] plays [[Football at the Summer Olympics]] and is nicknamed ''Olyroos''.
**The [[Australia national under-20 football team]] is nicknamed the ''Young Socceroos''
**The [[Australia national under-17 football team]] is the ''Joeys''
*The [[Hockeyroos|Australian Women's field hockey team]] is nicknamed the ''Hockeyroos''.
*The [[Australian national ice hockey team]] is nicknamed the ''Mighty Roos''.
*The [[Australia national basketball team|Australian men's national basketball team]] is nicknamed the ''Boomers''.


===Major domestic teams===
====Australian national teams====
*The [[North Melbourne Football Club]] in the [[Australian Football League]] is nicknamed the ''Kangaroos''.
The [[Australian national rugby league team]] is nicknamed the ''Kangaroos''.


The [[Australia national rugby union team]] is nicknamed the ''Wallabies''.
===Other teams===

*The [[FC Bohemians Praha]], a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[football]] team is nicknamed the ''Klokani'' ([[Czech language|czech]] for kangaroos) since their tour in [[Australia]] in [[1927]].
The [[Australia national association football team]] (men's) is nicknamed the ''Socceroos''.

The [[Australia national under-23 football team]] plays [[Football at the Summer Olympics]] and is nicknamed ''Olyroos''.

The [[Australia national under-20 football team]] is nicknamed the ''Young Socceroos''

The [[Australia national under-17 football team]] is the ''Joeys''

The [[Hockeyroos|Australian Women's field hockey team]] is nicknamed the ''Hockeyroos''.

The [[Australian national ice hockey team]] is nicknamed the ''Mighty Roos''.

The [[Australia men's national basketball team|Australian men's national basketball team]] is nicknamed the ''Boomers''.

====Australian domestic teams====
The [[North Melbourne Football Club]] in the [[Australian Football League]] is nicknamed the ''Kangaroos''.

[[Perth Kangaroos IFC]]

===United States===
''Kasey Kangaroo'' is the mascot for the [[University of Missouri–Kansas City]], whose sports teams were historically known as the UMKC Kangaroos but rebranded as the [[Kansas City Roos]] in 2019.

''Zippy'' the kangaroo is the mascot for [[University of Akron|The University of Akron]], athletically the [[Akron Zips]].

The kangaroo is the mascot for [[Austin College]] in [[Sherman, Texas]]

The kangaroo is the mascot for [[Terryville High School]] in [[Terryville, Connecticut]]

''Lizzie'' (a purple and white kangaroo) is the mascot of [[Lake Washington High School]] in [[Kirkland, Washington]]

''Stomper'' is the mascot for the professional wrestling promotion [[Impact Wrestling]].

The kangaroo is the mascot for [[State University of New York at Canton]] in [[Canton (town), New York]]

The kangaroo is the mascot for [[Wilmington Friends School]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]

''Moe the Kangaroo'' is the mascot for [[Virginia Military Institute]] in [[Lexington, Virginia]]. However, VMI's sports teams are known as the [[VMI Keydets]].

[[Nashville Kangaroos]]

The kangaroo is the mascot for [[Killeen High School]] in [[Killeen, Texas]].

Weatherford, Texas High School's mascot is the Kangaroos

[[Abington Friends School]], in [[Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Abington, Pennsylvania]], has a kangaroo named Roo as its mascot.

===Other countries===
The [[Samoa national Australian rules football team]] is nicknamed the ''Kangaroos''.

The [[Bohemians 1905|FC Bohemians Praha]], a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[association football|football]] team is nicknamed the ''Klokani'' ([[Czech language|Czech]] for kangaroos) since their tour in [[Australia]] in 1927.

[[Etobicoke Kangaroos]]

[[Vienna Kangaroos]]

==Place names==
The kangaroo has inspired a number of place names in Australia. They include:

[[New South Wales]]
* [[Kangaroo Point, New South Wales|Kangaroo Point]]
* [[Brooklyn, New South Wales#Kangaroo Point|Kangaroo Point]] – (Brooklyn)
* [[Kangaroo River (Clarence Valley)|Kangaroo River]] – (Clarence Valley)
* [[Kangaroo River (Shoalhaven)|Kangaroo River]] – (Shoalhaven)
* [[Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales|Kangaroo Valley]]

[[Queensland]]
* [[Kangaroo Island (Queensland)|Kangaroo Island]]
* [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]]
* [[Kangaroo Point Cliffs]]
* [[Kangaroo River (Queensland)|Kangaroo River]]

[[South Australia]]
* [[Kangaroo Creek Reservoir]]
* [[Kangaroo Flat, South Australia|Kangaroo Flat]]
*[[Kangaroo Island]]

[[Tasmania]]
*[[East Kangaroo Island]]
*[[Kangaroo Island (Tasmania)|Kangaroo Island]]

[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
* [[Kangaroo Flat, Victoria|Kangaroo Flat]]
* [[Kangaroo Ground, Victoria|Kangaroo Ground]]

[[Western Australia]]
*[[Kangaroo Island (Shark Bay)|Kangaroo Island]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
<references/>

[[Category:Australian culture]]
{{Heraldic creatures}}
[[Category:Animals in popular culture]]

[[Category:Culture of Australia]]
[[Category:Marsupials in popular culture]]
[[Category:Sports mascots]]
[[Category:Sports mascots]]
[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
[[Category:Mythological marsupials]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 21 March 2024

Kangaroo totemic ancestor – Australian Aboriginal bark painting, Arnhem Land, c. 1915.

Kangaroos, Wallabies and other Macropodidae have become emblems and symbols of Australia, as well as appearing in popular culture both internationally and within Australia itself.

Kangaroos are part of cultural and spiritual significance for many Indigenous Australians. Since its European discovery, Kangaroos have since become an emblem of Australia, appearing in their coat of arms and in many state and city coat of arms, Australian logos such as the Qantas logo, names of Australian sport teams, mascots such as the Boxing Kangaroo and in public art. Kangaroos are also well represented in film, television, songs, toys and souvenirs around the world.

European first encounters[edit]

The kangaroo was considered a unique oddity when Captain Cook's HMB Endeavour arrived back in England in 1771 with a specimen on board. Over time it has come to symbolise Australia and Australian values.[1]

Joseph Banks, the naturalist on the Endeavour voyage, commissioned George Stubbs to paint a portrait of the kangaroo specimen. When the official account of the voyage was published in 1773, it was illustrated with an engraving of Stubbs' kangaroo. From that time on, the kangaroo quickly came to symbolise the Australian continent, appearing in exhibitions, collections, art and printed works across Europe.[2]

Kangaroo status[edit]

It took a long time for the kangaroo to achieve official recognition in Australia. Despite being a "declared noxious animal" because of its reputation for damaging crops and fences and competing with domestic animals for resources, the kangaroo finally achieved official recognition with its inclusion on Australia's coat of arms in 1908.[3] The kangaroo is now popularly regarded as Australia's unofficial animal emblem.[4]

Kangaroo emblems and logos[edit]

Australian Coat-of-Arms

The kangaroo and emu are bearers on the Australian Coat of Arms. It has been claimed these animals were chosen to signify a country moving 'forward' because of a common belief that neither can move backward.[5]

Two red kangaroos serve as bearers to the Coat of Arms of Western Australia.

Australia's national airline, Qantas, uses a bounding kangaroo for its logo. The kangaroo has always been part of the Qantas logo,[6] and the airline has previously been known informally as "The Flying Kangaroo".

Tourism Australia makes use of the kangaroo in its logo to "help ensure instant recognition for Australia around the world".[7]

The Australian Grown logo uses a golden kangaroo in a green triangle to show that a product is made or grown in Australia.[8]

The Royal Australian Air Force roundel features a bounding red kangaroo.

Warships of the Royal Australian Navy have red kangaroo symbols (based on the kangaroo on the reverse of the Australian penny) fixed to either side of their superstructure or funnel. This originated during the Korean War: as the destroyer HMAS Anzac was repeatedly mistaken for a British warship, her executive officer had a brass 'weathervane' in the shape of a kangaroo made and mounted to the ship's mainmast.[9]

The kangaroo is part of the official emblem of the Royal Australian Regiment with a kangaroo in between two Lee–Enfield bolt-action rifles.

The Victorian Coat of Arms includes the upper portion of a kangaroo holding an Imperial Crown in its paws.

The red kangaroo is the animal emblem of the Northern Territory.

The kangaroo is the official emblem of Northern Territory Police.

British clothing and headwear company Kangol, known for its berets, features a kangaroo in its logo.

Australian 1961 half penny and 1964 penny with Kangaroos.

Kangaroos and coins[edit]

The kangaroo has been featured on coins on the pre-decimal Australian pound and decimal coins of the Australian dollar. The kangaroo appears on the pre-decimal penny and half-penny coins. Five kangaroos are featured on the one dollar coin.

Kangaroo mascots in Australia[edit]

Matilda, at the 1982 Commonwealth Games

The boxing kangaroo – mascot for the Australia II team in the 1983 America's Cup. This rendition of the kangaroo has become a sporting icon, known informally as the green and gold "Sporting Kangaroo", and is highly popular with cricket crowds and international sporting events which feature Australian participation.

Matilda, the mascot at the 1982 Commonwealth Games held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, was represented by both a cartoon kangaroo and a 13-metre high (42 feet 8 inches) mechanical kangaroo (which winked at the spectators during the opening and closing ceremonies). The 'medal', which was worn by both the cartoon and mechanical versions of Matilda, features the 1982 Commonwealth Games logo — a stylised representation of a kangaroo bounding (in "flight") – similar to the pose of the kangaroo featured on the pre-decimal half-penny coin.[10]

During the First World War, pet kangaroos and toy kangaroos were a popular choice of mascot for Australian servicemen.[11][12]

Kangaroo gargoyles atop The Carlton Club (built 1889) in Carlton, Victoria.

Architectural references[edit]

The first uses of Kangaroo ornaments as architectural expression appeared during the Victorian era. This was at first limited to the use of the coat of arms on buildings; however, kangaroos soon became used as decorative motifs on their own in some commercial buildings, particularly in Melbourne.

It was the Federation architecture, however, which brought native ornamentation into the mainstream, so that kangaroos began to be mass-produced as ornamentation on domestic houses in the large cities, as part of an Australiana movement and effort to create a uniquely Australian style. Examples of this decoration include the ornamental terracotta tile capping on residential roofs. Reproduction products using Kangaroos are still used today.

Public art and sculpture[edit]

Perth Council House kangaroo sculptures

Kangaroo motifs have been used as a form of public art.

Notable examples include:

Decorative arts and design[edit]

An early depiction of a kangaroo on an item of decorative art is the Macintosh & Degraves Token Shilling 1823.[13] Another early example is the Garret salver. This item of Tasmanian colonial silver incorporates a kangaroo, an emu and wattle branches in its design.[14]

The kangaroo has continued to be incorporated into decorative designs by craftspeople and designers in Australia and elsewhere in the world. The Terence Lane kangaroo collection at the National Museum of Australia consists of more than 150 objects and ephemera in a wide range of styles produced over a period of 150 years. The collection ranges from a one-metre-high Doulton ceramic kangaroo umbrella stand to small items of jewellery.[15]

Cultural references[edit]

See also: List of fictional marsupials

Kangaroos are extremely well represented in films, television, songs, toys and souvenirs around the world.

Television and films[edit]

Skippy the Bush Kangaroo, star of the 1960s Australian children's television series.

Wake in Fright is a 1971 movie which includes a controversial kangaroo hunting scene containing graphic footage of kangaroos actually being shot.[16] In a more comical vein, the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee features a scene in which the title character frightens away kangaroo hunters by making them think that a kangaroo is shooting back at them.[17]

Matilda is a 1978 movie starring Elliott Gould about a promoter working with a kangaroo.

Kangaroo Jack is the title character of an American film of the same name.

A giant kangaroo is featured in the movie Welcome to Woop Woop.

The Hallmark Properties television series Zoobilee Zoo has a character named Whazzat Kangaroo (the Canadian actress and singer Stephanie Louise "Stevie" Vallance plays this role).

Songs[edit]

Kangaroos are mentioned, or featured, in the Rolf Harris songs "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" and "Six White Boomers".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in the Peter Allen song "Tenterfield Saddler".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in Holden jingle "Football, meat pies, kangaroos and Holden cars".

Kangaroos are also mentioned in the songs "Christmas Where The Gum Trees Grow", "Christmas in the Scrub" and "The Five Days of Christmas".

Books[edit]

There is a "Sour Kangaroo" in the Dr. Seuss tale Horton Hears a Who!.

Kanga and Roo are fictional mother and son kangaroos in the popular series of children's books about Winnie-the-Pooh.

Kidding Kangaroo in the Sweet Pickles book series by Ruth Lerner Perle, Jacquelyn Reinach and Richard Hefter.

One of the several intelligent races described in the fantasy novel Shadowkeep, written by Alan Dean Foster, are high-bounding, fun-loving marsupials, known as "roos" and obviously meant to be intelligent kangaroos.

A kangaroo is shot and killed by Ernest in The Swiss Family Robinson, a book written by Johann Wyss.

Cartoons[edit]

Kiko the Kangaroo is a recurring character in the Terrytoons cartoons.

Kanga and Roo are fictional mother and son kangaroos in the popular series of cartoons about Winnie-the-Pooh.

A team of kangaroo basketball players feature in the French cartoon series Kangoo and its spin-off/prequel Kangoo Juniors.

In several Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons, Sylvester the Cat is beaten up by Hippety Hopper the baby kangaroo, who always accomplishes this feat after escaping from the captivity of humans who have attempted to take him to a zoo in assorted American cities and whom Sylvester believes to be a giant mouse.

In Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry, the commentators are holding a kangaroo by the leash when the racers reach Australia.

In the British punk style comic strips Tank Girl, the protagonist's boyfriend is Booga, the mutant anthro-kangaroo. There are some other minor kangaroo characters. In the U.S. movie Tank Girl, slightly based on the comic strips, the protagonist is assisted by Rippers – mutant kangaroo genetically engineered supersoldiers (and Booga is among them, of course).

Rocko the wallaby in Rocko's Modern Life

Dot and the Kangaroo was a cartoon juxtaposed on a film of the Australian bush.

In The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia", Homer and Bart try to escape from a crowd in the pouches of two kangaroos, which they ultimately cannot because of the kangaroos' pouches being filled with mucus.

In Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, there is a kangaroo named MacHopper, who is also a parody of Crocodile Dundee, another Australian icon.

In the Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil episode "Bwar and Peace", Brad talks about his Australian self, who afterward was punched, and the kangaroo appears before and during his wedding with the girl he is with. Kick also interacted with the kangaroo.

In the fifth season of The Flintstones, the Rubbles adopt Hoppy, a pet hoparoo (a Stone Age version of a kangaroo) from Down Under, for Bamm-Bamm.

Advertisements[edit]

Aussie hair products from Procter & Gamble sports a kangaroo hopping on its label, while the magazine and television ads display an animatronic purple kangaroo in them.

Dunkaroos are a snack in the U.S. which used to feature a talking kangaroo in commercials and on product containers.

Video games and other games[edit]

Roo is a fighting kangaroo in the Sega Genesis video game Streets of Rage 3.

Ripper Roo, a crazy kangaroo in a straitjacket, is a boss character and antagonist of the video game series Crash Bandicoot.

Kao the Kangaroo and its sequels are a Polish video game series involving a yellow/orange kangaroo in a boxing uniform as its protagonist.

Sheila, a female kangaroo of the video game series Spyro the Dragon.

Roger the boxing kangaroo from the Tekken series of video games.

In the Game Boy Color games The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages, there is a kangaroo by the name of Ricky which will help you in your quest.

In Mortal Kombat Trilogy, Johnny Cage turns into a kangaroo.

In Bomberman 3 and 5 on SNES, the animals which hatch from eggs are called rooeys and they are based on kangaroos.

The Animal Crossing series features kangaroos as possible neighbours.

There are at least three homonymous fairy chess pieces called kangaroo.

Others[edit]

Austin of The Backyardigans is a young kangaroo.

In Warriors of Virtue, the five main heroes are kangaroos.

In the Pokémon franchise, Kangaskhan is a Normal type based on a kangaroo with reptilian features. Breloom, a Grass and Fighting type, is also partly based on a kangaroo with mushroom and boxing features.

In the anime and manga series Reborn! the character Ryohei Sasagawa has a kangaroo in one of his ring boxes that enables healing and advances abilities of others.

Chimera Punch, a kangaroolike monster in Tokyo Mew Mew.

Kangaroos and sporting teams[edit]

The kangaroo features prominently in sport. Australian sports teams with nicknames derived from the kangaroo (and wallaby) include the following:

Australia[edit]

Australian national teams[edit]

The Australian national rugby league team is nicknamed the Kangaroos.

The Australia national rugby union team is nicknamed the Wallabies.

The Australia national association football team (men's) is nicknamed the Socceroos.

The Australia national under-23 football team plays Football at the Summer Olympics and is nicknamed Olyroos.

The Australia national under-20 football team is nicknamed the Young Socceroos

The Australia national under-17 football team is the Joeys

The Australian Women's field hockey team is nicknamed the Hockeyroos.

The Australian national ice hockey team is nicknamed the Mighty Roos.

The Australian men's national basketball team is nicknamed the Boomers.

Australian domestic teams[edit]

The North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League is nicknamed the Kangaroos.

Perth Kangaroos IFC

United States[edit]

Kasey Kangaroo is the mascot for the University of Missouri–Kansas City, whose sports teams were historically known as the UMKC Kangaroos but rebranded as the Kansas City Roos in 2019.

Zippy the kangaroo is the mascot for The University of Akron, athletically the Akron Zips.

The kangaroo is the mascot for Austin College in Sherman, Texas

The kangaroo is the mascot for Terryville High School in Terryville, Connecticut

Lizzie (a purple and white kangaroo) is the mascot of Lake Washington High School in Kirkland, Washington

Stomper is the mascot for the professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling.

The kangaroo is the mascot for State University of New York at Canton in Canton (town), New York

The kangaroo is the mascot for Wilmington Friends School in Wilmington, Delaware

Moe the Kangaroo is the mascot for Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia. However, VMI's sports teams are known as the VMI Keydets.

Nashville Kangaroos

The kangaroo is the mascot for Killeen High School in Killeen, Texas.

Weatherford, Texas High School's mascot is the Kangaroos

Abington Friends School, in Abington, Pennsylvania, has a kangaroo named Roo as its mascot.

Other countries[edit]

The Samoa national Australian rules football team is nicknamed the Kangaroos.

The FC Bohemians Praha, a Czech football team is nicknamed the Klokani (Czech for kangaroos) since their tour in Australia in 1927.

Etobicoke Kangaroos

Vienna Kangaroos

Place names[edit]

The kangaroo has inspired a number of place names in Australia. They include:

New South Wales

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

References[edit]

  1. ^ Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 28-29, UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. ISBN 978-1-921410-50-5
  2. ^ Symbols of Australia: Kangaroo, National Museum of Australia
  3. ^ Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 24. UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. ISBN 978-1-921410-50-5
  4. ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: About Australia – National Icons Archived 19 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Harper, Melissa and White, Richard (eds) (2010). Symbols of Australia, p. 25. UNSW Press, Sydney: National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra. ISBN 978-1-921410-50-5
  6. ^ Qantas: The Kangaroo Symbol
  7. ^ Tourism Australia: Using the Brandmark
  8. ^ Australian Made | Australian Grown
  9. ^ Cassells, Vic (2000). The Destroyers: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-7318-0893-2. OCLC 46829686.
  10. ^ "1982 Commonwealth Games Mascot," Australian Commonwealth Games Association
  11. ^ Kangaroo soft toy mascot: Red Cross Hut, Rouelles, Australian War Memorial
  12. ^ Photograph: Australian nurse with a kangaroo mascot, Harefield, England, Australian War Memorial
  13. ^ Macintosh & Degraves Token Shilling 1823, Museum Victoria
  14. ^ Garrett salver, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
  15. ^ Terence Lane kangaroo collection, National Museum of Australia
  16. ^ "Wake in Fright – BBFC Insight". British Board of Film Classification. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  17. ^ Croft, David B. (1991). Australian People and Animals in Today's Dreamtime: The Role of Comparative Psychology in the Management of Natural Resources. New York: Praeger. p. 32. ISBN 0-275-93908-1. In Australia's latest version of the bush hero, Mick "Crocodile" Dundee, we find an explicitly totemic being who is a poacher turned conservationist as he chases away a group of kangaroo shooters at the behest of his American girlfriend.
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