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==History==
==History==


Murder, Inc. was established after the formation of the commission of the "national combination", to which it was responsible. Largely headed by former Bug and Meyer Mob enforcers, it also had members from the labor-slugging gang of [[Louis Buchalter|Louis "Lepke" Buchalter]] (who partnered with [[Tommy Lucchese]]) as well as from another group of enforcers from [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]], [[New York]], of the late [[1920s]] led by [[Martin Goldstein|Martin "Buggsy" Goldstein]] and Reles. Lepke, in particular, and [[Joe Adonis]] occasionally, gave the outfit its orders from the commission, which were carried out under direct supervision of [[Gurrah Shapiro]], who was assisted by [[Albert Anastasia]].
Murder, Inc. was established after the formation of the commission of the "national combination", to which it was responsible. Largely headed by former Bug and Meyer Mob enforcers, it also had members from the labor-slugging gang of [[Louis Buchalter|Louis "Lepke" Buchalter]] (who partnered with [[Tommy Lucchese]]) as well as from another group of enforcers from [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]], [[New York]], of the late [[1920s]] led by [[Martin Goldstein|Martin "Buggsy" Goldstein]] and Abe "Kid Twist" Reles. Lepke, in particular, and [[Joe Adonis]] occasionally, gave the outfit its orders from the commission, which were carried out under direct supervision of [[Gurrah Shapiro]], who was assisted by [[Albert Anastasia]].


It is alleged that a bodyguard of Abe Reles of Murder Inc was involved in the disappearance of [[Judge Crater]] in 1930.
It is alleged that a bodyguard of Abe Reles of Murder Inc was involved in the disappearance of [[Judge Crater]] in 1930.

Revision as of 02:46, 23 March 2007

For other uses, see Murder, Inc. (disambiguation).

Murder, Inc., Murder Incorporated or Brownsville Boys, was the name given by the press for an organized crime group in the 1930s and 1940s that carried out hundreds of murders on behalf of the mob. The name Murder Incorporated was a journalistic invention. The credit for the title is usually given to Harry Feeny, a 1930s reporter for the old New York World-Telegram. The members of this syndicate usually referred to it as the Combination.

History

Murder, Inc. was established after the formation of the commission of the "national combination", to which it was responsible. Largely headed by former Bug and Meyer Mob enforcers, it also had members from the labor-slugging gang of Louis "Lepke" Buchalter (who partnered with Tommy Lucchese) as well as from another group of enforcers from Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York, of the late 1920s led by Martin "Buggsy" Goldstein and Abe "Kid Twist" Reles. Lepke, in particular, and Joe Adonis occasionally, gave the outfit its orders from the commission, which were carried out under direct supervision of Gurrah Shapiro, who was assisted by Albert Anastasia.

It is alleged that a bodyguard of Abe Reles of Murder Inc was involved in the disappearance of Judge Crater in 1930.

In 1932, Abe Wagner informed on the syndicate to the police. He fled to Saint Paul, Minnesota and adopted a disguise to evade possible pursuit. Two killers, George Young and Joseph Schafer, found and shot him but were later apprehended. Bugsy Siegel failed to get them released.

Most of the killers were Jewish and Italian gangsters from the gangs of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brownsville, East New York and Ocean Hill. In addition to crime in New York City and acting as enforcers for New York mobster "Lepke" Buchalter, they accepted murder contracts from mob bosses all around the United States. In his biography, "The Valachi Papers", Mafia turncoat Joseph Valachi indicated that Murder Inc. did not perform killings for the Cosa Nostra.

Notable members of the gang included Abe "Kid Twist" Reles, Frank "Dasher" Abbandando, Louis Capone, Martin "Buggsy" Goldstein, Harry "Happy" Maione, Harry "Pittsburgh Phil" Strauss, Allie Tannenbaum, Seymour "Blue Jaw" Magoon, and Charles "Charlie the Bug" Workman.

Most Murder, Inc. murders were unsolved. Very often the killers, and sometimes even their victims, were strangers to the city where the murder took place, making them difficult to trace. Police would concentrate on local suspects when the killers were already en route to their hometowns. Targets included informants (including civilian informants) or gang members who had embezzled mob money, but gang members, particularly Reles, were known for casual murder as well.

The killers were paid a regular salary as retainer, plus an average fee of $1,000 - $5,000 per killing. Their families also received monetary benefits. If they were caught, the mob would supply the best lawyers.

One victim was gang boss Dutch Schultz, who had defied the syndicate. Mendy Weiss, Charles Workman, and an unidentified gunman named "Piggy" shot Schultz and his associates Otto Berman, Abe Landau, and Lulu Rosenkrantz on October 23, 1935, in the Palace Chop House in Newark, New Jersey. Workman was convicted of the crime and served a prison term.

In the 1930s, Buchalter used Murder, Inc. to murder witnesses and suspected informants when he was investigated by district attorney Thomas E. Dewey. In one case four killers hacked loan shark George Rudnick to pieces for the mere suspicion of being an informant, on May 11, 1937. On October 1, 1937, they seriously wounded Buchalter's ex-associate Max Rubin.

Demise

In January 1940, professional criminal and police informer Harry ("Harry the Mock") Rudolph was held as a material witness in the 1933 murder of Alex ("Red") Alpert in Brooklyn.[1] He decided to talk to Brooklyn District Attorney William O'Dwyer. O'Dwyer ordered the arrest of Abe Reles, Martin Goldstein and Anthony (the "Duke") Maffetore with Rudolph's information.[1] Rudolph was reportedly offered a $5,000 bribe to clear Reles and Goldstein.[1] When Maffetore learned that he might be left to take the blame for the murder, and with some convincing by New York City Detective John Osnato, he decided to turn state's evidence.[1] [2] Detective Osnato talked with Maffetore even though he had worked with Rudolph previously and did not put much credibility in his story since Rudolph was paid for information in other cases that turned out to be false.[3] Eventually, Maffetore decided to cooperate, stating that he was not involved in the Alpert murder, but was the driver in six gangland murders.[3] Maffetore then convinced Abraham ("Pretty") Levine to talk. Reles was next to cooperate with the District Attorney's office.[4] Soon after the trio started talking, numerous first-degree murder indictments were issued in Brooklyn, The Bronx, and in upstate Sullivan County (Catskills). Additional members of the Combination then were added to the list of cooperating witnesses including, Albert Tannenbaum, Seymour Magoon and Sholem Bernstein. Ironically, Harry Rudolph's testimony was never used in any of the trials as he died of natural causes in the infirmary at Rikers Island in June 1940.[5] For their assistance, Maffetore and Levine received suspended sentences after pleading guilty to petit larceny in the theft of an automobile used in a gangland slaying.[6]

The Trials

  • Harry Maione and Frank Abbandando were the first members of the Brooklyn "Combination" to be put on trial for murder. In May of 1940, the trial started for the May 25, 1937 ice-pick murder of George Rudnick in a Brooklyn parking garage.[7] Harry Strauss was also indicted, but after agreeing to cooperate, he was severed from the trial.[8] On May 15, 1940, Abe Reles testified that Rudnick was marked for death after Strauss claimed he had obtained information that Rudnick was a "stool pigeon for the police." Reles also testified that he waited outside the garage while Maione, Abbandando and Strauss were inside with Rudnick. After Rudnick was believed to have been murdered, Abbandando called for Reles and summoned Angelo ("Julie") Catalano to the garage to assist with moving the body. Since Rudnick was still alive, Strauss continued his assault with an ice-pick and Maione used a meat cleaver to complete the murder.[9] The next day, Catalano, who drove the automobile with Rudnick’s body, corroborated Reles' account of the murder.[10] "Duke" Maffetore and "Pretty" Levine testified that they stole the automobile that was used to dispose of the body.[11] Maione and 14 witnesses testified he was at his grandmother’s wake when Rudnick was murdered.[12] The funeral home undertaker and embalmer testified that Maione was not at the wake. [13] Also, one of Maione's chief witnesses admitted that he committed perjury as ordered by Maione's brother who he feared. [14] On May 23, 1940, Maione and Abbandando were convicted of first-degree murder, which meant a mandatory sentence of death in the electric chair.[15] New York's highest court, the Court of Appeals, overturned the conviction on a 4-3 vote in December 1940.[16] The second trial started on March 10, 1941.[17] At one point Maione lost his temper and threw a glass of water at Reles.[18] Maione and Abbandando were convicted of first-degree murder for a second time on April 3, 1941.[19] The Court of Appeals upheld the second conviction on January 8, 1942.[20] Maione and Abbandando were executed at Sing-Sing prison on February 19th, 1942.[21]
  • Harry "Pittsburgh Phil" Strauss, and Martin "Buggsy" Goldstein were put on trial for the September 4, 1939 strangulation murder of bookmaker Irving ("Puggy") Feinstein, whose body was set on fire and left in a vacant lot.[22] The trial started in September 1940 with Strauss feigning insanity.[23][24] Abe Reles, the chief prosecution witness, testified that Feinstein was murdered on orders of Albert Anastasia since he supposedly “crossed” Vincent Mangano.[25] Reles stated that he and Strauss murdered Feinstein in his house. Reles’ mother-in-law also testified that Reles and Strauss had asked her for an ice-pick and clothesline earlier in the day, and while at the house, heard loud music masking a commotion in the living room. She also testified hearing Strauss say that he had been bitten. Goldstein’s former bodyguard/driver Seymour (“Blue Jaw”) Magoon corroborated the story as he testified that Goldstein stated that he had murdered Feinstein only hours after the crime was committed.[26] On September 19, 1940 Strauss and Goldstein were convicted of first-degree murder.[27] In April 1941, their convictions were affirmed by New York’s Court of Appeals on a 4-3 decision.[28] Strauss and Goldstein were executed in the electric chair on June 12th, 1941.[29]
  • Charles ("Charlie the Bug”) Workman was indicted in New Jersey on March 27, 1940 for the October 23, 1935 murder of Dutch Shultz and three members of his gang.[30] Workman was extradited to New Jersey in April 1941.[31] The trial, which opened in June 1941 featured testimony from Abe Reles and Albert Tannenbaum as the primary witnesses against Workman. [32][33]. Workman, in the middle of the trial, changed his plea from "not-guilty" to "no contest" after one of his chief witnesses, under pressure from the police, recanted testimony providing him with an alibi.[34] The same day Workman changed his plea, he was sentenced to life in prison. Workman was paroled on March 10, 1964 after serving 23 years in prison.[35]
  • Irving "Knaldes" Nitzberg, who was "imported" by the Brooklyn “Combination” from the Bronx, was put on trial for the January 9, 1939 murder of Albert ("Plug") Shuman in Brooklyn based on the testimony of three accomplices, Abe Reles, Albert Tannenbaum and Seymour Magoon. Reles testified that Shuman was killed since he cooperated with the authorities who were conducting an inquiry of Lepke’s involvement in labor racketeering.[36] Reles also testified that he helped plan the murder of Shuman with Lepke, who at the time, was a fugitive, and Mendy Weiss. Lepke received approval from Albert Anastasia to use a person who lived outside Brooklyn to help with completing the assignment. Seymour Magoon testified that he stole the car used in the murder on Reles’ orders.[37] Albert Tannenbaum testified that he was the driver that picked up Nitzberg and Shuman under the pretense of performing a robbery. Nitzberg, who was in the back seat, shot Shuman twice in the back of the head. Tannenbaum and Nitzberg then exited the murder car to join Reles and another gangster in the getaway car and departed from the crime scene.[38][39] Nitzberg was convicted of first-degree murder on May 23, 1941 and sentenced to death in the electric chair.[40][41] However, on December 10, 1941, the conviction was overturned on a 4-3 vote by New York's Court of Appeals, which questioned the use of testimony of non-accomplice witnesses, who were promised leniency, to support the testimony of Reles, Tannenbaum and Magoon.[42][43] Nitzberg was tried a second time in 1942 with the now-deceased Reles' testimony read to the jury.[44] Nitzberg was convicted for a second time on March 12, 1942.[45] The conviction was overturned again by the Court of Appeals on a 4-3 vote, but this time the court also dismissed the indictment as faulty since the only testimony presented to the Grand Jury was from accomplices without corroboration.[46] [47]
  • Lepke, Weiss, Louis Capone and Philip ("Little Farvel") Cohen were indicted for the murder of candy-store owner Joe Rosen. Rosen was murdered in Brooklyn on September 13, 1936.[48] Cohen had his murder indictment dropped prior to the start of the trial after pleading guilty to a narcotics charge and received a 10 year sentence. Jury selection for the trial began in August 1941. However, securing a jury for Lepke proved difficult. After enough jurors were finally selected, the trial actually started in October 1941.[49] The trial featured the testimony of Rosen’s son, a teacher, and underworld turncoat Sholem ("Sol") Bernstein, who was marked for death after refusing to carry out a murder contract on Irving ("Big Gangi") Cohen who fled to California after the murder of Walter Sage in 1937. [50][51] Lepke, Weiss and Capone were convicted on November 30, 1941.[52] The Court of Appeals upheld the murder convictions of Lepke, Weiss and Capone in October 1942 on a 4-3 vote.[53] The U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Lepke's appeal in Feb 1943.[54] In March 1943, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decision and granted a review to Lepke, Weiss and Capone.[55] The Supreme Court upheld the conviction in June 1943.[56] Before Lepke could be executed, New York State needed the federal government to turn Lepke over as he was currently serving a sentence in federal prison.[57] Lepke continued to appeal his sentence and transfer from federal custody. Lepke, Weiss and Capone were executed in Sing-Sing prison on March 4, 1944.[58]
  • Vito "Socko" Gurino was originally sought for questioning in the Brooklyn murder investigation as the member assigned to eliminate a small time gangster and eyewitness to the George Rudnick murder.[59] Police picked up Angelo ("Julie") Catalano on the streets of Brooklyn, shortly after being bailed out by the syndicate, as Gurino tried to convince him to "hide out" on Long Island.[59] Gurino was arrested on September 12, 1940 at the Church of the Guardian Angel in Manhattan screaming hysterically in fear for his life.[60] Shortly after being arrested, Gurino confessed to three syndicate murders and implicated himself in four others.[61] In March 1942, Gurino pled guilty to three murders.[62]. In April 1942, Gurino was sentenced to 80 years-to-life in prison.[63]
  • Jacob ("Jack") Drucker and Irving ("Big Gangi") Cohen, were put on trial separately for the murder of racketeer Walter Sage in the Catskills.[64] Sage was killed with an ice-pick and had the frame of a slot machine tied to his body, which was found in Swan Lake in 1937. After the murder, Cohen fled to California believing he was also going to be killed and managed to secure small roles in films.[65][66] According to the chief prosecution witness Abraham "Pretty" Levine, Sage was riding in a car with Cohen and Drucker when he was stabbed 32 times with an icepick as Levine and Harry Strauss were following in another car. Levine also testified that he observed Drucker wiping the ice-pick clean before helping dispose of the body.[67] Cohen testified in his own defense, and was acquitted on June 21, 1940.[67] Drucker was a fugitive for over three years until the FBI located him in Delaware.[68],[69] Drucker was convicted of second-degree murder on May 5, 1944 and received a sentence of 25 Years-to-Life.[70],[71] Drucker died in Attica prison in January 1962.[72]

Others

  • Max (the "Jerk") Golob was indicted with Frank Abbandando for first-degree murder in the slaying of gangster John ("Spider") Murtha on March 3, 1935.[73] With little evidence other than the eyewitness testimony of Murtha's female companion, Golob was permitted to plead guilty to second-degree assault and received a maximum term of five years.[74]
  • Jack (the "Dandy") Parisi was aquitted of two murders, Teamsters official Morris Diamond in Brooklyn and music-publishing executive Irving Penn, in the Bronx. Penn was killed by mistaken-identity as the intended target, Philip Orlofsky, a Cutters Union official, left his home early to get a shave the day his killers waited for him.[75] Parisi was a fugitive for 10 years until he was captured in Pennsylvania in 1949.[76] Albert Tannenbaum was brought in from Atlanta, where was reportedly living, to testify for the prosecution.[77] One accomplice in the Penn murder, Jacob ("Kuppy") Migden, who provided the erroneous idenfification of Penn, and who was also a fugitive for several years, pled guilty to attempted first-degree assault in the middle of his murder trial, and was sentenced to a term of 5-10 years.[78] [79] Each of Parisi's murder trials ended with an aquittal as the judges directed a verdict of not-guilty due to the lack of corroborating evidence since the chief witnesses for the prosecution were accomplices.[80][81]
  • Sidney ("Fats") Brown was the subject of a sealed first-degree murder indictment in Sullivan County, New York. The indictment was dismissed after the death of Abe Reles, the sole witness. Brown was never arrested and the identity of the murder victim was never revealed. [82]

The Death of Abe Reles

Reles "fell" to his death from a room at the Half Moon Hotel in Coney Island on November 12, 1941, even though he was under police guard.[83]The official verdict was accidental death by defenestration, but the angle of his trajectory suggests that he was pushed.

After the Trials

With many of its members sent to the electric chair, Murder, Inc. vanished within a few years.

Philip ("Little Farvel") Cohen was murdered in 1949, several months after his release from prison after serving seven years of a 10-year sentence for narcotics trafficking. News reports indicate he was killed on the syndicate's belief that his first-degree indictment for murdering Joe Rosen was dropped due to cooperating with the police.[84]

In October 1950, 37 year old Anthony (the "Duke") Maffetore was arrested for grand larceny as a member of a nationwide auto theft ring. He disappeared on March 7, 1951, missing a scheduled appearance in Queens County Court and was presumed murdered.[85]

Albert Anastasia, dubbed in the media the "Lord High Executioner of Murder Inc.," was himself killed in a barber's chair at the Park Sheraton Hotel on October 25,1957 in Manhattan.[86] Shortly after Anastasia's murder, east coast organized criminals held a meeting in Apalachin, N.Y. to, according to law enforcement, distribute Anastasia's rackets [87][88] [89]

Known Members

In the media

  • Turkus wrote a book entitled Murder, Inc. which was originally published in 1951 (ISBN 0-306-81288-6). It was made into a film in 1960, with Peter Falk winning an Academy Award nomination for his performance as Reles.
  • In her 1980 autobiography Shelley: Also Known as Shirley, Shelley Winters claimed that a number of her childhood schoolmates grew up to be members of Murder, Inc.
  • The 1951 film The Enforcer with Humphrey Bogart was another fictionalized account of Murder Incorporated.
  • On the TV serial The West Wing, Toby Ziegler's father, Julie Ziegler, is revealed to have been a member of Murder, Inc., in the episode entitled "Holy Night".
  • This may have been an inspiration for the Bruce Springsteen song Murder Incorporated, a song intended for 1984's Born in the U.S.A. but not released until 1995's Greatest Hits.
  • In the first season of The Sopranos TV series, an associate of Tony Sopranos' psychiatrist, another psychiatrist, waxes about his family's ties to Murder, Inc. through Lepke.

References

  • Burton B. Turkus and Sid Feder (1952, 1992). Murder Inc. Farrar Straus and Young. ISBN 978-0306804755. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  1. ^ a b c d "MURDER WITNESS GOT BRIBE OFFER, O'DWYER CHARGES; $5,000 Promised If He Would Clear Reles and Goldstein, Prosecutor Declares", The New York Times, March 20, 1940,
  2. ^ "TRIGGER MEN BARE 'CONTRACT' MURDERS FOR BIG RACKETEERS; Dozen Killings by Brooklyn Gang Solved by Confessions of Pair, O'Dwyer Says 15 SEIZED IN ROUND-UP Penn Case Mistake Laid to Thugs Who Specialized in 'Rubbing Out' Witnesses", The New York Times, March 18, 1940, p.1
  3. ^ a b "What Makes a Successful Detective; John Osnato, who cracked big cases, used his own formula: stool pigeons and common sense.", The New York Times, September 10, 1944, Sunday Magazine p.SM18,
  4. ^ "RELES IS TELLING STORY OF MURDERS DONE BY HIS GANG; Leader, in a Surprise Move to Win Leniency, Gives O'Dwyer Facts on Paid Killers ALSO NAMING 'EMPLOYERS' Two More Slayings Are Solved as Drive on Syndicate Takes On Added Momentum", The New York Times, March 24, 1940, p.1
  5. ^ "57 MURDERS LAID TO BROOKLYN RING; O'Dwyer Asserts Crimes Are 'Solved,' but Time and Death Bar Many Prosecutions 10-YEAR PERIOD COVERED", The New York Times, June 4, 1940,
  6. ^ "2 FREED IN MURDER RING; Minor Members of Gang Let Off With Suspended Sentences", The New York Times, April 21, 1942, p.25
  7. ^ "MURDER RING TRIAL DUE TO START TODAY; Jury to Be Picked From Special Blue-Ribbon Panel of 150", The New York Times, May 8, 1940 p.20
  8. ^ "STRAUSS TO BARE MURDERS OF RING; 'Cruelest Killer' of the Gang Agrees to Talk--Gets Severance of Trial", The New York Times, May 9, 1940 p.1
  9. ^ "RELES CONFESSES TO SIX MURDERS; Crime Ring Informer Gives 4-Hour Story of Killings to Brooklyn Jury COURT ROOM IS STUNNED Calm Recital of Strangling, Shooting and Stabbing Amazes Hearers", The New York Times, May 16, 1940 p.23
  10. ^ " WITNESS UPHOLDS RELES TESTIMONY; Catalano Testifies Against Two Accused in Killing of Rudnick, Gang Informer NAMES THEM AS SLAYERS Gives Graphic Description of Ice Pick Attack in Garage and Disposition of Body", The New York Times, May 17, 1940 p.17
  11. ^ "INFORMERS LINK 2 TO GARAGE MURDER; Maffetore and Levene Say They Stole Car in Which Body Was Found ONE SAW TWO KILLINGS Detectives Guard Courtroom to Prevent Vengeance by Brooklyn Gangland", The New York Times, May 15, 1940 p.20
  12. ^ "MAIONE GIVES ALIBI IN RUDNICK SLAYING; 14 Witnesses Put the Alleged Murder Ring Leader at His Grandmother's Wake HE IS CALM ON THE STAND Firmly and Politely Denies All Charges--Contradicts Reles and Others", The New York Times, May 21, 1940 p.29
  13. ^ "UNDERTAKER HITS MURDER RING ALIBI; He and Embalmer Say They Did Not See Maione at His Grandmother's Wake 'DASHER' ALSO ON STAND Like Co-Defendant, He Says He Had No Part in Slaying --Both Sides Rest", ‘‘ The New York Times, May 22, 1940 p.21
  14. ^ "MAIONE WITNESS ADMITS PERJURY; Asserts He Lied When He Said He Saw the Defendant in Murder Ring at Wake SHARP BLOW TO DEFENSE Counsel, Summing Up, Assails Reles--Brooklyn Case Goes to the Jury Today", The New York Times, May 23, 1940 p.23
  15. ^ "TWO IN MURDER RING QUICKLY CONVICTED; Maione and Abbandando Are Found Guilty by Kings Jury, Must Go to the Chair", The New York Times, May 24, 1940 p.21
  16. ^ "2 IN MURDER RING TO GET NEW TRIAL; Court of Appeals Reverses the Lower Tribunal in Maione and Abbandando Case FINDS JUDGE MADE ERROR Four-to-Three Decision Holds He Accepted Undisputed Testimony From Reles", The New York Times, January 1, 1941, p.46
  17. ^ "MURDER RING TRIAL BEGINS; Maione and Abbandano Again Face Jury in Killing", The New York Times, March 11, 1941 p.25
  18. ^ "MAIONE IN TANTRUM AT MURDER TRIAL; Brooklyn Florist and Gang Leader Hurls Water Glass at Reles on Stand", The New York Times, March 20, 1941 p.44
  19. ^ "2 IN MURDER TRIAL ARE FOUND GUILTY; Abbandando and Malone Are Convicted at 2d Trial for Icepick Killing JURY OUT FOR 3 HOURS Both Men Stoical as Verdict Is Returned--Sentence to Death Mandatory", The New York Times, April 4, 1941 p.44
  20. ^ "HIGH STATE COURT DOOMS 3; Convictions of Maione, Abbandando and Cvek Are Affirmed", The New York Times, January 9, 1942, p.23
  21. ^ "2 IN MURDER RING ARE PUT TO DEATH; Maione and Abbandando Bring to Four the Number to Die for Syndicate Slayings", The New York Times, February 20, 1942, p.36
  22. ^ "CARS KILLERS USED ARE FOUND JUNKED; Oscar the Poet Sends Police to Yard Where They Uncover Parts of 30 'Hot' Autos HIS BAIL SET AT $50,000 But He Is Jailed for His Safety--Maione Offers to 'Sing,' but O'Dwyer Won't Listen", ‘’The New York Times, April 4, 1940, p.19
  23. ^ "MURDER RING TRIAL OPENS IN BROOKLYN; 3 Jurors Chosen and Locked Up for Night--Strauss Stares, Mutters Continually", The New York Times, September 10, 1940 p.25
  24. ^ ”Strauss's Sanity to Be Tested”, The New York Times, June 12, 1940 p.20
  25. ^ ”RELES CONFESSES 5 MORE KILLINGS; Increases Number to Eleven as He Appears at the Trial of Strauss and Goldstein TURNS ON 2 OLD FRIENDS Tells of Getting Orders From 'Boss,' Waterfront Leader, to 'Take' Feinstein”, The New York Times, September 17, 1940 p.23
  26. ^ ”GANGSTER IN COURT PLEADS FOR LIFE; Goldstein Interrupts Murder Trial With Dramatic Appeal to His Ex-Bodyguard CRIES 'YOU'RE BURNING ME!' Magoon, State Witness, Turns Away and Corroborates Reles Story of Slaying”, The New York Times, September 18, 1940, p.21
  27. ^ "TWO IN MURDER RING QUICKLY CONVICTED; Strauss and Goldstein to Die in the Chair--Judge Praises O'Dwyer Drive on Crime”, The New York Times, September 20, 1940 p.1
  28. ^ "TWO IN MURDER RING FAIL IN THEIR APPEAL; Conviction of Strauss and Goldstein Upheld at Albany", The New York Times, April 25, 1941 p.22
  29. ^ "2 IN MURDER RING ARE PUT TO DEATH; Pittsburgh Phil Strauss and Buggsy Goldstein Go to Chair for Brooklyn Slaying", The New York Times, June 13, 1942 p.15
  30. ^ ”SCHULTZ'S MURDER LAID TO LEPKE AIDE; Workman, Witness in Brooklyn Syndicate Slayings, Indicted in Essex County EXTRADITION TO BE SOUGHT O'Dwyer to Cooperate in Action by Jersey Prosecutor, Who Reopened the Case”, The New York Times, March 28, 1941 p.46
  31. ^ ” WORKMAN GOES TO JERSEY; He Is Extradited to Answer Dutch Schultz Murder Charge”, The New York Times, April 26, 1941 p.32
  32. ^ ”'THE BUG' TO BE TRIED FOR SCHULTZ KILLING; Murder Ring Witness Will Be Extradited to New Jersey", The New York Times, March 31, 1941 p.17
  33. ^ "SCHULTZ SLAYING LAID TO WORKMAN; Tannenbaum and Reles Testify Newark Defendant Bragged of Killing 'Dutchman' ROW WITH WEISS IS TOLD He Also Claimed 'Credit' for Fatal Shooting and Lepke Sought to End Dispute", The New York Times, June 7, 1941 p.19
  34. ^ "LIFE FOR WORKMAN AS SCHULTZ KILLER; Gangster Sentenced After He Ends Trial by Changing Plea to No Defense", The New York Times, June 11, 1941 p.1
  35. ^ "SCHULTZ'S KILLER FREED IN TRENTON; Charles Workman Served 23 Years of Term", The New York Times, March 11, 1964 p.40
  36. ^ "GANG KILLER TELLS WHY HE 'REFORMED'; Became Disgusted With Way of Life That Required 11 Murders, Reles Says BELIEVES IN GOD, HE ADDS Waxes Philosophical After He Details One Slaying to Jury in Brooklyn", The New York Times, May 17, 1941, p.32
  37. ^ ” POLITE MURDERER EXPLAINS SILENCE; Magoon Didn't Tell What He Knew of Gangster Leaders Out of Sheer Courtesy OR SO HE INFORMS COURT Hired Slayer of the Brooklyn Ring Says He Stole Car at Request of Reles”,The New York Times, March 6, 1942, p.38
  38. ^ "GANG KILLER TELLS OF RING'S SYSTEM; Tannenbaum Holds Nitzberg, on Trial for Murder, Shot Shuman on His Signal TESTIFIES FOR THE STATE Witness, the Death-Car Driver, Says He Asked Boss 'Why Did We Kill Him?'," The New York Times, May 20, 1941, p.46
  39. ^ ”BROOKLYN KILLING JUST ANOTHER JOB; ' Who Was the Guy and Why Did We Kill Him?' Tannenbaum Asked Boss, Lepke Aide HIS INTEREST ENDED THERE Death-Car Driver Testifies for the State as Nitzberg Is Retried for Shuman Death”, "The New York Times, March 10, 1942, p.21
  40. ^ "NITZBERG HELD GUILTY AFTER 18 MINUTES; Slayer in Brooklyn Murder Syndicate Faces Death", The New York Times, May 24, 1941 p.34
  41. ^ "Nitzberg Sentenced to Chair", The New York Times, June 3, 1941 p.12
  42. ^ "MURDER RING VERDICT REVERSED IN ALBANY; Appeals Court, in 4-3 Decision, Grants New Trial to Nitzberg",The New York Times, December 11, 1941, p.25
  43. ^ ”ROBBER WINS FREEDOM; Aided in Obtaining Conviction of a Brooklyn Slayer”, “ The New York Times, December 8, 1942, p.29
  44. ^ "Reles's Story Echoes Hollowly When Read By the Prosecutor at 2d Trial of Nitzberg", “ The New York Times, March 5, 1941, p.16
  45. ^ "NITZBERG CONVICTED IN SHUMAN MURDER; Brooklyn Ring Member Found Guilty for Second Time", The New York Times, March 13, 1942, p.10
  46. ^ "TWICE CONDEMNED, RELES AIDE FREED; Appeals Court, 4 to 3, Saves Nitzberg From Chair, Finds Indictment Faulty",The New York Times, January 22, 1943, p.8
  47. ^ "FREED FROM DEATH HOUSE; Man, Twice Convicted of Murder, Quits Sing Sing at Last", The New York Times, January 28, 1943, p.9
  48. ^ "LEPKE TRIAL OPENS; JURY-PICKING LAGS; Blue-Ribbon Talesmen Prove Reluctant to Serve in Brooklyn Murder Case"The New York Times, August 5, 1941, p.40
  49. ^ "LEPKE JURY FILLED AFTER FIVE WEEKS; Prolonged Sessions in Racket Murder Case Seen as Record"The New York Times, October 14, 1941. p.34
  50. ^ "SON OF SLAIN WITNESS HEARD AT LEPKE TRIAL; Teacher Says Father Trembled After Talk With Racketeer"The New York Times, October 23, 1941. p.10
  51. ^ "MURDER RING AIDE INVOLVES 'BOSSES'; Bernstein, Who Fled After He Balked at 'Job,' Implicates Weiss and Capone""The New York Times, October 25, 1941. p.19
  52. ^ "LEPKE CONVICTED WITH TWO AIDES; ALL FACE DEATH; Former Gang Chief, Weiss and Capone Found Guilty After Jury Ponders 4 1/2 Hours" "The New York Times, November 30, 1941. p.1
  53. ^ "LEPKE CONVICTION UPHELD IN ALBANY; Court of Appeals Votes, 4 to 3, to Sustain Jury's Verdict of a Death Sentence", The New York Times, October 31, 1942. p.17
  54. ^ "HIGH COURT RULES LEPKE MUST DIE; Rejects Petition for Review of Racket Chief's Conviction for Brooklyn Murder", The New York Times, February 16, 1943. p.11
  55. ^ "LEPKE'S LAST HOPE REVIVED BY COURT; Supreme Bench, Reversing its Feb. 15 Ruling, Gives Review to 3 in Murder Case", The New York Times, March 16, 1943. p.21
  56. ^ " HIGH COURT SEALS LEPKE TRIO DEATHS; Tribunal in Washington Says Brooklyn Gang Defendants Had a Fair Trial", The New York Times, June 2, 1943. p.27
  57. ^ "STATE WINS FIGHT TO SENTENCE LEPKE; U.S. to Produce Slayer Before Appeals Court Tuesday for Death Penalty Decree REVERSES ITS REFUSAL Gangster's Two Colleagues, Now in Sing Sing, Will Appear With Him", The New York Times, July 17, 1943. p.15
  58. ^ "LEPKE IS PUT TO DEATH, DENIES GUILT TO LAST; MAKES NO REVELATION; TWO AIDES ALSO DIE", The New York Times, March 5, 1944. p.1
  59. ^ a b "MURDER RING PLOT TO KILL A WITNESS FOILED BY POLICE; O'Dwyer Says Gang Got Man Out of Jail Against His Wish in Order to Slay Him ALMOST 'TAKEN FOR RIDE' Picked Up by Detectives as He Argued Against 'Trip' ", The New York Times, March 29, 1940. p.1
  60. ^ "Murder Ring Fugitive Seeks Haven in Church; 'Trigger Man' Hysterical in Fear of Killers; GUNMAN SEEKS REFUGE IN CHURCH", The New York Times, September 12, 1940. p.1
  61. ^ "GURINO CONFESSES TO THREE MURDERS; Ring's 'Toughest Trigger Man' Implicates Himself in Four Others", ,The New York Times, September 13, 1940
  62. ^ "GURINO PLEADS GUILTY ON 3 MURDER COUNTS; Trigger Man of Brooklyn Ring Admits 2d-Degree Charges", The New York Times, March 24, 1942. p.1
  63. ^ "80-YEAR SENTENCES FOR MURDER RING 'ACE'; Gurino, Trigger Man, Gets Three Consecutive Terms", The New York Times, April 4, 1942,
  64. ^ "NEW MURDER HUNT STARTED UP-STATE; Jack Drucker of Monticello Is Sought in Gang Killings Originating in City", The New York Times, March 23, 1940, p.3
  65. ^ "MURDER ACCUSATION MAKES COHEN WEEP; Breakdown Necessitates Recess at Monticello Trial", The New York Times, June 8, 1940, p.25
  66. ^ "GANG SLAYING DENIED BY COHEN, 'BIT' ACTOR; Testimony Ends in Up-State Case Linked to Brooklyn Ring", The New York Times, June 21, 1940, p.15
  67. ^ a b "BIG GANGI COHEN CLEARED OF MURDER; Slaying Was One of 57 Laid to Syndicate in Brooklyn",The New York Times, June 22, 1940, p.34
  68. ^ "FUGITIVE DRUCKER SEIZED AS SLAYER; Brooklyn Gang Figure, Sought in Up-State Killing, Found by FBI in Delaware", The New York Times, December 28, 1943, p.19
  69. ^ "FBI GIVES UP DRUCKER; Extradition Move to Start Now Against Alleged Slayer", The New York Times, December 30, 1943, p.19
  70. ^ "DRUCKER GUILTY OF ICE-PICK MURDER; Brooklyn Ring's Finger-Man Is Convicted in Second Degree",The New York Times, May 6, 1944, p.30
  71. ^ "DRUCKER GETS 25 YEARS; Murder, Inc., Alleged Trigger Man Sentenced at Monticello", The New York Times, May 12, 1944, p.21
  72. ^ "Murder Inc. Figure Dies", NY Times, January 24, 1962. p.21
  73. ^ "2 LEPKE MEN SEIZED IN MURDER INQUIRY; Held as Vagrants, but One Is Wanted in Up-State Killing --Maxie the Jerk Jailed", The New York Times, March 25, 1940, p.1
  74. ^ "AVOIDS TRIAL FOR MURDER; Max Golob, Member of Brooklyn Ring, Allowed Lesser Plea", The New York Times, February 5, 1942, p.14
  75. ^ "PENN JURY HEARS INTENDED VICTIM; Orlofsky Says Killers Missed Him When He Left Home an Hour Early to Get Shaved"The New York Times, February 17, 1943, p.23
  76. ^ "10-YEAR FUGITIVE CAUGHT; Parisi, Murder, Inc., Gunman, Surprised in Sleep",The New York Times, October 15, 1949, p.30
  77. ^ "MURDER WITNESS BACK; Accuser of Lepke Will Testify Against Another Suspect",The New York Times, March 30, 1950, p.22
  78. ^ "LEPKE AIDE ADMITS HIS GUILT IN KILLING; Halts Trial in the Mistaken Identity Penn Murder to Plead to Assault Charge",The New York Times, February 18, 1943, p.24
  79. ^ "GETS 5 YEARS IN SLAYING; Migden Had Pleaded Guilty to Assault Attempt on Penn"The New York Times, March 6, 1943, p.15
  80. ^ "PARISI IS ACQUITTED, FACES NEW CHARGE",The New York Times, April 14, 1950, p.24
  81. ^ "FREED IN MISTAKE-MURDER; Suspect Recently Won Freedom on Second Slaying Charge", The New York Times, June 15, 1950, p.4
  82. ^ "Murder, Inc., Indictment Dropped", The New York Times, February 7, 1942, p.9
  83. ^ "ABE RELES KILLED TRYING TO ESCAPE; Sheet Rope Fails After He Lowers Himself From 6th to 5th Floor of Hotel MOTIVE PUZZLES POLICE Informer Against Murder Ring Lived in Dread of Bullets of Former Confederates ABE RELES KILLED TRYING TO ESCAPE" The New York Times, November 13, 1941. p.29
  84. ^ "LEPKE AIDE SLAIN; GANG WAR IS SEEN; Body of Philip Cohen Is Found on Valley Stream Road, 4 Bullets in His Head", The New York Times, September 17, 1949. p.30
  85. ^ "AUTO RECOVERIES TIED TO GANG WAR; Theory of a Reprisal Against Informer Held Strengthened in Case of Maffetore Belated Reprisal Seen", The New York Times, March 25, 1951, p.57
  86. ^ "ANASTASIA SLAIN IN A HOTEL HERE; LED MURDER, INC.", The New York Times, October 15, 1957,P.1
  87. ^ " 65 Hoodlums Seized in a Raid And Run Out of Upstate Village; GANGSTER PARLEY IS RAIDED UPSTATE Meeting a Mystery", The New York Times, November 15, 1957,P.1
  88. ^ "Hoodlum 'Convention' Viewed As Splitting Anastasia Rackets; GANG 'CONVENTION' TIED TO ANASTASIA",The New York Times, November 16, 1957,P.1
  89. ^ " MEETING OF THUGS TIED TO ANASTASIA; But Top City Investigators Report No Definite Clue Has Been Uncovered Investigation Continues", ",The New York Times, November 19, 1957,P.24

External links

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